READING 11 32.

The word ―Ultimately‖ in line 14 is closest in meaning to

Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over (A) frequently (B) normally
several millennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated (C) whenever possible (D) in the end
by 160 feet of water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the
first beginning around 60,000 B.C. and the last ending around 7,000 B.C., this 33. The word ―compelling‖ in line 17 is closest in meaning to
land bridge was open. The (A) joyous (B) intricate (C) competing (D) forceful
(5 ) first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought
with them not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad 34. What is the main point of the second paragraph?
metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in (A) Public performance is essential to verbal art.
myth and song, which complemented their scientific and historical knowledge of (B) Oral narratives are a valid form of literature.
the lives of animals and of people. All this they shaped in a variety of languages, (C) Native Americans have a strong oral tradition in art.
bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. (D) The production of literature provides employment for many artists.
(10) Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic
forms, are easily disposed to think of ―literature‖ only as something written. But on 35. What can be inferred about the nature of the Native American literature discussed in
reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more the passage?
frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal (A) It reflects historical and contemporary life in Asia.
creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically (B) Its main focus is on daily activities.
valued, regardless of language, culture, (C) It is based primarily on scientific knowledge.
(15) or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results (D) It is reshaped each time it is experienced.
from the struggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability
to shape out a compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form. 36. According to the passage, what responsibility does the audience of a verbal art
Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are performance have ?
not (A) They provide financial support for performances.
without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature. The (B) They judge the quality of the content and presentation.
essential (C) They participate in the performance by chanting responses.
(20) difference is that a speech event is an evolving communication, an ―emergent (D) They determine the length of the performance by requesting a continuation.
form, ‖the shape, functions, and aesthetic values of which become more clearly
realized over the course of the performance. In performing verbal art , the 37. Which of the following is NOT true of the Native American literature discussed in the
performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of the passage?
performance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the (A) It involves acting. (B) It has ancient origins.
performer’s competence in both areas. It is this intense (C) It has a set form. (D) It expresses an inner vision.
(25) mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging
performance. Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral 38. What can be inferred from the passage about the difference between written and oral
literature offers atradition of performances. literature?
(A) Written literature reflects social values better than oral literature does.
(B) Written literature involves less interaction between audience and creator during the
30. According to the passage, why did the first people who came to North America leave creative progress than oral literature does.
their homeland? (C) Written literature usually is not based on historical events, whereas oral literature is.
(A) They were hoping to find a better climate. (D) Written literature is not as highly respected as oral literature is.
(B) They were seeking freedom.
(C) They were following instructions given in a dream. 39. What is the author’s attitude toward Native American literature?
(D) They were looking for food. (A) Admiring of its form (B) Critical of the cost of its production
(C) Amused by its content (D) Skeptical about its origins
31. The phrase ―are easily disposed‖ in line 11 is closet in meaning to
(A) demonstrate reluctance (B) readily encourage others
(C) have a tendency (D) often fail
READING 12 2. The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between (A) Improve (B) function (C)begin (D) rely
members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body
and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. 3. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out
(A) chemical signals that are common among insects
Pheromones, which are sometimes called (B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals
Line "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do (C) similarities between two chemical substances
an individual (D) how insects produce different chemical substances
(5) animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among
insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone 4. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with (A) Obvious (B) best (C)only (D) final
various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the
so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups. 5. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through
(10) Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they
ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually
airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the (A) lose their effectiveness
chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range. Localization of (B) evaporate in the air
the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus (C) travel through the air
and is usually effected by the animal's moving (D) are produced by the body
(15) upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal
6. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated
is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but
through a pheromone may vary when the
some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in
(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed
different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their (B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted
concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical (C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone
signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine (D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms
(20) glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be
very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for 7. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) Controlling (B) storing (C) questioning (D) finding
humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity
and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones. 8. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of
Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as pheromones difficult?
alarm (A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.
(25) substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as (B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.
attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify (C) Pheromones are highly volatile.
foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, (D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.
pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" 9. The word "They" in line 24 refers to
produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to (A) Pheromones (B) roles (C) activities (D) insects
predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an
alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by 10. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
moving away. (A) Inactive (B) inefficient (C) unchangeable (D)
unbalanced

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 11. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that
(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate (A) also communicate using sight and sound
(B) How pheromones are produced by insects (B) live underground
(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult (C) prey on other insects
(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species (D) live in organized groups
 READING 13 39. The word "heightened" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. complicated
In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the B. directed
botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. C. observed
Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established the D. increased
still life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's
repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements 40. The word "meticulous" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _________.
of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what A. careful
they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, B. significant
with their biting satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted C. appropriate
into and well past mid-century. D. believable

John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at 41. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that
least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to they ________.
1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales' pieces on a larger scale, kits greater A. are symbolic
complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of B. use simplified representations of flowers and fruit
still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the C. include brilliant colors
glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the D. are large in size
fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already
been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not 42. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?
always compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance. A. Fertility
B. Freedom
C. Abundance
About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and settled in New D. Impermanence
York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both, often
measuring over four feet across. Still Life with Fruit and champagne is typical in its
brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed 43. The word "It" in line 14 refers to
abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional A. Luncheon Still Life
meanings - butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a bird's nest with
B. one of the Peales' pieces
eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that
America symbolized to many of its citizens. C. a larger scale
D. the number of objects
36. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale 44. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
B. How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century
C. Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in the United States A. "repertoire" (line 5)
D. How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings B. "satire" (line 9)
C. "additive" (line 19)
37. Which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah D. "rendering" (line 24)
Miriam Peale?
A. Simplicity
B. Symbolism
C. Smooth texture
D. Social commentary

38. The word "biting" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.

A. simple
B. sorrowful
C. frequent
D. sharp
READING 14 5. According to the passage, some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in
that they both have
The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times (A). solid surfaces (B) similar masses
greater than Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets (C) similar atmospheres (D) metallic cores
combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had
it been somewhat more massive,
6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of
Line Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for
nuclear (A). ammonia (B) helium (C) hydrogen (D) methane
(5) reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other
giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they 7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands
are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, circling Jupiter is caused by
and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s interior might be in the (A) the Great Red Spot (B) heat from the Sun
form of liquid, metallic hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures (C) the planet’s fast rotation (D) Storms from the planet’s Southern
of millions of kilograms per Hemisphere
(10) square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms
might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists 8. The author uses the word ―puzzling‖ in line 15 to suggest that the Great Red Spot
believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of is
Earth. Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which
(A) the only spot of its kind (B) not well understood
are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into
(C) among the largest of such spots (D) a problem for the planet’s
alternating dark and bright
continued existence
(15) bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter’s
puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. 9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?
Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.
(the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years. (B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.
Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is (C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.
primeval (D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying
(20) heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Jupiter.
Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a 10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 19-20) ?
miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance – from
(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun
rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70
times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved (B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets
sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most (C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has
important clues about the origin of the Solar System. (D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off
1. The word ―attained‖ in line 4 is closest in meaning to 11. According to the passage, Jupiter’s most distant moon is
(A) attempted (B) changed (C) lost (D) reached (A) the least dense (B) the largest
(C) warm on the surface (D) very rocky on the surface
2. The word ―flamed‖ in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A). burned (B) divided (C) fallen (D) grown 12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the
3. The word ―they‖ in line 6 refers to planet itself.
(A). nuclear reactions (B) giant planets (B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear
(C) terrestrial (D) substances reactions.
4. According to the passage, hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is (C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.
(A). extremely hot (B) combined with helium (D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat
(C) similar atmospheres (D) metallic cores
READING 15 3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by glass fibers until the seventeenth century?
1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
1375 B c. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.),
glassmakers from Venice used glass (B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
Line fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers (C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
guarded their
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.
(5) secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early
seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of "spun glass" fibers. Rene- 4. According to the passage, using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to
Antoine de Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from pull fibers from molten glass made the fibers
glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling (A) quicker to cool (B) harder to bend
threads of glass where the hot
(C) shorter and more easily broken (D) longer and more durable
(10) thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted
that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be
5. The phrase "this material" in line 16 refers to
woven into fabric. By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned
how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot (A) glass fibers (B) decorations
glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, (C) ornaments (D) novelties for collectors
then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber
(15) from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at 6. The word "brittle" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
fairs, making decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this (A) easily broken (B) roughly made (C) hairy (D) shiny
material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer
than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, 7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of
however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into the following
fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate
(20) hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow- (A) Adding silver to the molten glass
orange glass looked golden. Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the (B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
1930's, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated (C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern
manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed (D) Using yam reels
(25) directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with
hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they 8. The word "appreciated" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a (A) experienced (B) recognized (C) explored (D) increased
reel.
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) invention (line 7) (B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24) (D) bushing (line25)
1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) Important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry

2. The word "coarse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) decorative (B) natural (C) crude (D) weak
 (A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.
(B) They had established themselves in cities.
(C) They had started to communicate through
READING 16 (D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.
Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first
Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians
called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into 5. The word "some" in line 14 refers to
Uruk in the south. By about 3100B.C, They (A) Archaeologists (B) Sumerians (C) years (D) clay tablets
Line were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose
name became
(5) synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile 6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the
lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well Sumerians?
established by the year 3000B.C. (A) They were descendants of the Persians.
They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they (B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.
made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and (C) They were accomplished musicians.
use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably (D) They had the beginnings of an economy.
from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of
(10) communication.
Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. 7. According to the passage, when did archaeologists begin to be able to
Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid- understand tablets inscribed in Sumerian?
nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. (A) In the early nineteenth century (B) More than 150 years ago
Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), (C) After the 1890's (D) In the mid-eighteenth century
on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets
were inscribed in another language 8. According to the passage, in what way did the Sumerian language resemble
(15) that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions mad ancient Greek and Latin?
reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the mew
(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.
language be called Sumerian. But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists
excavating in city-states well to the south o f Nieveh found many thousands of (B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.
tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian (C) It became a classical language.
as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today), (D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.
(20) they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation
exercised, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to
previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890's have learned how to 9. The word "excavating" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in (A) Living (B) digging (C) assembling (D) building
Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.
10. According to the passage, how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian
1. According to the passage, the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were
language?
probably the
(A) Babylonians (B) Subarians (C) Akkadians (D) Sumerians
(A) By translating the work of the Subarians
(B) By using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages
(C) By comparing Sumerian to other classical languages
2. The word "subjugated" in line 4 is closest in meaning to (D) By using their knowledge of Akkadian
(A) Distinguished (B) segregated (C) concentrated (D) conquered

3. The phrase "synonymous with" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) equivalent to (B) important for (C) respected in (D) familiar with

4. According to the passage, by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already
done all of the following EXCEPT:
READING 17
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the 4. The word ―celebratory‖ in line 12 means that the writings referred to were
contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed (A) related to parties (B) religious (C) serious (D) full of praise
United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were
not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant
5. The word ―they‖ in line 12 refers to
poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary
history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing (A) Efforts (B) authors (C) counterparts (D) sources
she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of
the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these 6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the
centuries, women remained invisible in history books. author point out?
Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of (A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities
female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts,
were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were (B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.
uncritical in their selection and use of sources. (C)The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.
During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history (D)They were printed on poor-quality paper.
by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and
local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, 7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would
newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the core most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?
of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States one at the Elizabeth (A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results
and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia Smith
Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later (B) Biographies of John Adams
Generations of historians. (C)Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the (D)Books about famous graduates of the country’s first college
nineteenth Century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"
theory of History, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great
8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women’s history materials in the
men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life,
Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?
female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important
women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life
(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia
as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were (B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.
not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people (C)They provided valuable information for twentieth—century historical researchers.
continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.
(D)They were shared among women’s colleges throughout the United States.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The role of literature in early American histories 9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible
(B) The place of American women in written histories roles of nineteenth-century ―great women‖ EXCEPT
(A) Authors (B) reformers
(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women
(C) activists for women’s rights (D) politicians
(D) The ―great women‖ approach to history used by American historians
10. The word ―representative‖ in line 29 is closest in meaning to
2. The word ―contemporary‖ in line 5 means that the history was
(A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive
(A) Informative (B) written at that time
(C) thoughtful (D) faultfinding

3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that
(A) a woman’s status was changed by marriage
(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored
(C) only three women were able to get their writing published
(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women
READING 18
In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low 3. The passage suggests that the earliest stoneware
temperatures, and stone ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high (A) was decorated with simple, abstract designs
temperatures, were produced from two (B) used three-dimensional decorations
different native clays. These kind of pottery were produced to supplement (C) was valued for its fancy decorations
imported European (D) had no decoration
Line pottery. When the American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the
superior European 4. How did yellow ware achieve its distinctive color?
(5) ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with (A) By sponging on a glaze (B) By dusting on metallic powders
comparable domestic goods. Stoneware, which had been simple, utilitarian (C) By brown-glazing (D) By firing at a high temperature
kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century, and in
addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, three-dimensional molded 5. The phrase "derived from" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
relief decoration became popular. Representational motifs largely replaced the (A) ruined by (B) warned against (C) based on (D) sold by
earlier abstract decorations. Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other
(10) subjects---lions, flags, and clipper ships--- are found. Some figurines, mainly of 6. The word "It" in line 20 refers to
dogs and lions, were made in this medium. Sometimes a name, usually that of (A) red ware (B) yellow ware
the potter, was die-stamped onto a piece. (C) Rockingham ware (D) English brown-glazed earthenware
As more and more large kilns were built to create the high-fired stoneware,
experiments revealed that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware 7. The word ―Various" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
could produce a stronger, paler pottery if (A) complicated (B) accepted (C) careful (D) different
(15) fired at a hotter temperature. The result was yellow ware, used largely for
serviceable items; but a further development was Rockingham ware--- one of the 8. The phrase "account for" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
most important American ceramics of the nineteenth century. (The name of the (A) explain (B) restrict (C) finance (D) supplement
ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed
earthenware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze 9. What was special about flint enamel?
to the fired clay, usually giving the finished product a mottled appearance. (A) Its even metallic shine (B) Its mottled appearance
Various methods of (C) Its spattered effect (D) Its varicolored streaks
(20) spattering or sponging the glaze onto the ware account for the extremely wide
variations in color and add to the interest of collecting Rockingham. An advanced 10. Which of the following kinds of Rockingham ware were probably produced in the
form of Rockingham was flint enamel, created by dusting metallic powders onto greatest quantity?
the Rockingham glaze to produce brilliant varicolored streaks. (A) Picture frames (B) Dishes and bowls
Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in (C) Curtain tiebacks (D) Doorknobs
Rockingham ware:
(25) dishes and bowls, of course; also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp 11. The passage would most probably continue with a discussion of
bases, doorknobs, molds, picture frames, even curtain tiebacks. All these items
(A) what bedpans, foot warmers, and cuspidors were used for
are highly collectible today and are eagerly sought. A few Rockingham specialties
command particular affection among collectors and correspondingly high prices.
(B) well-known, modern-day potters who make Rockingham ware
(C) examples of Rockingham ware that collectors especially want
(D) pieces of Rockingham ware that are inexpensive in today's market
1. Why did the potters discussed in the passage change the kind of pottery they
made?
(A) They discovered a new kind of clay.
(B) They were compensation for the loss of an overseas supplier.
(C) They studied new techniques in Europe.
(D) The pottery they had been producing was not very strong.

2. The word "ornate" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) elaborate (B) puzzling (C) durable (D) common
READING 19 4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural
The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex peoples is
maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In (A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers
addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social
(B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers
organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.
(C) more widespread than that of hunters and foragers
In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among (D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers
foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women
processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived
closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which 5. According to the passage, what is true of the ―division of labor‖ mentioned in line 5?
they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the (A) It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast.
women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than
(B) It rarely existed among hunting
did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool than did the fish
gathered by the men. Of particular made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting (C) It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared
edges that could be made from other marine shells. with many other peoples.
(D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal
The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by peoples.
the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried
fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to
preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics 6. The word ―abundant‖ in line 7 is closest in meaning to
that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own (A) prosperous (B) plentiful (C) acceptable (D) fundamental
cutting blades and other utensils.
7. All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they
After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an (A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish
easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in
(B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did
the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The women also made a cheese-like substance
from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits
(C) sometimes searched for food far inland from the coast
lined with rocks and tree leaves. (D) prepared and preserved the fish

8. The word ―They‖ in line 16 refers to

(A) women (B) tools (C) mammals (D) men
1. Which aspect of the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does
the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Methods of food preservation 9. The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehouses in order to
(B) How diet was restricted by the environment (A) store utensils used in food preparation (B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling
C.have a place to store fish and shellfish (D) prepare elaborate meals
(C) The contributions of women to the food supply
(D) Difficulties in establishing successful farms 10. The wore ―peculiar‖ in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) strange (B) distinctive (C) appealing (D) biological

2. The word ―unique‖ in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) comprehensible (B) productive (C) intentional (D) particular 11. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT
that it was
(A) made from fish (B) not actually cheese
3. The word ―attained‖ in line 3 is closest in meaning to (C) useful on long journeys (D) made in a short period of time
(A) achieved (B) modified (C) demanded (D) spread
READING 20 3. According to the passage, the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was
Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has important because it
been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air (A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques
and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in (B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth
Line regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern
(5) Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice
(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods
from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated (D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed
year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through
time. 4. The phrase "tantamount to" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow (A) complementary to (B) practically the same as
160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core (C) especially well suited to (D) unlikely to be confused with
and
(10) measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. 5. ???
Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen
water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when 6. According to the passage, scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core
that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier. to determine which of following?
The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric (A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed
(15) levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on
(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed
the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped
9°F (5 °C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. (C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier
Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial (D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier
period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the
160,000 years of that ice 7. The word "remarkable" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(20) record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and (A) genuine (B) permanent (C) extraordinary (D) continuous
280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution
beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today. 8. The word "link" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global
(A) tension (B) connection (C) attraction (D) distance
temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon
(25) dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during
the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named 9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods
mentioned occurred
for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the
(A) in the early eighteenth century (B) 160,000 years ago
coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.
(C) at the end of each ice age (D) between 360 and 285 million years ago

10. According to the passage, the Carboniferous period was characterized by

1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss? (A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits
(A) Chemical causes of ice ages (B) the burning of a large amount of coal
(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers (C) an abundance of plants
(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global (D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation
temperature
(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere 11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?
(A) Glacier (line 5) (B) Isotopes (line 11)
(C) Industrial Revolution (line 21) (D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)
2. The word ―accumulated‖ in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) spread out (B) changed (C) became denser (D) built up