Lecture 6-Materials Characterization-Part 1

An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, SI, Fourth Edition Wickert/Lewis
Characterization & Testing

of Materials
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• Properties of Materials: General, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical, Optical
• Characterization of Materials
GENERAL VIEW OF MATERIALS
CHARACTERISATION TECHNIQUES
Microstructural Spectroscopic
Optical Infrared - Raman
Transmission Electron Ultraviolet-visible
Scanning Electron Nuclear magnetic resonance
Diffraction methods FTIR

Thermal Analysis Rheology
DSC, DTA Viscoelasticity
TGA Melting viscosity
TMA Melt flow index
DMTA Dynamic measures

Mechanical Surface Charact.
Hardness Profilometer
Tensile AFM
Fatigue and creep XPS
Fracture toughness Surface tension

MECHANICAL CHARACTERISATION
Mechanical properties characterize the behavior

of the material under forces.
Mechanical
Properties
Tensile Hardness Impact Fracture Fatigue Creep

Mechanical Characterisation
• Mechanical properties can be explained by the atomic bonding
forces.
• The microstructure of the material also has an effect on
mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of a material can be
altered by changing the microstructure.
Mechanical Characterization: Hardness
• Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to localized
plastic deformation caused by an indenter.
• Hardness gives relative values about the strength of materials.
• Hardness measurement methods:
Hardness Test Equipments
Mechanical Characterization: Tensile test
• EXAMPLES FOR TENSILE TEST SPECIMENS

• Stress is the ratio of the force applied to the
area where the force is acting on.
• Stress has units of force per area: N/m2 (SI).
The SI units are commonly referred to as
Pascals, abbreviated Pa.
• Normal stress(σ): The force is perpendicular
to the surface of an object and causes
length changes.
• Shear stress (τ): The force is parallel to the
surface and causes an angle change.
Basic terms:
Stress
Strain
Elastic (Young’s) Modulus
Poisson Ratio
• Strain is the amount that a material

deforms per unit length in a tensile test.
• The unit of Strain is mm/mm.
Basic terms:
Stress
Strain
Poisson Ratio
• The Young’s modulus of a material is

closely related to the strength of the
bonds between its atoms. We can think of
these interatomic bonds as small springs
connecting adjacent atoms, represented
by balls.
Basic terms:
Stress
Strain
Poisson Ratio
• When a force is applied to the material, deformation of the material
is resisted by the stiffness of the interatomic bonds. Young’s modulus
is a measure of how strong the interatomic bonds are. When the
force is removed the atoms return to their initial position – this
is elastic deformation.
• The mechanism behind plastic deformation is very different, because
it involves the breaking of bonds and the re-arrangement of the
position of the atoms.
• Young’s modulus is very important when it comes to engineering,

because so often engineering design and analysis involves
determining how much something will deform.
• Young’s modulus appears in all kinds of different equations that are
commonly used in mechanical and civil engineering.
• If you have data from tensile tests performed for a particular

material, take two points in the linear elastic part of the stress-strain
curve, and use those points to measure the slope of the curve.
• Material 1 has the steepest slope in the elastic region, which means
that it has the largest Young’s modulus – you will need to apply a
much larger force to deform Material 1 than you would to deform
Materials 2 or 3 by the same amount.
Likely a ceramic material
Likely a metallic
material
Likely a polymeric
material
Does Young’s Modulus Change for Different
Metal Alloys?
• Young’s modulus values tend to be
very similar for different alloys of the
same metals.
• Carbon steel for example has many
different alloys that have very different
yield and tensile strengths, but they all
have very similar Young’s modulus
values.
• This is because these alloys usually
contain only very small concentrations
of the alloying elements, that have
little effect on the overall stiffness of
the atomic bonds.
• Poisson ratio is the ratio of transverse

contraction (or expansion) strain to
longitudinal extension strain in the
direction of stretching force.
• Tensile deformation is considered positive
and compressive deformation is
considered negative.
Basic terms:
Stress
Strain
Poisson Ratio
Most of the materials
Cork
Auxetic materials like some

special foams
• The application of materials with negative poisson ratio:

• packing materials
• knee pads
• foot wears
• shock absorption
Which informations can we get from stress-
strain curve?
strain curve?
strain curve?
Ductility
A measure of the ability of a material to
deform plastically
Ductile Materials
Compressive strenght ~ tensile strength
Brittle Materials
Compressive strenght > tensile strength
strain curve?
strain curve?
Example: Materials for car body panels

should have enough toughness to absorb
the impact during a crash.
strain curve?
Example: Materials for springs should

have high resilience to withstand greater
deflections and produce higher forces.
Mechanical Characterization: Compression test
• The compression test involves squashing a small material specimen

under increasing load until the point of mechanical instability.
Mechanical Characterization: Bending test
• A bend test, also known as the flexural
test, is a standardized method employed
to assess the ductility, bend strength,
fracture strength of materials.
• It is used to determine the tensile strength
of brittle materials that are generally
difficult to test in uniaxial tension due to
cracking in the grips.
• This test is performed on a tensile
testing machine with a three-point or four-
point bend fixture.
Mechanical Characterization: Fatigue test
• Fatigue is the progressive damage of a material at the stress level below

its static strength under the influence of repeated (cyclic) stresses.
• Fatigue tests are performed by taking different stress amplitudes for
a constant average stress and the number of fracture cycles in which
fatigue fracture is observed is determined. It indicates the number of
cycles at which materials will be damaged.
Mechanical Characterization: Fatigue test
• ROTATING BEAM FATIGUE TEST: • FATIGUE FRACTURE SURFACE:

Fatigue Test Standards
• ASTM C1368 Slow Crack Growth of Ceramics in Flexure
• ASTM C394 Shear Fatigue - Sandwich Core Materials
• ASTM D3479 Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
• ASTM D7774 Flexural Fatigue Test Equipment for Plastics
• ASTM E2207 Axial-Torsional Fatigue Thin-Walled Tubular Materials Test Equipment
• ASTM E2368 Thermomechanical Fatigue Test Equipment
• ASTM E2714 Creep Fatigue High Temperature Test Equipment
• ASTM E466 Load Controlled Constant Amplitude Fatigue Tests of Metals
• ASTM E467 Constant Force Axial Fatigue Test System Test Machines
• ASTM E606 Strain-Controlled High and Low Cycle Fatigue Testing
• ASTM E647 Fatigue Crack Growth Test Equipment
• ASTM F1612 Cyclic Fatigue Testing Hip Arthroplasty Femoral Components
• ASTM F1717 Spinal Implant Static and Fatigue Test Equipment
• ASTM F1800 Fatigue Knee Joint Replacement Test Equipment
• ASTM F1820 Fatigue Test Machine Modular Acetabular Device
• ASTM F2118 Fatigue Testing Equipment for Acrylic Bone Cement
• ASTM F2193 Fatigue Bending Surgical Fixation Spinal Skeletal Test Equipment
• ASTM F382 Flexural Fatigue Bone Plate Fixation Devices Test Equipment
• ISO 14801 Fatigue Dental Implants Test Equipment
• ISO 15024 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Plastic Composites Test Machines
• ISO 22675 Fatigue ankle foot device Prosthetic Test Equipment
• ISO 7206 Hip Implants Tests
• NASM 1312-11 Tension Fatigue Test Procedure for Aeronautical Fasteners

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An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, SI, Fourth Edition Wickert/Lewis

Characterization & Testing

Optical Infrared - Raman

Transmission Electron Ultraviolet-visible

Scanning Electron Nuclear magnetic resonance

Diffraction methods FTIR

Thermal Analysis Rheology

DSC, DTA Viscoelasticity

TGA Melting viscosity

TMA Melt flow index

DMTA Dynamic measures

Mechanical Surface Charact.

Fatigue and creep XPS

Fracture toughness Surface tension

Mechanical properties characterize the behavior

Tensile Hardness Impact Fracture Fatigue Creep

• EXAMPLES FOR TENSILE TEST SPECIMENS

• Strain is the amount that a material

• The Young’s modulus of a material is

• Young’s modulus is very important when it comes to engineering,

• If you have data from tensile tests performed for a particular

Likely a ceramic material

• Poisson ratio is the ratio of transverse

Most of the materials

Auxetic materials like some

• The application of materials with negative poisson ratio:

Example: Materials for car body panels

Example: Materials for springs should

• The compression test involves squashing a small material specimen

• Fatigue is the progressive damage of a material at the stress level ​below

• ROTATING BEAM FATIGUE TEST: • FATIGUE FRACTURE SURFACE:

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• Fatigue is the progressive damage of a material at the stress level below