Thermodynamics - The Basics

Can we trust our sense of hot and
cold?
Can we trust our sense of hot and
cold?
Will both hands feel the same

temperature when put in warm
water?
THERMODYNAMICS
The Basics : Heat and Temperature
Guide Questions
What is heat?
What is temperature?
How is kinetic energy related to heat and

temperature?
What are the effects of heat to an object?
Does our body contains heat? Why or

why not?
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
What is Heat?
A form of energy in transit.
Heat will ow due to the change in

temperature.
from higher temperature to lower

temperature
from hot to cold

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Sources of Heat
Natural sources
Sun
Interior of the Earth
Arti cial source
Chemical action
Mechanical action
Electrical energy
Nuclear energy
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How is heat produced?
It is produced by matter.
energy causes atoms and molecules to

always be in motion (bumping/
vibrating)
the more molecules, the more heat.
Anything with molecules has heat.
Cold things have heat.
molecules move slower in cold things.

Heat Transfer
conduction
convection
radiation
When will heat transfer
stop?
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
What is Temperature?
the average kinetic energy of the
individual atoms in matter.
a thermometer is used to quantify

temperature (the sense of hotness or
coldness of an object)
mercury thermometer
colored alcohol - based thermometer
thermogram
Digital thermometer
Temperature Scale
Temperature Conversion
Convert
Effects of Heat
Change in temperature
Thermal expansion
Phase Change
Metals
THERMAL
expands more
EXPANSION than the glass
Most
materials
expand when
heated and
contract when
cooled
THERMAL EXPANSION
a fractional change in size of a material
in response to a change in temperature.
Linear Expansion
changes in length compared to original length
Areal Expansion
changes in area compared to original area
Volume Expansion
changes in volume compared to original
volume
Linear Expansion
an increase in any one dimension of a solid
coef cient of linear
expansion occurs along a line expansion
(1/C0 = (C0)-1
Temperature = To
ΔL = αLoΔT
The length Lo of an
Lo
object changes by an
Temperature = To + ΔT amount ΔL when its
temperature changes
by an amount ΔT
Lo ΔL
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(1/C0)
Solids Liquids
ΔA = 2αAoΔT
ΔV = βVoΔT
ΔV = 3αVoΔT Gases
R = 8.314 J/mol K
PV = nRT
Buckling of a Sidewalk
A concrete sidewalk is
constructed between two
buildings on a day when the
tem perature is 250C. The
sidewalk consists of two slabs,
each 3m in length and of
neg ligible t hic kness. As t he
temperature rises to 380C, the
slabs expand, but no space is
provided for thermal expansion.
The building do not move, so the
slabs buckle upward. Determine
the vertical y (height of buckled
slabs).
Expansion joints
The Golden Gate Bridge
The main span of San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge
is 1275 m long at its coldest. The bridge is exposed to
temperatures ranging from –15ºC to 40ºC. What is its
change in length between these temperatures?
Assume that the bridge is made entirely of steel.
Gas vs. Gas Tank
Suppose your 60.0-L
(15.9-g al) s t eel
gasoline tank is full of
gas, so both the tank
and the gasoline have
a temperature of
15 . 0 º C . H o w m u c h
gasoline has spilled by
the time they warm to
35.0ºC?
Solve…
1. Two blocks, A and B, are made of the same
material. Block A has dimensions l × w × h = L × 2L × L
and Block B has dimensions 2L × 2L × 2L. If the
temperature changes, what is
1. the change in the volume of the two blocks,
2. the change in the cross-sectional area l×w, and
3. the change in the height h of the two blocks?

The original dimension is proportional to the
Solution
change in dimension
1. The change in volume is proportional to the original
volume. Block A has a volume of L × 2L × L = 2L3. Block
B has a volume of 2L × 2L × 2L = 8L3, which is 4 times
that of Block A. Thus the change in volume of Block B
should be 4 times the change in volume of Block A.
2. The change in area is proportional to the area. The

cross-sectional area of Block A is L × 2L = 2L2, while
that of Block B is 2L × 2L = 4L2. Because cross-sectional
area of Block B is twice that of Block A, the change in
the cross-sectional area of Block B is twice that of Block
A.
3. The change in height is proportional to the original

height. Because the original height of Block B is twice
that of A, the change in the height of Block B is twice
that of Block A.
WW4.2: Thermal Expansion
Solve the following in a 1 whole sheet of paper.
1. A steel is 40 cm long at 20 0C. Find the
increase in length and the nal length when
it is at 70 0C.
2. An iron rod heated from 30 0C to 80 0C. The

nal length of the iron is 115 cm and its
coef cient of linear expansion is same as
that of steel, what is the original length and
change in length of the iron rod?
3. At 300C the volume of an aluminum sphere

is 30 cm3. Its coef cient is 75 x 10-6 (C0)-1. If
the nal volume is 30.5 cm3, what is the
nal temperature of the aluminum?
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4. A small plastic container, called the
coolant reservoir, catches the radiator uid
that over ows when an automobile engine
becomes hot. The radiator is made of
copper, and the coolant has a coef cient of
volume expansion of 400x10-6 (C0)-1. If the
radiator is lled to its 15-quart capacity
when the engine is cold (6 0C), how much
over ow from the radiator will spill into the
reservoir when the coolant reaches its
temperature of 92 0C?
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Expanding Cylinders
Figure shows a view of 3 cylinders. Each is made from
different materials: lead, brass and steel. All three have
the same temperature , and they barely t inside each
other. As the cylinders are heated to the same but
higher temperature, lead cylinder falls off, while brass
becomes tightly wedged to steel. Which cylinder is
made from which material?
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Can we trust our sense of hot and

Will both hands feel the same

How is kinetic energy related to heat and

What are the effects of heat to an object?

Does our body contains heat? Why or

Heat will ow due to the change in

from higher temperature to lower

from hot to cold

Interior of the Earth

Arti cial source

energy causes atoms and molecules to

the more molecules, the more heat.

Anything with molecules has heat.

Cold things have heat.

molecules move slower in cold things.

a thermometer is used to quantify

colored alcohol - based thermometer

1. the change in the volume of the two blocks,

2. the change in the cross-sectional area l×w, and

3. the change in the height h of the two blocks?

2. The change in area is proportional to the area. The

3. The change in height is proportional to the original

2. An iron rod heated from 30 0C to 80 0C. The

3. At 300C the volume of an aluminum sphere

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