Phys 31 Module 4

PHYS 31 MODULE 4
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
TEMPERATURE
Quantitative
measure of hotness or coldness
of a body
Requires
a device thermometer
How does a thermometer work?
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If
a system C is initially
in thermal equilibrium
with both systems A and
B, then A and B are also
in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Celsius
(C)
Fahrenheit
(F)
Kelvin
(K)
Rankine
(R)
Boiling point
of water
100 C
212 F
373.15 K
671.64 R
increments
100
180
100
180
Freezing
Point of
Water
0C
32 F
273.15 K
491.67R
Absolute
Zero
-273.15 0C
-459.67 F
0K
0R
CONVERSION
Note:
- Temperature
reading
- Change in
temperature
THERMAL EXPANSION
Change
in physical dimensions
when subjected to change in
temperature
Most
materials expand when

heated
Bimetallic Strips
THiNK
!
If a metal sheet
with a hole in the
middle is subjected
to heat, what will
happen to the hole?
THiNK
!
THERMAL EXPANSION
Linear
Area
Volume
THiNKaGaiN!
You
have two stacked plastic

cups that are now seemingly
impossible to separate.
Someone proposed to use
hot water and cold water to
separate the two. How should
it be done?
THiNKaGaiN!
You
have two stacked plastic

cups that are now seemingly
impossible to separate.
Someone proposed to use
hot water and cold water to
separate the two. How
should it be done?
Sample Problem
A
metal rod (metal A) that is 30.0 cm long expands

by 0.0750 cm when its temperature is raised from
0C to 100C.
rod of a different material (metal B) and of the

same length expands by 0.040 cm for the same
rise in temperature.
third rod (metal C) also, 30.00 cm long is made

up of pieces of each of the above metals placed
end-to-end and expands 0.0550 cm between 0C
and 100C.
Find
the length of each portion of the composite
THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER

:
water increases in volume with decreasing

temperature.
water increases in volume with increasing

temperature.
THERMAL STRESS
Develop
when one
tries to prevent
contraction/expansion
of a material
subjected to
temperature change
TENSILE STRESS
Happens
when a rod is held at constant

length while the temperature is
reduced.
Sample Problem
A
wire is 1.50 m long at 20 C is

found to increase its length by
1.9 cm when warmed to 420
C.
Compute
the average
coefficient of linear expansion
for its temperature change.
Sample Problem
Compute
the average coefficient of

linear expansion for its temperature
change.
Sample Problem
A
wire is 1.50 m long at 20 C is

found to increase its length by
1.9 cm when warmed to 420
C.
Find
the stress in the wire if it is

cooled to 20 C without being
allowed to contract.
()
Sample Problem
Find
the stress in the wire if it is cooled to 20 C

without being allowed to contract.
()
HEAT
Energy
SI
in transit
Unit
joule
(J)
Conversion
factors
cal = 4.186 J
Btu = 252 cal = 1055 J
is the science of
measuring changes in
parameters
CALORIMETRY
of chemical reactions,
physical changes, and
phase transitions
for the purpose of
deriving the heat
associated with those
changes.
Energy that can be transferred from one body to

another due to temperature difference
c specific heat
Quantity
Energy
unique for every material
needed to raise the temperature of a

unit mass of substance by 1.
ENERGY TRANSFER
+Q +T
heat is gained/absorbed by the
object/system
-Q -T
heat is given/lost by the object/system
Specific heat =
thermal inertia
SPECIFIC
HEAT
CAPACITY
Same material, constant mass
More heat greater temperature change
Same material, same T
For the same T, more heat is needed

for heavier objects than lighter ones
Same mass, same T
For the same T, more heat is needed

for objects with greater c than with
lesser c
Same Q, same mass
The object with bigger c has less change in

temperature compared to an object with smaller
Phase Changes
Transition
between states
of matter
Requires
transfer of
energy
(+)
heat entering the

system,
(-)
heat leaving the system
Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf

Required
heat for
transition
between solid and
liquid states
Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv

Required
heat for
transition
between liquid
and gas states
Mechanisms of
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Occurs
within a
body or between
two bodies in
contact
Convection
Transfer
of
heat by mass
motion of a
fluid from one
region to
another.
Radiation
Heat
transfer via
electromagnetic waves
Can
still occur even if there

were nothing between two
bodies but vacuum.

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PHYS 31 MODULE 4

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

measure of hotness or coldness

How does a thermometer work?

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

materials expand when

have two stacked plastic

have two stacked plastic

metal rod (metal A) that is 30.0 cm long expands

rod of a different material (metal B) and of the

third rod (metal C) also, 30.00 cm long is made

the length of each portion of the composite

THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER

water increases in volume with decreasing

water increases in volume with increasing

when a rod is held at constant

wire is 1.50 m long at 20 C is

the average coefficient of

wire is 1.50 m long at 20 C is

the stress in the wire if it is

the stress in the wire if it is cooled to 20 C

Btu = 252 cal = 1055 J

Energy that can be transferred from one body to

unique for every material

needed to raise the temperature of a

Same material, constant mass

More heat greater temperature change

Same material, same T

For the same T, more heat is needed

Same mass, same T

For the same T, more heat is needed

Same Q, same mass

The object with bigger c has less change in

heat entering the

heat leaving the system

Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf

Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv

still occur even if there

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