4G Technology
4G Technology
4G Technology
Report’09
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was
designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network. Then, in the
sixties, a system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improved Mobile
Telephone Service", brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and
more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were
created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called "cellular" because large
coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by a low
power transmitter and receiver. The 1G or First Generation was an analog system, and
was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the
invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between
the phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched
by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice
calls in 1 country.
2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system digitized the
voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better
quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use their phones at the same
time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial
network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication
(GSM).
3. WHAT IS 4G?
5. ARCHITECTURES IN PROSPECTS
The service middleware is decomposed into three layers; i.e. user support
layer, service support layer and network support layer. The criterion for using a
layered approach is to reuse the existing subsystems in the traditional middleware.
The user support layer has autonomous agent aspects that traditional service
middleware lacks. It consists of 4 sub-systems: ‘Personalization’, ‘Adaptation’,
‘Community’ and ‘Coordination’, to provide mechanisms for context awareness and
support for communities and coordination. Introduction of this functional layer
enables the reduction of unnecessary user interaction with the system and the
provision of user-centric services realized by applying agent concepts, to support
analysis of the current context, personalization depending on the user’s situation, and
negotiation for service usage.
The middle layer, the service support layer, contains most functionality of
traditional middleware. The bottom layer, the network layer supports connectivity for
all-IP networks. The dynamic service delivery pattern defines a powerful interaction
model to negotiate the conditions of service delivery by using three subsystems:
‘Discovery & Advertisement’, ‘Contract Notary’ and ‘Authentication &
Authorization’..
It is clear that more fundamental enhancements are necessary for the very
ambitious throughput and coverage requirements of future networks. Towards that
end, in addition to advanced transmission techniques and antenna technologies, some
major modifications in the wireless network architecture itself, which will enable
effective distribution and collection of signals to and from wireless users, are sought.
The integration of “multihop” capability into the conventional wireless networks is
perhaps the most promising architectural upgrade.
ADVANTAGES:-
However, not all control plane components need to exist in all network
elements, and also not all network elements (e.g., AAA server) are involved with data
plane functionalities. I refer these cases as path-decoupled control and other cases as
path coupled control. We argue the separation and coordination of control plane and
data plane is critical for seamless mobility with QoS and security support in 4G
networks, with the reasons as follows. Per-flow or per-user level actions occur much
The Internet provides users with diverse and essential quality of service (QoS),
particularly given the increasing demand for a wide spectrum of network services.
Many services, previously only provided by traditional circuit-switched networks, can
now be provided on the Internet. These services, depending on their inherent
characteristics, require certain degrees of QoS guarantees. Many technologies are
therefore being developed to enhance the QoS capability of IP networks. Among these
technologies, differentiated services (DiffServ) and MPLS are paving the way for
tomorrow’s QoS services portfolio.
DiffServ is based on a simple model where traffic entering a network is
classified, policed, and possibly conditioned at the edges of the network, and assigned
to different behavior aggregates. Each behavior aggregate is identified by a single DS
code point (DSCP). At the core of the network, packets are fast forwarded according
to the per-hop behavior (PHB) associated with the DSCP. By assigning traffic of
different classes to different DSCPs, the DiffServ network provides different
forwarding treatments and thus different levels of QoS. MPLS integrates the label
swapping forwarding paradigm with network layer routing.
First, an explicit path, called a label switched path (LSP), is determined, and
established using a signaling protocol. A label in the packet header, rather than the IP
destination address, is then used for making forwarding decisions in the network.
Routers that support MPLS are called label switched routers (LSRs). The labels can
be assigned to represent routes of various granularities, ranging from as coarse as the
destination network down to the level of each single flow. Moreover, numerous traffic
engineering functions have been effectively achieved by MPLS.
When MPLS is combined with DiffServ and constraint-based routing, they become
powerful and complementary abstractions for QoS provisioning in IP backbone
networks. Supporting QoS in 4G networks will be a major challenge due to varying
bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-tolerance levels, and
handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. QoS support can occur at
the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and network levels.
8. SECURITY
9. APPLICATIONS
2) 4G in normal life:-
2.1 Traffic Control:-
Beijing is a challenging city for drivers, with or without an Olympics going
on. The growing middle class, and their new-found ability to purchase automobiles, is
increasing the number of passenger vehicles on the road at a staggering annual rate of
30%. 4G networks can connect traffic control boxes to intelligent transportation
management systems wirelessly. This would create a traffic grid that could change
light cycle times on demand, e.g., keeping some lights green longer temporarily to
improve traffic flow. It also could make vehicle-based ondemand “all green” routes
for emergency vehicles responding to traffic accidents, reducing the likelihood that
those vehicles will themselves be involved in an accident en route.
Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way:
from the camera to the command center. Using a 4G network, those images can also
be sent from the command center back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks
facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police,
3) Security:-
Beijing has already deployed cameras throughout the city and sends those images
back to a central command center for the OLYMPIC games2008. This is generally
done using fiber, which limits where the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fiber, no
camera. 4G networks allow Beijing to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly.
And instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul every third or
fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as router/repeaters.
10. CONCLUSION
11. REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
The fourth generation of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile
phone networks, in to end to end IP based networks, couple this with the arrival of
IPv6, every device in the world will have a unique IP address, which will allow full IP
based communications froma mobile device, right to the core of the internet, and back
out again. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonize global roaming,
super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on every mobile
communications device in the world. 4G is set to deliver100mbps to a roaming mobile
device globally, and up to 1gbps to a stationary device. With thisin mind, it allows for
video conferencing, streaming picture perfect video and much more. Itwon’t be just
the phone networks that need to evolve, the increased traffic load on the internet asa
whole (imagine having 1 billion 100mb nodes attached to a network over night) will
need to expand, with faster backbones and oceanic links requiring major upgrade. 4G
won’t happen overnight, it is estimated that it will be implemented by 2012, and if
done correctly, should take off rather quickly. 4G networks i.e. Next Generation
Networks (NGNs) are becoming fast and very cost-effective solutions for those
wanting an IP built high-speed data capacities in the mobile network. Some possible
standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16),HSDPA, TDD UMTS,
UMTS and future versions of UMTS. The design is that 4G will be basedon OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4G
technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are adaptive processing and smart
antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates when used in
with OFDM. Currently 3Gnetworks still send their data digitally over a single
channel; OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus
increasing the amount of information that can be sent at a time over traditional
CDMA networks.
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION TO 4G 01
3. WHAT IS 4G? 04
5. ARCHITECTURE IN PROSPECTS 09
7. QUALITY OF SERVICE 16
8. SECURITY 18
9. APPLICATIONS 19
10. CONCLUSION 21
11. REFERENCES 22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to all those who contributed
to the successful completion of my B-tech Seminar. I express my gratitude to the
Principal Prof.Sukumaran P R for rendering me with all the facilities for the
successful completion of this seminar.
Above all I thank God Almighty for providing me with right atmosphere and
mental strength to work and for helping me to make my seminar a success.
3 SOFT WHITE
Kripa.E
ROLL NUMBER 27
C OMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC- 4G Technology