Example 3.2.

An office building is planned using a flat plate floor system d with the column layout as
shown in figure E 3.2.1. No beams, dropped panels, or column capitals are permitted.
Specified live load is 5kN/m2 and dead load will include the weight of the slab plus an
allowance of 1kN/m2 for finish floor plus suspended loads. The columns will be 450mm
square, and the floor –to-floor height of the structure will be 3.6m. Design the interior
panel c, using materials s -300, c-30 and class I work. Straight bar reinforcement will be
used.

5.5m
A B

5.5m
B C

5.5m All columns 45x45cm

5.5m 5.5m 5.5m

Figure E 3.2.1 Two – way flat plate floor

Solution:
Flat slab thickness from deflection requirement:

d= Lx = 5500mm

a = 24 from Table 2.2.1

D= = 195mm

D = 195 + 15 + 6 = 216mm

Use D = 220mm

1
Loads:
Self wt. of slab = 25 * 0.22 = 5.5kN/m2
DL from finishing and others = 1kN/m2
Live load = 5kN/m2
Gk = 5.5 + 1 = 6.5kN/m2
Qk = 5kN/m2
Hence ultimate design load becomes:
Pd = 1.3Gk + 1.6Qk
= 1.3 * 6.5 + 1.6 * 5
= 16.45 kN/m2
There is only vertical load; hence each strip of floor can be analyzed as a separate
frame.

3.6m

A D
B C
3.6m

5.5m 5.5m 5.5m

Stiffness (k)

For slab: ks =

Ks =

For column: kc =

 Kc = 3796875 Ec
Using cross method of moment distribution.

2
Using the advantage of symmetry:

3.6m
Linear load on each strip:
A C W = 16.45*5.5
B IBc = 90.475 kN/m
3.6m MFAB =

5.5m 5.5m

Joint A B
Member cols AB BA BC Cols.
Stiff. 7593750Ec 3549333.33 3549333.33 1774666.67 7593750Ec
Rel.stiff. 2.14 1 1 0.5 2.14
DF 0.68 0.32 0.275 0.137 0.588
FEM 0 *228.07 -228.07 228.07 0
-72.98 -36.49
-155.09
5.02 10.04 5.00 21.46
-1.61 0.81
-3.41
0.11 0.22 0.11 0.48
-0.07 -0.04
Final moment -158.07 158.57 -255.11 233.18 21.94
* As the characteristic imposed load does not exceed 1.25 times the characteristic dead
load we can use the single load case of span moments: max. design load.

3
 158.57 255.11 233.18 233.18 255.11 158.57

A A C D

5.5m 5.5m 5.5m

Ra =

RB = 90.475*5.5-231.25 = 266.36kN

RBr =

Interior span (panel)

Mx = 248.81x -

= 248.81-90.475x = 0

x=

Mmax = 248.81*2.75-

= 108.94kNm.
Comparison of moments at support B show that left side moment is larger. Hence take
moment at the left face of support B.
 Exterior span (panel)

158.57kNm 90.4475kNm
255.11kNm
A B
231.25kN 266.36kN
5.5m

Mx = 266.36x-

M+ve,max = 136.97kNm
Negatives moments greater than hc/2 are not required provided that:

4
 Mo 

Mo = 136.97+

Gd = 1.3gk = 1.3*6.5 = 8.45kN/m2

Qd = 1.6qk = 1.6*5 = 8kN/m2
Pd = gd +qd = 16.45kN/m2
Acol = 450 * 450 = 202500mm2

Acol  hc = 508mm

hc 508mm
L1 = L2 = 5.5m

 (5.5-

= 301.27kNm  MoOK!

Hence reduce the moment at centre of support to a moment at h

-255.11
-158.57

0.508
0.254m
136.97 2

Mc = 266.36x-

= 266.36*0.254- 0.2542-255.11

= -190.37kNm.

5
Apportioning moments in to column strips and middle strip:
Direction Total BM BM on col. BM on middle
of span (kNm) Strip(kNm) Strip(kNm)
Long direction Ms = -190.37 0.75Ms = -142.78 0.25Ms = -47.59
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02
Short direction Ms = - 190.37 0.75Ms = -142.78 0.25Ms = -47.59
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02

Design constants
C – 30  fck = 24MPa, fcd = 13.6MPa
S - 300 fyk = 300MPa, fyd = 260.87MPa

m=

Check d for flexure:

The largest moment, Mmax = -142.78kNm
b = 2750mm (for a column strip)
Assuming 0% redistribution, Kx = 0.448

d=

d =

 d = 114mm
 D = 114 + 15 +6 = 135mm « 220mmOK!
Use d = 220-15-6 = 199mm
Check d for punching shear
Based on the tributary area of the loaded floor.

6
 1.5dav
Dy = 199mm
Dx = 187mm
450+3dav
5.5m Dav = (dy+dx)

450+3dav

5.5m

Perimeter of critical failure line, u,

dav =

u = 4*(450+ = 3619mm

Punched area, Ap = (450 + 3* 193)2-4

= (1029)2-(289.5)2(4-)
= 986897.67mm2
Or

Ap = 4*289.5*(450+ *289.5) +4502 = 986897.67

Tributary area, At for balancing the critical shear.

At = (5500)2 – 986897.67 = 29263102.33mm2
 At = 29.263m2
 Punching shear due to applied load:
Vds = PaAt = 16.45*29.263 = 481.38kN.
According eccentricity due to unbalanced moment on the slab (moment I the column)
Equivalent concentric load, Veq becomes:
Veq = Vsd = 1.15*481.38 = 553.59kN
( = 1.15 for interior column)

7
Punching resistance
VRd1 = 0.25fctd k1k2Udav

Both ae unknown sicne flexural reinforcemnet has not been

determined
asx – single bare area in x-direction
e = (ex + ey)1/2  0.015
Asy – single bar areaf in y- direction
Usually e = 0.015.
K1 = 1+50e = 1+50*0.015 = 1.75  2.0
 k1 = 1.75
K2 = 1.6-dav = 1.6-0.193 = 1.407

Fctd =

VRd1 = 0.25*1.165*1.75*1.407*3619*193*10-3
 VRd1 = 500.89kNVeq  not safe!
Hence, use drop panel:
Provide a square head of side length 850mm and depth, additional to that of the slab, of
100mm.
Effective depth within the column head:
Dh = 193 +100 = 293mm
Critical perimeter for punching from face of column: 1.5dh= 1.5 * 293 = 439.5mm
Side of critical perimeter, lc = 450 + 2*439.5
= 1329mm850mm
Since it is out of the head neglect this critical perimeter. Consider critical perimeter
from the face of the drop.

1.5dav 1.5dav

200 450 200 mm

8
U = (850 +

Punched area, Ap.

Ap = (850+3*193)2-4

= 14292 – (289.5)2(4-)
= 1970097.67mm2 = 1.97m2
Tributary area, At
At = (5.5)2 – 1.97 = 28.28m2
Punching shear due to applied load:
Vsd = PdAt = 16.45*28.28 = 465.21kN
And
Veq = Vsd = 1.15 * 465.21 = 535kN
Punching resistance:
K1 = 1.75 , K2 = 1.407 , U = 5219mm
Fctd = 1.165MPa , dav = 193mm
VRd1 = 0.25fctd k1 k2 U dav.
= 0.25*1.165*1.75*1.407*5219*193*10-3
= 722.34kN 535kNOK!
Effective diameter of column head, hc

Lh,max
Lho dh
450
Lc = 450mm
Lc Dh = 100mm

Lho = 850mm
Lhmax = Lc + 2dh = 450 + 2 * 100 = 650mm
Lh = 650mm

Negative moment to be considered is:

9
 -158.57
-255.11

(-) (-)
x x
(+) 0.73345
0.3667m
2
Mx = 266.36x- -255.11

Mface = 266.36*0.3667-

= -163.51kNm.
Total Bm BM on col.strip BM on middle strip
Direction of span
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Ms = -163.51 0.75Ms = -122.63 0.25Ms = -40.88
Long direction
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02
Ms = -163.51 0.75Ms = -122.63 0.25Ms = -40.88
Short direction
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02

Flexural Reinforcement:

Kx = 0.5

fcd = 13.6MPa , b = 2750mm (considering col. Strip)

For Md = Mmax = 122.63kNm

d = 220-15-6 = 199mm

Kx = 0.5

Kx = 0.1082……..OK!

=

10
 As = *2750*199=2469mm2

In the middle half (b = 1.375m)

Asmid = As = 1646mm2

Spacing of 12 ,s = = 94mm

use 12 c/c 90mm

In the outer quarters

Asquar = = 823mm2  Amin

Use 12 c/c 180mm.

Asmin = = 456mm2 Smax =

Smax = 350mm
Amount of reinforcement:

Kx = 0.5

As = , Asmin = , Smax 

M d B AsAsmin Sreq Sprov

Strip Kx
(kN.m) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm)
(middle half)
1646 94 12c/c90
1375
Column L(-) -122.63 199 0.1082
(outer quart)
823 189 12c/c180
1375
Column L(+) 59.92 199 0.0516 2750 1178 264 12c/c260
Column s(-) -122.63 187 0.1233 (middle half)
1763 88 12c/c80
1375
(outer quarts) 881 176 12 c/c170

11
 1375
Column s(+) 59.92 187 0.0586 2750 1257 247 12 c/c240
*12 Asmin
Middle L(-) -40.88 199 0.0350 2750 341 12 c/c340
(799)
Middle L(+) 49.02 199 0.0421 2750 961 323 12 c/c320
Middle s(-) -40.88 187 0.0397 2750 *857(851) 363 **10 c/c250
Middle s(+) 49.02 187 0.0478 2750 1025 303 12 c/c300
* Asmin has governed
** Since sreq = 363mm  Smax 10 has been used
Reinforcement bar length calculation:
Long direction and short direction are the same since the panel is square. However,
there is slight difference in spacing of reinforcements
Span length, l = 5500mm
Clear span, ln = 5500-450 = 5050mm
b = 0.20 ln = 0.20*5050 = 1010mm
c = 0.22ln = 0.22*5050 = 1111mm
d = 0.30ln = 0.3*5050 = 1515mm
e = 0.33ln = 0.33*5050 = 16667mm
0.125l = 0.125*5500 = 687.5mm.
Reinforcement layout:

1 2
2750 1’
3 8 8’
4
2750
4’

2750
5 5’ 7

2750 2750 2750

Bar # Bar shape Spacing & total length Remark

12c/c180 L = 3790 Middle half
1
12c/c 360 L = 3790 Outer quarter

12
 12c/c 180 L = 2470 Middle half
1’
12c/c 340 L = 2470 Outer quarter

2 12c/c 260 L = 5250

3 12c/c 340 L = 2680

4 12c/c 640 L = 5350

4’ 12c/c 640 L = 3850

12c/c 160 L = 3790 Middle half

5
12c/c 340 L = 3790 Outer quarter
12c/c 160 L = 2470 Middle half
5’
12c/c 340 L = 2470 Outer quarter

6 12c/c 240 L = 5250

7 12c/c 250 L = 2680

8 12c/c 600 L = 5350

8’ 12c/c 600 L = 3850

13
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