Auto Immunity

AUTOIMMUNITY AND
HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I
2024
BY TRUDO LUYANDO
DEFINITION
• Autoimmunity- is the system of immune
responses of an organism against its own
healthy cells, tissues and other normal body
constituents.
• Autoimmune diseases are diseases that
involve an immune response against one or
more self-antigens.
Conti…
• These self-antigens are usually proteins that
constitute part of the body; less often they are
carbohydrates, lipids or DNA.
• The self-antigens that the immune system
responds to in an autoimmune disease are
called autoantigens and the immune response
against an autoantigen is called an
autoimmune response.
Classification of autoimmune diseases
• The wide spectrum of known autoimmune
diseases has led to attempts to classify them.
• 1 ) ORGAN SPECIFIC-autoimmune diseases that
affect only one organ I.E. thyroiditis, Insulin-
dépendant diabètes (Diabètes Type 1), Addison’s
disease ,Graves diseases.e.t.c
• 2) SYSTEMIC OR NON-ORGAN-SPECIFIC-where many
tissues are affected I.E. Systematic lupus
erythromatosus (SLE), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• The classification of autoimmune diseases as
organ-specific and non-organ specific is based on
the distribution of the autoantigens involved in
the various autoimmune response.
• The factors that contribute to the development of
autoimmune disease are very complex. It has
become clear in recent years that both genetic
and environmental factors contribute to the
development of autoimmune disease
ALLERGY AND
OTHER HYPERSENSITIVITIES
INTRODUCTION
• Allergy
• is an abnormal response of the body to a
foreign body, known as an antigen. It involves
the immune system recognising this antigen
and mounting one of four types of
response, Allergy is also known
a‘hypersensitivity reaction’ or a
‘hypersensitivity response’.
Conti…
• An allergy refers to the clinical syndrome
• while hypersensitivity is a descriptive term
for the immunological process.
• HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION- A hypersensitivity

reaction is an inappropriate or exaggerated response
to an antigen or an allergen.
TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITIES
• There are different types of hypersensitivity
reactions.
• HYPERSENSITIVE TYPE I
• HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE II
• HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE III
• HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE IV
HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I
• Hypersensitivity Type I reaction is the most
widely known type of allergic reaction and
includes anaphylaxis; this is where the body
reacts to a stimulus, or allergen, leading to
swelling of the airways, and cardiovascular
and other organ system effects. True
anaphylaxis is uncommon.
Hypersensitivity Type I reactions
include:
• Food allergies, such as peanuts and shellfish

• Pollen-food allergy syndrome
• Bee sting reactions
• Penicillin allergy
• Latex allergy.
Conti…
• Antigens that stimulate an allergic response are
called allergens. Allergens can be derived from
several sources:
• Pollens. Many pollens cause allergy, especially rhinitis and
asthma. Pollens from plant, trees and grass can all cause
allergy.
• Insects. Allergens derived from the house-dust mite are the
most common cause of asthma. Cockroaches are also a
common source of allergen. Bee and wasp stings also
stimulate strong allergic reactions
Conti….
• Animals and birds. Animal dander (fur, excretory products)
and feathers are another major source of allergens. Cats, dogs
and rodents are the most common source of animal allergens
although this probably reflects the degree of exposure rather
than any special feature of these animals
• Drugs. Many drugs cause allergic reactions, with penicillin and
sulphonamides being among the most common.
• Food. A number of foods cause allergies with sometimes
severe effects. Peanuts, shellfish and milk products are the best
known causes of food allergies.
Sensitisation
• Sensitisation is the term to describe the initial
event that lead to the specific IgE being
developed for that allergen.
• CD4(th2) cells recognise the allergen presented
by APCs
• These Th2 cells release IL-4 and IL12, that
stimulates B Cell Activation
• B cell proliferate and differentiate into plasma
cells that produce antibody IgE
• The IgE then circulates the blood and binds to
mast cells by fc regions
Further explanation on sensitisation
• first exposure to an allergen activates a strong TH2 cell
response Cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12 from the TH2
cells activate B cells specific to the same allergen, resulting in
clonal proliferation, differentiation into plasma cells, and
antibody-class switch from production of IgM to production of
IgE. The fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions of the IgE
antibodies bind to specific receptors on the surface of mast
cells throughout the body. On subsequent exposure, allergens
bind to multiple IgE molecules on mast cells, cross-linking the
IgE molecules. Within minutes, this cross-linking of IgE
activates the mast cells and triggers degranulation
activation of mast cells
• On subsequent exposure, allergens bind to
multiple IgE molecules on mast cells, cross-
linking the IgE molecules. Within minutes, this
cross-linking of IgE activates the mast cells and
triggers degranulation, a reaction in which the
contents of the granules in the mast cell are
released into the extracellular environment.
Preformed components that are released from
granules include histamine, serotonin, and
bradykinin
Components of Mast Cell Granules
Granule Component Activity
Stimulates the generation of bradykinin

, which causes increased vascular
Heparin permeability, vasodilation, bronchiole
constriction, and increased mucus
secretion
Causes smooth-muscle contraction,
increases vascular permeability,
Histamine
increases mucus
and tear formation
Increases vascular permeability, causes
Serotonin vasodilation and smooth-muscle
contraction
Conti…
• The activated mast cells also release newly formed lipid
mediators (leukotrienes and prostaglandins from
membrane arachadonic acid metabolism) and
cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor
• The chemical mediators released by mast cells
collectively cause the inflammation and signs and
symptoms associated with type I hypersensitivity
reactions. Histamine stimulates mucus secretion in
nasal passages and tear formation from lacrimal
glands, promoting the runny nose and watery eyes of
allergies. Interaction of histamine with nerve endings
causes itching and sneezing.
Conti…
• The vasodilation caused by several of the
mediators can result in hives, headaches,
angioedema (swelling that often affects the
lips, throat, and tongue), and hypotension
(low blood pressure). Bronchiole constriction
caused by some of the chemical mediators
leads to wheezing, dyspnoea (difficulty
breathing), coughing, and, in more severe
cases, cyanosis (bluish colour to the skin or
mucous membranes).
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
and Allergic Response
Chemical Mediator Activity
Causes smooth-muscle contraction and mucus

Leukotriene
secretion, increases vascular permeability
Prostaglandin Causes smooth-muscle contraction and vasodilation
Causes inflammation
TNF-α (cytokine)
and stimulates cytokine production by other cell types
cont
• type I hypersensitivity reactions can be either localized
or systemic. Localized type I hypersensitivity reactions
include hay fever rhinitis, hives, and asthma .
• Systemic type I hypersensitivity reactions are referred
to as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock. Although
anaphylaxis shares many symptoms common with the
localized type I hypersensitivity reactions, the swelling
of the tongue and trachea, blockage of airways,
dangerous drop in blood pressure, and development of
shock can make anaphylaxis especially severe and life-
threatening. In fact, death can occur within minutes of
onset of signs and symptoms.
Type I Hypersensitivities
Common Name Cause Signs and Symptoms
Constriction of bronchi
Allergy
Inhalation of allergens , laboured breathing, coughing,
-induced asthma
chills, body aches
Hives, itching, swelling of

tongue and throat, nausea,
Anaphylaxis Systemic reaction to allergens
vomiting, low blood
pressure, shock
Inhalation of mold Runny nose, watery eyes,

Hay fever
or pollen sneezing
Raised, bumpy skin rash with

Food or drug allergens, insect
Hives (urticaria) itching; bumps may converge
stings
into large raised areas
THANK YOU
END

Auto Immunity

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AUTOIMMUNITY AND

• HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION- A hypersensitivity

• Food allergies, such as peanuts and shellfish

Granule Component Activity

Stimulates the generation of bradykinin

Causes smooth-muscle contraction and mucus

Prostaglandin Causes smooth-muscle contraction and vasodilation

Hives, itching, swelling of

Inhalation of mold Runny nose, watery eyes,

Raised, bumpy skin rash with

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