TGPSC - GROUP-2 & 3

IQR (Intensive Quick Revision)

Unitwise 100 Pointers
DAY -3 (UNIT – 3)

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS
1. List of Europeans arrived to India - Chronology order:
European Power Year of Arrival Loca on of Arrival

Portuguese 1498 Calicut, Kerala

Dutch 1602 Masulipatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Bri sh 1608 Surat, Gujarat

Danes 1616 Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu

French 1624 Pondicherry

2. Reason: A er the Roman Empire's decline and Constan nople's fall in 1453, Arabs dominated
Egypt and Persia, controlling Indian trade routes. This led Europeans to lose direct contact and
easy access to Indian commodi es.
3. The commercial contacts between India and Europe were very old via the land route either
through the Oxus valley or Syria or Egypt. But, the new sea route via the Cape of Good Hope
was discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1498.

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The Portuguese
4. The Portuguese were the First Europeans to come to India and the last one to leave.
5. Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut on 17 May 1498 and he was warmly received by
Zamorin, Local ruler.
6. Alvarez Cabral arrived in 1500 and Vasco da Gama also made a second trip in 1502. They
established trading sta ons at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin.
7. Francisco de Almeida (1505-1509):
 The first governor of the Portuguese in India in 1505 and the aim is consolida ng Portuguese
influence and destroying Muslim trade.
 He aimed to make the Portuguese masters of the Indian Ocean through his Blue Water
Policy.
8. Blue Water Policy (Cartage System): This was a naval trade license or pass issued by the
Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean. Its name comes from the Portuguese word 'cartas',
meaning le ers.
9. Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515):
 He introduced a permit system for other vessels and had control over the major shipyards.
 He captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510, becoming the first Indian territory
under European control since the me of Alexander the Great.
10. Nino da Cunha (1529-1538):
 Headquarters shi ed from Cochin to Goa.
 Secured the island of Bassein a from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1534
 Increase Portuguese influence in Bengal by se ling many Portuguese na onals there with
Hooghly as their headquarters.
The Dutch
11. The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602 and their se lements at
Masulipa nam, Pulicat, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapa nam, Chinsura and Kasimbazar.
12. The Dutch established their control over Masulipatnam in 1605 and they established their
se lement at Pulicat in 1610.
13. Pulicat was their main centre in India and later it was replaced by Nagapa nam
The English
14. The English East India Company was established in 1600 and the Charter was issued by Queen
Elizabeth of England.
15. Captain Hawkins arrived at the royal court of Jahangir in 1609 to seek permission to establish
English trading centre at Surat. But it was refused by the Mughal Emperor due to Portuguese
pressure
16. Later in 1612, Jahangir issued a farman (permission le er) to the English and they established
a trading factory at Surat in 1613.
17. Sir Thomas Roe came to India as ambassador of James I, the king of England to the Mughal
court in 1615. He obtained permission from Jahangir to establish English trading factories in
different parts of India.

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18. Established their factories at Agra, Ahmadabad, Baroda and Broach by 1619. The English East
India Company acquired Bombay from Charles II, the then king of England.
19. In 1639, Francis Day founded the city of Madras where the Fort St. George was built.
20. In 1690, an English factory was established at a place called Sutanu by Job Charnock. Later it
developed into the city of Calcu a where Fort William was built.
The French
21. The French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert, a Minister under Louis XIV.
22. The first French factory in India was established at Surat by Francis Caron. Later, Maracara set
up a factory at Masulipa nam.
23. Francois Mar n founded Pondicherry in 1673. Other French factories in India were
Chandranagore, Mahe and Karaikal.
24. Francois Mar n was the first governor of Pondicherry, the headquarters of the French
possessions in India.
The Danes
25. Denmark also established trade se lements in India. Their se lement at Tranquebar was
founded in 1620.
26. Another important Danish se lement in India was Serampore in Bengal. Serampore was their
headquarters in India.
27. They failed to strengthen themselves in India and they sold all their se lement in India to the
Bri sh in 1845.
Anglo-French Rivalry
28. The downfall of the Mughal Empire led to the independence of Deccan under Nizam-ul-Mulk.
The Carna c region also formed part of the Nizam’s dominion. The ruler of the Carna c accepted
the suzerainty of the Nizam.
29. In 1740, the Austrian War of Succession broke out in Europe. In that war England and France
were in the opposite camps. They came into conflict in India also
War Dura on Treaty Key Events and Outcomes

First 1746-1748 Aix-la-Chapelle  Dupleix and Barne escalate tensions.

Carna c  Fall of Madras to the French; later
War diploma c games by Dupleix.
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the war;
Madras exchanged for Louisburg.
Second 1749-1754 Treaty of  Con nued rivalry despite European peace.
Carna c Pondicherry  Dupleix forms alliances, enhancing French
War influence.
 Ba le of Ambur; Dupleix's influence peaks
but then wanes.
 Treaty of Pondicherry signed; non-
interference agreed upon.

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 Third 1756-1763 Treaty of Paris  Part of the global Seven Years' War.
Carna c  Clive captures Chandranagore; shi s in
War Deccan poli cs.
 Ba le of Wandiwash; decisive Bri sh
victories.
 Treaty of Paris; restora on of territories
but limited French power.
General 1746-1763  Bri sh East India Company emerges as the
Outcome dominant colonial power in India.
 Significant territorial and poli cal shi s
under Bri sh rule.

RISE AND EXPANSION OF BRITISH RULE

30. Ba le of Plassey:
 Held on 23 June 1757
 The conflict between the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daula.
 Robert Clive, the Commander of the Bri sh troops emerged victorious.
31. Ba le of Buxar:
 Date: on October 22, 1764
 Place: Buxar, a town on the banks of the Ganges River in Bihar.
 Par cipants:
Alliance:
o Shuja-ud-Daula: He was the Nawab of Awadh. He formed an alliance with Mir Qasim
and Shah Alam II.
o Mir Qasim was offended by the English words "dastak" and "formance".
o Shah Alam II He was a Mughal emperor. He wanted to drive the Bri sh out of Bengal.
 Hector Munro was a Bri sh Army Major. He led the English in the Ba le of Buxar.
 Treaty of Allahabad in 1765: Robert Clive signed trea es with Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah
Alam-II a er winning the Ba le of Buxar.
32. Robert Clive was the first Governor of Fort William under the Company’s rule. He was
succeeded by Verelst and Car er. In 1772, the Company appointed Warren Has ngs as the
Governor of Fort William.
WARREN HASTINGS (1772-1785)
33. In 1772, the Company appointed Warren Has ngs as the Governor of Fort William.
34. He abolished the Dual System (introduced by Robert Clive).
35. A Board of Revenue was established at Calcu a to supervise the collec on of revenue.
36. The treasury was removed from Murshidabad to Calcu a and an Accountant General was
appointed.

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37. Calcu a thus became the capital of Bengal in 1772 and shortly a er of Bri sh India.
38. The highest civil court of appeal was called Sadar Diwani Adalat, which was to be presided over
by the Governor and two judges recruited from among the members of his council.
39. The highest appellate criminal court was known as Sadar Nizamat Adalat which was to func on
under an Indian judge appointed by the Governor-in-Council.
40. He abolished the system of dastaks, or free passes and regulated the internal trade.
41. He also introduced a uniform system of pre-paid postage system.
42. The Regula ng Act of 1773:
 Reason: The disastrous famine which broke out in Bengal in 1770 affected the agriculturists.
As a result, the revenue collec on was poor. In short, the Company was on the brink of
bankruptcy. In 1773, the Company approached the Bri sh government for an immediate
loan.
 Provisions of the Act:
(i) The term of office of the members of the Court of Directors was extended from one
year to four years. One-fourth of them were to re re every year and the re ring
Directors were not eligible for re-elec on.
(ii) The Governor of Bengal was styled the Governor-General of Fort William whose
tenure of office was for a period of five years.
(iii) A council of four members was appointed to assist the Governor-General. The
government was to be conducted in accordance with the decision of the majority.
The Governor-general had a cas ng vote in case of a e.
(iv) General in Council was made supreme over the other Presidencies in ma ers of war
and peace.
(v) Provision was made in the Act for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcu a
consis ng of a Chief Jus ce and three junior judges. It was to be independent of the
GovernorGeneral in Council. In 1774, the Supreme Court was established by a Royal
Charter.
(vi) This Act prevented the servants of the Company including the Governor-General,
members of his council and the judges of the Supreme Court from receiving directly
or indirectly any gi s in kind or cash.
43. The Rohilla War (1774):
 Rohilkand was a small kingdom situated in between Oudh and the Marathas. Its ruler was
Hafiz Rahmat Khan. Oudh Nawab with the help of the Bri sh invaded Rohilkand. Warren
Has ngs, who sent the Bri sh troops against Rohilkand.
44. Anglo-Maratha Wars
War Duration Participants and Roles Outcome and Treaties
First 1775-  Initiated due to internal  Ended with the Treaty of Salbai,
Anglo- 1782 disputes within the Maratha which established peace and
Maratha Empire and British expansion maintained the status quo
War desires. The British faced between the British and Marathas

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 setbacks but eventually gained for two decades.
the upper hand.
Second 1803-  Started over internal Maratha  Resulted in significant Maratha
Anglo- 1805 conflicts regarding the Peshwa territory cession to the British,
Maratha position. Vithuji's murder by reducing Maratha sovereignty
War Bajirao II led Jasvantrao Holkar under the Treaty of Bassein.
to attack Sindhia and Bajirao II.
Bajirao II signed the Treaty of
Bassein.
Third 1817-  Bajirao II and other Maratha  Multiple treaties, including the
Anglo- 1818 chiefs attempted to defend Treaties of Poona, Gwalior, and
Maratha their sovereignty against Madasor, led to Maratha
War British encroachment but were acceptance of subsidiary alliances
quickly defeated by the British and significant territorial
forces led by Hastings. annexations by the British,
effectively ending Maratha
independence.

45. Pi ’s India Act, 1784:

 Main Provisions
(i) A Board of Control consis ng of six members was created. They were appointed by
the Crown.
(ii) The Court of Directors was retained without any altera on in its composi on.
(iii) The Act also introduced significant changes in the Indian administra on. It reduced
the number of the members of the Governor-General’s Council from four to three
including the Commander-in-Chief.
46. In 1781, Warren Has ngs established a Madrasa in Calcu a to encourage the study of Muslim
laws along with Arabic and Persian languages.
LORD CORNWALLIS (1786-1793)
47. The Third Mysore War (1790-92)
 In 1789, the Bri sh concluded a tripar te alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas against
Tipu.
 Treaty of Srirangapa nam:
The terms of the treaty were as follows:
(i) Tipu had to give up half his dominions.
(ii) He had to pay a war indemnity of three crore rupees and surrender two of his sons
as hostages to the English.
(iii) Both sides agreed to release the prisoners of war
48. Reforms:
 Founda on of the Indian Civil Service.

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  He introduced the Permanent Land Revenue Se lement of Bengal, which was extended to
the provinces of Bihar and Orissa
49. Judicial Reforms:
 At the top of the judicial system, the highest civil and criminal courts of appeal, namely Sadar
Diwani Adalat and Sadar Nizamat Adalat were func oning at Calcu a. Both of them were
presided over by the Governor-General and his Council.
 There were four provincial courts of appeal at Calcu a, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna,
each under three European judges assisted by Indian advisers.
 District and City courts func oned each under a European judge. Every district was provided
with a court. As already stated, Cornwallis had taken away from the collectors of their judicial
powers and made them solely responsible for the collec on of revenue. As a result, District
Judges were appointed.
 Indian judges or Munsiffs were appointed to all the courts at the bo om of the judicial
system.
50. The District Judge controlled the police. Each district was divided into thanas or police circles
each of which was about 20 square miles.
51. thanas were placed under an Indian officer called the daroga.
52. Cornwallis reformed the Board of Trade which managed the commercial investments of the
Company.
WELLESLEY (1798-1805)
53. The Subsidiary System
 Indian rulers had to host Bri sh troops and maintain Bri sh troops at their court.
 They surrendered significant control over external rela ons and their own military.
 Protected states compensated the Bri sh with funds or territory for maintaining troops.
 They were barred from engaging with other European or Indian powers without Bri sh
approval.
 The Bri sh, referred to as "the paramount power," promised not to interfere in the internal
affairs of the protected states.
54. Hyderabad: Hyderabad was the first state which was brought under Wellesley’s Subsidiary
System in 1798.
55. The chronological order of Indian states entering into the Subsidiary Alliance with the Bri sh is
as follows:
 Hyderabad - 1798
 Mysore - 1799
 Tanjore - October 1799
 Awadh - November 1801
 Peshwa - December 1801
 Bhonsle of Berar - December 1803
 Sindhia - February 1804
 Jodhpur - 1818

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  Jaipur - 1818
 Macheri - 1818
 Bundi - 1818
 Bharatpur - 1818
LORD HASTINGS (1813-1823)
56. War against the Gurkhas (1814-16):
 In March 1816, the Treaty of Sagauli was concluded. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over
the Tarai region and ceded the areas of Kumaon and Garhwal to the Bri sh.
 The Bri sh had also obtained the sites of hill sta ons like Simla, Mussoori, Nainital, Ranikhet
and developed them as tourist and health resorts.
57. He approved the Ryotwari system of land revenue introduced in the Madras Presidency by Sir
Thomas Munroe. In the sphere of judiciary, the Cornwallis Code was improved.
58. In 1817, the Hindu College was established at Calcu a by the public for the teaching of English
and western science. Has ngs was the Patron of this college.
59. He encouraged the freedom of the Press and abolished the censorship introduced in 1799.
60. The Bengali Weekly, Samachar Darpan was started in 1818 by Marshman, a Serampore
missionary.
LORD WILLIAM BENTINCK (1828-1835)
61. He was undoubtedly the first Governor-general of Bri sh India who acted on the dictum that
“the welfare of the subject peoples was a main, perhaps the primary, duty of the Bri sh in India”.
62. William Ben nck adopted a policy of non-interven on and non-aggression with Indian states.
63. The Cachar state lying in the North East Fron er came under the protec on of the Bri sh in
accordance with the Treaty of Yandaboo concluded at the end of the first Burmese War.
64. Jain a was one of the territories brought under the custody of the Bri sh a er the first Anglo-
Burmese War.
65. He was the first Governor-General to visualise a Russian threat to India.
66. The mee ng of Ben nck and Ranjit Singh (Punjab) on 25 October, 1831 at Rupar on the bank
of the river Sutlej amidst show and splendor. The Governor-General was successful in winning
the friendship of Ranjit Singh and the Indus Naviga on Treaty was concluded between them.
This treaty opened up the Sutlej for naviga on.
67. The Charter Act of 1813 provided one lakh of rupees annually for the promo on of Indian
educa on.
68. In 1829, he emphasized on the medium of English language in Indian educa on.
69. The Charter Act of 1833
(i) The English East India Company ceased to be a commercial agency in India. In other
words, it would func on herea er as the poli cal agent for the Crown.
(ii) The Governor-General of Fort William was herea er called ‘the Governor- General of
India’. Thus, Ben nck was the first Governor-General of India’.
(iii) A Law Member was appointed to the Governor-General’s Council. T. B. Macaulay was
the first Law Member of the Governor-general-in-Council.

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 (iv) The Act categorically stated ‘that no na ve of India, nor any natural born subject of His
Majesty, should be disabled from holding any place, office, or employment, by reason
of his religion, place of birth, descent or colour”. It was this enactment which laid the
founda on for the Indianisa on of public services.
70. He abolished the military system of double ba a. (Ba a was an allowance to troops on ac ve
service.)
71. Ben nck was the introduc on of local languages in the lower courts and English in the higher
courts in the place of Persian.
72. He launched the revenue se lements of the North West Province under the control of R.M.
Bird.
73. He released Regula on XVII on 4 December 1829 prohibi ng the prac ce of sa .
74. For his role in the suppression of thugs, Sir William Sleeman was known as “Thugee Sleeman”.
75. He not only prohibited female infan cide but declared them as punishable crime.
76. He appointed a commi ee headed by Lord Macaulay to make recommenda ons for the
promo on of English educa on.
77. The Government Resolu on in 1835 made English the official and literary language of India.
78. He laid founda on of the Calcu a Medical College in 1835.
79. A er William Ben nck, Lord Auckland (1836-42) became Governor-General. The First Afghan
War (1836-42) was fought during his administra on. Due to his failure in Afghanistan, he was
recalled in 1842.
80. Lord Ellenborough succeeded Lord Auckland and ended the Afghan War. He also annexed the
Sindh.
81. Lord Hardinge (1844-48) fought the first Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and concluded the Treaty
of Lahore.
LORD DALHOUSIE (1848-1856)
82. He was the youngest Governor-General of India at the age of 36.
83. Annexa on of Punjab: At the end of the second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, Punjab was annexed by
Dalhousie.
84. A er the end of the second Burmese War (1852), Dalhousie annexed Lower Burma with its
capital at Pegu.
85. Doctrine of Lapse: The doctrine stated that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir, their
kingdom would "lapse" and become part of the Bri sh East India Company.
86. Satara was annexed in 1848. Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed in 1854 by Doctrine of Lapse.
A er the Mu ny of 1857, the doctrine of lapse was withdrawn.
87. Dalhousie annexed Oudh in 1856. Nawab Wajid Ali was granted a pension of 12 lakhs of rupees
per year.
88. He introduced the centralized control called “Non-Regula on System”. Under this system a
commissioner was appointed for a newly acquired territory.
89. Dalhousie shi ed the headquarters of Bengal Ar llery from Calcu a to Meerut. Shimla was
made the permanent headquarters of the army.

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90. Railways Introduc on: The first railway line connec ng Bombay with Thane was opened in
1853. Railway lines connec ng from Calcu a to the Raniganj coal-fields was opened in 1854
and from Madras to Arakkonam in 1856.
91. Telegraph In 1852 He introduced Telegraph system in India, O’Shaughnessy was appointed the
Superintendent of Telegraph Department. Main ci es of the country viz., Calcu a, Peshawar,
Bombay and Madras were telegraphically connected.
92. Postal system: The founda on of modern postal system was laid down by Lord Dalhousie. A
new Post Office Act was passed in 1854.
93. Educa on: Dalhousie had also evinced in the development of educa on. The educa onal
Despatch of Sir Charles Wood (1854) was considered the “Intellectual Charter of India”.
94. The Universi es of Calcu a, Bombay and Madras were founded in 1857.
95. Dalhousie created a separate Public Works Department and allo ed more funds for cu ng
canals and roads. The Upper Ganges Canal was completed in 1854.
96. He introduced the process of moderniza on of India. Hence, he is hailed as “the maker of
modern India”.
97. British Land Revenue System:
Land Tenure System Percentage of Regions Covered
Area Under
Bri sh Rule
Zamindari System or 19% (Lord  Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, parts of the
Permanent Se lement Cornwallis) Northern Western Provinces, northern
Karnataka
Mahalwari Se lement 30%  Major parts of the North Western
Provinces, Central Provinces, Punjab
Ryotwari System 51% (Sir Thomas  Parts of Bombay and Madras
Munro) Presidencies, Assam, and other parts of
Bri sh India

98. The Permanent Se lement or Zamindari System:

 Lord Cornwallis’ Permanent Land Revenue Se lement of Bengal, which was extended to the
provinces of Bihar and Orissa.
 It is appropriate to recall that Warren Has ngs introduced the annual lease system of
auc oning the land to the highest bidder.
 Cornwallis, Sir John Shore and James Grant decided to abolish the annual lease system and
introduce a decennial (Ten years) se lement.
 Features:
o Recognized as landowner’s condi onal on regular payments to the East India Company.
o Fixed Revenue: Revenue was fixed, with the Company retaining 89%.
o Ryots classified as tenants.
o Removed administra ve and judicial du es from zamindars.

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99. Ryotwari Se lement:
 Introduced mainly in Madras, Berar, Bombay and Assam. Sir Thomas Munro introduced this
system in the Madras Presidency.
 There was no intermediary like a Zamindar between the peasant and the government. So
long as he paid the revenue in me, the peasant was not evicted from the land.
 land revenue was fixed for a period from 20 to 40 years at a me.
100. Mahalwari Settlement:
 In 1833, the Mahalwari se lement was introduced in the Punjab, the Central Provinces and
parts of North Western Provinces.
 Under this system the basic unit of revenue se lement was the village or the Mahal.
101. Renowned products, industries and their Places:
Product/Industry Places
Muslins Dacca
Tex les Krishnanagar, Chanderi, Arni, Banaras
Dho s and Dupa as Ahmedabad
Chikan Embroidery Lucknow
Silk Borders Nagpur
Silk Products Malda, Murshidabad
Woolen Garments Kashmir, Punjab, Western Rajasthan
Shipping Industry Various ports across India
Leather Industry Mul ple regions (not specified)
Metal Works Moradabad, Banaras, Nasik, Poona, Hyderabad, Tanjore
Arms Manufacturing Kutch, Sind, Punjab
Glass Industries Kolhapur, Satara, Gorakhpur, Agra, Chi or, Palaghat
Brass, Copper, Bronze Utensils Moradabad, Banaras

102. In 1791, Bri sh resident, Jonathan Duncan established a Sanskrit College promote the study of
Hindu laws and philosophy in Banaras.
103. Bri sh scholars were divided into two groups.
 Orientalists, advocated the promo on of oriental subjects through Indian languages.
 Anglicists Promoted western sciences and literature in the medium of English language.
104. The widow remarriage, which was passed on 13 July 1856 and came to be called the Widow
Remarriage Act, 1856.
105. Child Marriage:
 In 1846, the minimum marriageable age for a girl was only 10 years.
 In 1891, through the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, this was raised to 12 years.
 In 1930, through the Sharda Act, the minimum age was raised to 14 years.
 A er independence, the limit was raised to 18 years in 1978.

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Important Wars
106. Anglo-Mysore Wars
War Background Course of War Outcome

First Anglo-  Haider Ali became the de  War continued without  Treaty of Madras
Mysore War facto ruler of Mysore in conclusion for a year- signed.
(1767-69) 1761. and-a-half. Exchange of
 Threatened British  Haider appeared before prisoners and
interests due to Madras causing panic, conquered areas. -
proximity with the leading to the Treaty of English promised to
French and control over Madras (April 4, 1769). assist Haider if
Malabar trade.  Treaty provided for attacked.
 British, Nizam of exchange of prisoners
Hyderabad, and and conquered areas,
Marathas allied against and English promised
Haider Ali. help to Haider if
 Haider diplomatically attacked.
turned Marathas neutral
and Nizam into an ally.

Second  British failed to adhere to  Haider allied with  Treaty of Mangalore

Anglo- the Treaty of Madras Marathas and Nizam. signed (March
Mysore War when Mysore was  Haider attacked Carnatic, 1784).Both sides
(1780-84) attacked by the Marathas captured Arcot, and returned captured
in 1771. defeated British under territories.
 Haider Ali accused British Colonel Baillie (1781).
of breach of faith and  British detached
allied with the French. Marathas and Nizam
 British attempted to from Haider.
capture French-held  Haider suffered defeat at
Mahe under Haider's Porto Novo but
protection. regrouped and defeated
British.
 Haider died in 1782; Tipu
Sultan continued the
war.

Third Anglo-  Treaty of Mangalore did  Tipu defeated British  Treaty of

Mysore War not resolve conflicts under General Meadows Seringapatam
(1790-92) between Tipu Sultan and (1790). signed.
the British.  Lord Cornwallis led
 Tipu attacked British forces, capturing  Nearly half of

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War Background Course of War Outcome

Travancore, an ally of the Bangalore and attacking Mysorean territory

British. Seringapatam. ceded to British,
 British, Nizam, and  Tipu offered serious Nizam, and
Marathas allied against opposition but was Marathas.
Tipu. defeated.  Tipu paid war
 War concluded with damages, and his two
Treaty of Seringapatam sons taken as
(1792). hostages.

Fourth  Tipu aimed to avenge his  War began on April 17,  Tipu Sultan killed.
Anglo- defeat and recoup losses. 1799, and ended on May  British took
Mysore War  Lord Wellesley, 4, 1799. - Tipu defeated possession of key
(1799) concerned about Tipu's by British under General territories.
ties with French, forced Stuart and General  Mysore handed over
him into submission Harris. to Wodeyars under
through Subsidiary  Arthur Wellesley also British subsidiary
Alliance. participated. alliance.
 Tipu accused of plotting  Marathas and Nizam  French influence in
against British. - War assisted British. Deccan permanently
began.  Tipu died in the battle, eliminated.
and all treasures
confiscated by British.
 British chose a boy from
earlier Hindu royal family
as ruler and imposed
Subsidiary Alliance.

107. The Prominent Maratha families

 Gaekwads of Baroda
 Bhonsle of Nagpur
 Holkars of Indore
 Sindhias of Gwalior
 Peshwa of Poona
Anglo-Maratha Wars
108. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82):- (Warren Has ngs)
 In 1775, there was a dispute for the post of Peshwa between Madhav Rao and his uncle
Ragunatha Rao.
 Treaty of Surat: The Bri sh authori es in Bombay concluded the Treaty of Surat with
Raghunatha Rao in March 1775. Rahunatha Rao promised to cede Bassein and Salse e to

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 the Bri sh but later when he was unwilling to fulfill his promise.
 Treaty of Purander: In 1776, governor colonel cancelled the Treaty of Surat and concluded
the Treaty of Purander with Nana Fadnavis, another Maratha leader. According to this
treaty Madhava Rao II was accepted as the new Peshwa and the Bri sh retained Salse e.
 Warren Has ngs also considered the Treaty of Purandar as a ‘scrap of paper’
 Treaty of Salbai (May 1782): signed between Warren Has ngs and Mahadaji Scindia.
Accordingly, Salse e and Bassein were given to the Bri sh. Raghunath Rao was pensioned
off and Madhav Rao II was accepted as the Peshwa.
109. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05)
 The death of Nana Fadnavis in 1800 gave the Bri sh an addi onal advantage.
 Treaty of Bassein (1802): Bajirao II flees in terror as Jaswant Rao marches on him. He signed
the Treaty of Bassein (1802) with the Bri sh, provisions:
o The Peshwa obtained from the Company a na ve infantry of more than 6000 soldiers.
o The Peshwa surrendered the city of Surat and ceded addi onal territories.
 Subsidiary Alliance: The Peshwa agreed, but the Scindia and Bhosle families tried to
preserve Maratha independence. However, both of them were defeated by the Bri sh under
Arthur Wellesley and made following trea es.

Ruler/Group Treaty Year

Scindia Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon 1803
Bhosle Treaty of Devgaon 1803
Holkars Treaty of Rajpurghat 1806

110. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19)- Lord Has ngs

 Reasons
o The Pindaris raided the Company's territories for plunder. This led to a clash as they
accused the Marathas of suppor ng the Pindaris.
o Other Maratha leaders were wounded by the Treaty of Bassein, which was referred to
as the "Treaty with Cypher (Peshwa)". They interpreted this agreement as their
complete surrender to independence.
 Peshwa Bajirao II assembled the Maratha chie ains and a acked the residence at Nagpur.
the English hit back and defeated the Peshwa and other families.
 The Treaty of Poona (1817): signed with the Peshwa
 Treaty of Gwalior, (1817) with Scindia
 Treaty of Mandsaur, 1818 with Holkar
 In 1818, the Maratha confederacy was dissolved and the Peshwaship abolished. Pratap
Singh, a scion of Shivaji, was appointed as the ruler of Satara.
War Background Course of War Result

First Anglo-  After Madhavrao I's death  Raghunathrao signed the Treaty of Salbai

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War Background Course of War Result

Maratha War in 1772, his brother Treaty of Surat (1775) with (1782) signed.
(1775-82) Narayanrao became the the British, ceding  British retained
Peshwa. territories for military Salsette.
 Narayanrao’s uncle support.  Marathas
Raghunathrao had him  The British Calcutta Council regained other
assassinated and declared condemned the treaty and territories.
himself Peshwa. made a new treaty (Treaty  Peshwa and
 Twelve Maratha chiefs of Purandar, 1776) British agreed not
(Barabhai) led by Nana annulling the previous one. to support
Phadnavis supported  Nana Phadnavis violated enemies.
Narayanrao’s son, Sawai the treaty by granting the
Madhavrao, as the French a port, leading to
rightful Peshwa. renewed conflict.
 Raghunathrao sought  Marathas, under Mahadji
help from the British. Sindhia, trapped the British
and forced them to sign
the Treaty of Wadgaon
(1779).
 Warren Hastings sent
reinforcements, capturing
key territories.

Second  After Peshwa Madhavrao  Peshwa Bajirao II signed  Marathas were

Anglo- Narayan’s suicide in 1795, the Treaty of Bassein defeated and
Maratha War Bajirao II became Peshwa. (1802), accepting British reduced to British
(1803-05)  Nana Phadnavis’ death in protection and ceding vassalage.
1800 weakened Maratha territories.  Treaty of Bassein
unity.  Sindhia and Bhonsle gave British
 Bajirao II sought British resisted but were defeated strategic
support against Maratha by British forces under advantages.
rivals. Arthur Wellesley.  Marathas signed
 Holkar attempted to form separate
a coalition against the subsidiary
British but failed. treaties with the
British.

Third Anglo-  Lord Hastings sought to  Peshwa attacked the  Signed Treaty of
Maratha War impose British British Residency at Poona. Poona (1817),
(1817-19) paramountcy.  Appa Sahib of Nagpur  Treaty of Gwalior
 Maratha chiefs rallied attacked the residency at (1817),
under Peshwa Bajirao II Nagpur.  Treaty of

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War Background Course of War Result

against the British.  Holkar prepared for war. Mandasor

 Pindari raids provided a  British forces decisively (1818).
pretext for British defeated Maratha chiefs.  Peshwa Bajirao
intervention. Peshwaship abolished. - became a British
Maratha Confederacy retainer.
dissolved.  Satara formed
under Pratap
Singh, a
descendant of
Shivaji.

111. Anglo-Sikh Wars:

War Background Course of War Result

First Anglo-  Sikh army crossed the  British engineered  Treaty of Lahore (1846):
Sikh War River Sutlej on Dec 11, internal treachery, British resident
(1845-46) 1845. causing Sikh defeats. established at Lahore.
 Post-Ranjit Singh  Lahore fell to the  Jalandhar Doab annexed.
chaos led to power British without a fight - Sikh Army reduced.
struggle. in 1846.  Daleep Singh recognized
 English military as ruler.
operations in  Kashmir sold to Gulab
Afghanistan and Singh.
annexation of Sindh
raised suspicions.
 Increased English
troop presence near
Lahore's border.

Second  Terms of Lahore and  Lord Dalhousie  Annexation of Punjab

Anglo-Sikh Bhairowal treaties annexed Punjab after completed.
War (1848- insulted Sikhs. battles at Ramnagar,  Three-member board set
49)  Inhumane treatment Chillhanwala, and up for Punjab
of Rani Jindan. Gujarat. governance.
 Multan’s Governor  Sikh army surrendered  John Lawrence became
Mulraj rebelled and at Rawalpindi. first chief commissioner
killed two English in 1853.
officers.  Earl of Dalhousie
recognized and
promoted.

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 THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857
112. Vir Savarkar stated 1857 revolt as the First War of Indian Independence.
113. Causes of the Revolt:
 Poli cal Causes: Doctrine of Lapse and others
 Economic Causes: increasing land revenue, by imposing a high tariff in Britain against Indian
goods, A new planta on system introduced in the year 1833.
 Social Causes: by the ac vi es of the Chris an missionaries.
 Military causes: abolished the foreign allowance or ba a, greased cartridges (grease was
composed of fat taken from beef and pig)
114. Star ng point: Revolt began on 29 March 1857 at Barrackpore. Mangal Pandey (32 regiment
sepoy) refused to use the greased cartridges and single-handedly a acked and killed his officer.
115. At Meerut in May 1857, 85 sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry regiment were sentenced to long terms
of imprisonment for refusing to use the greased cartridges and headed towards Delhi. The city
of Delhi fell into the hands of the rebellious soldiers on 12 May 1857.
116. Mu neers proclaimed the aged nominal king, Bahadur Shah II of the Mughal dynasty as the
Emperor of India.
117. Delhi: In September 1857, Emperor Bahadur Shah II was arrested and deported to Rangoon,
where he remained in exile ll, he died in 1862.
118. Kanpur: At Kanpur the revolt was led by Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Baji Rao II, the last
Peshwa. Kanpur surrendered on the 27 June 1857.
119. Lucknow: principal person responsible for the revolt in Lucknow was the Begum of Oudh.
120. Jhansi: Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, the widowed queen of Gangadhar Rao played a heroic role
in this revolt. Rani Lakshmi Bai was affected by Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse, was joined by
Tantia Tope. Sir Hugh Rose defeated Tantia Tope and stormed Jhansi on 3 April 1858. He then
captured Gwalior. The Rani of Jhansi died a soldier’s death on 17 June 1858.
121. Places of Revolt and Associated Figures
Places of Revolt Indian Leaders British Officials Who
Suppressed the Revolt
Delhi Bahadur Shah II John Nicholson
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal Henry Lawrence
Kanpur Nana Saheb Sir Colin Campbell
Jhansi & Gwalior Lakshmi Bai & Tantia Tope General Hugh Rose
Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan Sir Colin Campbell
Allahabad and Maulvi Liyakat Ali Colonel Oncell
Banaras
Bihar Kunwar Singh William Taylor
Jagdishpur (Arrah) Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of
Jagdishpur

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 Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah
Baghpat Shah Mal
Orissa Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi

122. Lord Canning had the unique opportunity to become the Governor-General as well as the first
Viceroy according to the Act of 1858.
123. Lord Canning proclaimed the new Government at Allahabad on 1 November 1858 in
accordance with the Queen’s Proclama on.
Lord Ly on (1876-1880)
124. The first Famine Commission (1878-80) under Sir Richard Strachey was appointed and it made
many commendable recommenda ons. The Famine Code came into existence in 1883.
125. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act and the Arms Act was passed.
126. He introduced uniform salt tax. He also abolished many import du es and supported the Free
Trade.
127. Lord Mayo started the system of decentralisa on of finance and Ly on con nued that system.
128. In 1878, the Statutory Civil Service was established exclusively for Indians but this was
abolished later.
129. The first Afghan War (1838-42) proved to be a disastrous one for the Bri sh in India.
130. Second Afghan War (1878-80): The Bri sh troops captured the territory between Kabul and
Kandahar. Yakub Khan and Bri sh concluded the Treaty of Gandamak.
Lord Ripon (1880-84)
131. He repealed the Vernacular Press Act and earned much popularity among Indians.
132. He introduced Local Self-Government in 1882. District and taluk boards were created.
133. He also insisted on the elec on of local bodies as against selec on by the government.
134. Hunter Commission: Ripon appointed this Commission in 1882.this commission review the
working of the educa onal system on the basis of the recommenda ons of the Wood’s
Despatch.
135. He introduced the Factory Act of 1881 to improve the service condi on of the factory workers
in India. The Act banned the appointment of children below the age of seven in factories.
136. Ilbert Bill Agita on (1884): He wanted to remove two kinds of law that had been prevalent in
India. According to the system of law, a European could be tried only by a European Judge or a
European Magistrate. C.P. Ilbert, Law Member, introduced a bill in 1883 to abolish discrimina on
in judiciary. Europeans even raised a fund of one lakh fi y thousand rupees and established an
organisa on called the Defence Associa on. The immediate result of this awakening of India
was the birth of the Indian Na onal Congress in 1885, the very next year of Ripon’s departure.
Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
137. In 1902, he established a Universi es Commission to thoroughly review the university
educa on system in the country and recommenda ons of the Commission, Curzon brought in
the Indian Universi es Act of 1904.
138. He brought in a new legisla ve measure namely the Calcu a Corpora on Act in 1899.

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139. He had a passion for preserving the ancient monuments of historical importance in India. He
passed a law called the Ancient Monuments Act, 1904
140. Par on of Bengal, 1905: The Par on of Bengal into two provinces was effected on 4 July 1905.

SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS

Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj
141. Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at Calcu a in 1828 in order to purify
Hinduism and to preach monotheism.
142. He is considered as the first ‘modern man of India’.
143. In 1815, he established the Atmiya Sabha. Later, it was developed into the Brahmo Sabha in
August 1828.
144. The work of the Atmiya Sabha was carried on by Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (father of
Rabindranath Tagore), who renamed it as Brahmo Samaj.
145. Raj Rammohan Roy is most remembered for helping Lord William Ben nck to declare the
prac ce of Sa a punishable offence in 1829.
146. In 1817, he founded the Hindu College (now Presidency College, Calcu a) along with David
Hare, a missionary.
147. He started the first Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-ul-
akhbar.
148. Rammohan died in Bristol in England in 1833.
Young Bengal Movement:
149. Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal Movement. His followers were known
as the Derozians and their movement the Young Bengal Movement.
Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and the Arya Samaj
150. The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswathi at Bombay in 1875.
151. He believed the Vedas were the source of true knowledge. His mo o was “Back to the Vedas”.
152. He started the Suddhi movement to bring back those Hindus who had converted to other
religions to its fold.
153. He wrote the book Satyartha Prakash.
154. The first Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School was founded in 1886 at Lahore.
Prarthana Samaj:
155. This was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. It was an off-shoot of Brahmo
Samaj.
156. Jus ce M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar joined it in 1870 and infused new strength to it.
Jus ce Ranade promoted the Deccan Educa on Society.
Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Mission
157. The original name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath Du a (1863-1902) and he became
the most famous disciple of Shri Ramkrishna Paramahamsa.
158. He par cipated at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago (USA) in September 1893 and

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 raised the pres ge of India and Hinduism very high.
159. He founded the Ramkrishna Mission at Belur in Howrah in 1897.
Theosophical Society:
160. This was founded in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and
Henry Steel Olco , an American colonel.
161. Their main objec ves were to form a universal brotherhood of man without any dis nc on of
race, colour or creed and to promote the study of ancient religions and philosophies.
162. They arrived in India and established their headquarters at Adyar in Madras in 1882.
163. Annie Besant: Later in 1893, She arrived in India and took over the leadership of the Society
a er the death of Olco . She founded the Central Hindu School along with Madan Mohan
Malaviya at Benaras which later developed into the Banaras Hindu University.
Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
164. He helped J.D. Bethune to establish the Bethune School. He founded the Metropolitan
Ins tu on in Calcu a.
165. He protested against child marriage and favoured widow remarriage which was legalised by
the Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
Jyo ba Phule:
166. He belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra.
167. In 1873 he founded the Satyashodak Samaj to fight against the caste system.
168. He and his wife established the first girls’ school at Poona in 1851.
Aligarh Movement
169. The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) for the social and
educa onal advancement of the Muslims in India.
170. In 1866, he started the Mohammadan Educa onal Conference.
171. In 1875, he founded a modern school at Aligarh to promote English educa on among the
Muslims. This had later grown into the Aligarh Muslim University.
The Deoband School
172. The orthodox sec on among the Muslim ulema organised the Deoband Moovement.
173. It was a revivalist movement whose twin objec ves were :
 to propagate among the Muslims the pure teachings of the Koran and the Hadis and
 to keep alive the spirit of jihad aganist the foreign rulers.
Sikh Reform Movement
174. Baba Dayal Das founded the Nirankari Movement. He insisted the worship of God as nirankar
(formless).
175. The Namdhari Movement was founded by Baba Ram Singh. His followers wore white clothes
and gave up meat ea ng.
176. The Singh Sabhas started in Lahore and Amritsar in 1870 were aimed at reforming the Sikh
society. They helped to set up the Khalsa College at Amritsar in 1892.They also encouraged
Gurmukhi and Punjabi literature.
177. In 1920, the Akalis started a movement to remove the corrupt Mahants (priests) from the Sikh

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 gurudwaras
Parsi Reform Movement
178. The Parsi Religious Reform Associa on was founded at Bombay by Furdunji Naoroji and S.S.
Bengalee in 1851.
179. Naoroji published a monthly journal, Jagat Mithra.
Saint Ramalinga
180. Saint Ramalinga was one of the foremost saints of Tamil Nadu in the nineteenth century.
181. In 1865 he founded the Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha Sangha for the promo on of his ideals of
establishing a casteless society.
182. He composed Tiru Arutpa. His other literay works include Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam and Jeeva
Karunyam.
183. In Vadalur, he started construc ng the Satya Gnana Sabai in 1872.
Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E.V.R.:
184. In 1924, he took an ac ve part in the Vaikam Satyagraha. The objec ve of the Satyagraha was
to secure for untouchables the right to use a road near a temple at Vaikom in Kerala.
185. In 1925, he started the “Self-Respect Movement”. The aims were to upli the Dravidians and to
expose the Brahminical tyrany and decep ve methods by which they controlled all spheres of
Hindu life.
186. He founded the Tamil journals Kudiarasu, Puratchi and Viduthalai.
187. In 1938 at Tamil Nadu Women’s Conference apprecia n the noble service rendered by E.V.R. he
was given the tle “Periyar”.
188. On 27th June 1970 by the UNESCO organisation praised and adorned with the tle “Socrates
of South Asia”.
189. Various Civil Uprisings
Uprising Descrip on
Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800)  Uprising due to the 1770 Bengal famine and Bri sh
economic orders. - Comprised of evicted peasants,
small zamindars, disbanded soldiers, and rural poor. -
Involved Hindus and Muslims. - Suppressed a er
prolonged ac on by Warren Has ngs.
Pahariya Rebellion (1778)  The rebellion was primarily against the Bri sh
extension of se led agriculture into the Pahariya
territories. The Paharias, being a tribal community,
were threatened by the encroachment on their
tradi onal lands and way of life.
 The Bri sh ini ally responded with brutal force,
hun ng and killing Paharias to suppress their
resistance. Later, The Bri sh shi ed to a pacifica on
policy, offering allowances to Paharia chiefs in return
for maintaining order among their people. The chiefs

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 were made responsible for their men's conduct under
this policy.
Revolt in Midnapore and  Rebellion against the new EIC land revenue system in
Dhalbhum (1766–74) Midnapore. - Backed by ryots and zamindars. -
Ul mately led to zamindars losing their zamindaries.
Revolt of Moamarias (1769–  Revolt by low-caste peasants against Ahom Kings of
99) Assam. - Weakened the Ahoms, allowing other powers
to a ack. - Ahoms managed to survive with Bri sh
assistance.
Civil Uprisings in Gorakhpur,  Resulted from Warren Has ngs' revenue farming
Bas , and Bahraich (1781) system involving English officers. - Led to oppression
by Major Alexander Hannay. - Rebellion suppressed,
Hannay dismissed.
Revolt of Raja of  EIC demanded tribute from Raja Vijayaramaraju,
Vizianagaram (1794) leading to his revolt. - Died in the Ba le of
Padmanabham. Vizianagaram came under Company’s
Rule.
Resistance of Kerala Varma  Pazhassi Raja led resistance against the English a er
Pazhassi Raja (1797; 1800–05) English paramountcy extended over Ko ayam. -
Engaged in conflict from 1793 to 1805. - Died in a
gunfight.
Chuar Uprising  The uprising took place in the region between Chota
Nagpur and the plains of Bengal, spanning from 1767
to 1802.
 Leader: Durjan Singh
 By 1798, the tribal communi es realized that the
Bri sh had seized their lands, leading them to revolt
against the colonial authori es.
 In response to the Bri sh land seizures, the tribes
rebelled, armed themselves, and employed guerrilla
warfare tac cs to fight back and reclaim their territory.
Civil Rebellion in Awadh  Wazir Ali Khan killed a Bri sh resident and a acked
(1799) others in the Massacre of Benares. - Defeated and
granted asylum by Jaipur. Later surrendered and was
imprisoned.
Ahom Revolt (1828)  Rebellion due to Bri sh a empts to incorporate Ahom
territories a er the 1st Anglo-Burma war. - Led by
Gomdhar Konwar and others. - Resulted in a territorial
compromise with the Assamese king.
Pagal Panthis (1830-40s)  Semi-religious group led by Karam Shah in
Mymensingh. - Fought against oppressive zamindars

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 under Tipu. - Refused to pay high rents. - Movement
suppressed, some peasant protec on measures
introduced.
Faraizi Revolt (1838-1857)  Led by followers of a Muslim sect founded by Haji
Shariatullah. - Advocated religious, social, and poli cal
changes. - Aimed to expel the Bri sh from Bengal and
support tenants against zamindars.
Uprisings in Ganjam and  Led by Strikara Bhanj, a zamindar of Gumsur in Ganjam
Gumsur (1800, 1835–37) district. - Resulted in the surrender of Dhananjay Bhanj
and Doora Bisayi.
Uprisings in Palamau (1800–  Revolt led by Bhukhan Singh, a Chero chief, against the
02) complex agrarian and feudal system in Palamau. -
Ul mately subsided a er Bhukhan Singh's death.
Poligars Revolt (1795-1805)  Revolt of poligars in Dindigul and Malabar against
oppressive land revenue under Bri sh rule. - Occurred
in three phases, with leaders like Ka abomman
Nayakan and Oomathurai.
Kutch or Cutch Rebellion  Raja Bharmal II of Kutch rebelled against Bri sh
(1816–32) interference in the internal feuds and made a Bri sh
resident a de-facto ruler. - Chiefs demanded
restora on of Bharmal II.
Kuka Revolt (1840)  Led by Bhagat Jawahar Mal and later Baba Ram Singh.
- Advocated religious, social, and poli cal change. -
Aimed to remove Bri sh and supported Swadeshi and
non-coopera on.
Surat Salt Agita ons (1840s)  Resistance against the increased salt duty in 1844. -
People of Surat a acked Europeans, leading to the
withdrawal of the addi onal salt levy.
Kolhapur & Savantvadi  Resulted from the reorganiza on of the Kolhapur state
Revolts a er 1844. - Discontented Gadkari and others
rebelled. - Bri sh introduced laws to control the
region.
Wahabi Movement  Founded by Syed Ahmed and inspired by Abdul Wahab
and Shah Waliullah. - Aimed at returning to pure Islam,
spread an -Bri sh sen ments. - Suppressed due to
Bri sh military opera ons.
Uprisings in the Haryana  Opposi on to Bri sh rule by Sikh chiefs of Ambala,
Region (1803-1810) Karnal, Thanesar, and Muslim Bha Rajputs. -
Resulted in a long and bloody conflict.

190. Various Tribal Movements

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 Movement Year Place Causes Consequences
Pahariya 1778 Chota Nagpur  Against the Bri sh  The Bri sh ini ally
Rebellion Region extension of se led used brutal force but
agriculture into later adopted a
Pahariya territories pacifica on policy
with allowances for
chiefs. Paharia chiefs
rejected these
allowances and
retreated to the
mountains, waging
war against outsiders.
Chuar 1767-1802 Chota Nagpur  Rebelled due to the  The tribes rebelled
Uprising and Bengal Bri sh taking away against Bri sh land
plains their land, resor ng acquisi ons and
to guerrilla tac cs resorted to guerrilla
warfare.
Tamar 1789-1832 Chotanagpur  Rebelled against  The movement was
Revolts region the Bri sh suppressed by the
alignment system government in 1832-
and land rights 33.
issues, joined by
neighboring tribes.
Bhil 1817-1819 Khandesh hill  Bhils rebelled  The Bhils challenged
Uprising ranges against Bri sh rule Bri sh rule and lost
and loss of land and land and forest rights.
forest rights.
Uprisings recurred
in 1825, 1836, and
1846.
Ramosi 1822 Western Ghats  Uprisings resulted  Bri sh condoned
Uprising from annexa on, Ramosi crimes and
deposi on of granted land,
rulers, and loss of recrui ng them as hill
livelihood for police.
Ramosis.
Ahom 1828-1833 Assam  Rebelled against  The Ahoms expressed
Revolt Bri sh occupa on discontent with
despite the Treaty Bri sh rule in Assam.
of Yandaboo and
suspicions of Bri sh

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 inten ons.
Kol 1831-1832 Chotanagpur  Bri sh rule brought  Bri sh penetra on
Uprising region tensions among and coloniza on
tribal chiefs and caused tribal
outsiders. The tensions.
tribes resisted
coloniza on and
land aliena on.
Khasi 1829-1833 Khasi Hills and  Rebelled against  The Bri sh
Uprising Jain a Hills Bri sh annexa on administra on
and road annexed Khasi tribal
construc on. states in 1826.
Santhal 1855-1857 Various regions  Santhals rebelled  Led to the crea on of
Rebellion in India against colonial Santhal Pargana, a
exploita on and region specifically
high taxes imposed carved out for the
by Bri sh rule. Santhal community.
Khond 1837-1856 Orissa  The Khonds  The uprising was later
Uprising rebelled against the joined by Savaras and
colonial other mili a clans but
administra on's eventually fizzled out.
interference in their
tradi onal prac ces
and resources.
Koli 1822-1829 Maharashtra,  Ramji Bhangre led a  Ramji's revolt in
Uprising Gujarat revolt against Maharashtra and
Bri sh rule and Kolis' uprising in
local Gujarat challenged
moneylenders. Bri sh rule and local
Kolis in Gujarat exploita on.
rebelled against
colonial impact.
Birsa 1890s Chotanagpur  Led by Birsa  The movement led to
Munda region Munda, the the Chotanagpur
Revolt movement aimed Tenancy Act of 1908,
to protect tribal safeguarding tribal
land rights, culture, land interests.
and self-rule
against Bri sh
policies.
Koya 1879-1880 Andhra  Led by Tomma  The Koya Rebellion

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 Rebellion Pradesh, Dora, the Koya showcased tribal
Odisha leader, against resistance against
colonial ac ons colonial imposi ons.
that eroded tribal
rights, forest
access, and cultural
prac ces.
Tana 1914-1920 Chotanagpur,  The Oraon tribes,  The movement
Bhagat Jharkhand under the Tana influenced by
Movement Bhagat movement, Mahatma Gandhi and
protested Bri sh resulted in the
economic and Chotanagpur Tenancy
cultural Act of 1908.
exploita on.
Rampa 1922-1924 Andhra  Led by Alluri  The Bri sh response
Rebellion Pradesh Sitarama Raju involved the capture
against colonial and execu on of key
exploita on, leaders and
taxa ons, and followers.
forced labor, using
guerrilla tac cs.
Chenchu 1920s Andhra Pradesh  The Chenchu tribes  The movement
Tribal launched a forest involved resistance
Movement satyagraha during against unfair forest
the non- regula ons and local
coopera on officials' ac ons.
movement,
protes ng against
forest and police
officials.

191. Characteristics of Peasant Movements

Characteris cs 19th Century Peasant 20th Century Peasant Movements
Movements
Objec ve of  Focused mainly on economic  Evolved to become part of the
Movements issues and addressing specific broader struggle against
grievances rather than colonialism, beginning with
figh ng colonial exploita on. movements like Champaran,
Kheda, and Bardoli.
Leadership  Led by peasants themselves.  Led by Congress and communist
leaders.

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 Extent of Movements  Limited to specific local  Transformed into all-India
regions. movements. Kisan conferences
and mee ngs played a
significant role in mobiliza on.
Understanding of  Primarily aimed at achieving  Raised awareness of an -
Colonialism par cular objec ves and colonialism among peasants.
redressing grievances.
Formal Organiza on  Lacked formal organiza on,  Led to the emergence of
leading to rela vely short- independent class organiza ons
term movements. of peasants. The All India Kisan
Sabha was established in 1936.

192. Various Movements

Movement Year Founded by Causes Consequences

Aravippuram 1888 Shri Narayana  For the rights of  Led to the

Movement Guru the depressed establishment of the
classes (especially Sri Narayana Dharma
the Ezhavas or Paripalana Yogum in
Iravas of Kerala). 1902–03, promoting
social and educational
reforms among the
Ezhava community in
Kerala.

Justice Party 1916 Dr T.M. Nair, P.  Against the  Efforts yielded in the
Movement Tyagaraja domination of passing of the 1930
Chetti, C.N. brahmins in Government Order,
Mudalair government providing reservations
service, education, to various social
and the political groups in Madras
field. Presidency.

Nair 1891 C.V. Raman  Against the  Led to the formation

Movement Pillai, K. Rama domination of of organizations such
Krishna Pillai, brahmins in various as Malayali Memorial
M. aspects of life. (1891) and Nair
Padmanabha Service Society
Pillai (1914), working
towards the social
and educational
advancement of the
Nair community in

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 Kerala.

Self-Respect 1925 E. V.  Against caste bias  Played a significant

Movement Ramaswami by brahmins; role in promoting the
Naicker or focusing on social idea of self-respect
Periyar and political reform among all social
and equality. classes and
advocating for social
justice.

Nadar Nadar  Against social bias  The Nadar Mahajan

Movement community and to promote Sangam was formed
educational and in 1910 to promote
social welfare the welfare of the
among the Nadars. Nadar community.

Depressed 1924 B.R. Ambedkar  For the upliftment  Led to the

Classes of the establishment of
(Mahars) untouchables; various institutions
Movement advocating for and organizations to
social and propagate the views
educational and promote the
reforms. welfare of the
untouchable
communities.

Congress’ 1917 Mahatma  For elevating the  The All-India Anti-

Harijan Gandhi social status of the Untouchability League
Movement lower and was established in
backward classes; 1932, and Gandhi's
focused on anti- weekly Harijan aimed
untouchability to raise awareness
campaigns. about issues related
to untouchability and
promote reforms.

Kaivartas’ 1897 Kaivartas  Founded the Jati  Led to the formation

Movement onward community Nirdharani Sabha of social organizations
(1897) and the advocating for the
Mahishya Samiti welfare and social
(1901); working for development of the
the upliftment of Kaivartas, who later
their community. emerged as the
Mahishya community
in Bengal.

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Call: 9392957733 KP’s 21st Century IAS Academy - ( 29 )