History

1 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,
H.O. DAINIK BHASKAR BUILDING, IST FLOOR, SEC – 25 D, CHANDIGARH

THE COMING OF EUROPEANS
The new sea route via the Cape of Good Hope was discovered
by Vasco da Gama in 1498.
• Thereafter, many trading companies came to India as

traders at the outset but by the passage of time indulged in
the politics of India and finally established their colonies.
The commercial rivalry among the European powers led to

political rivalry.
• Ultimately, the British succeeded in establishing their rule

India.
EUROPEAN
POWERS
• The Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut

on 17 May 1498 and he was warmly received by Zamorin, the ruler
of Calicut.
• They established trading stations at Calicut, Cannanore and
Cochin. The first governor of the Portuguese in India was Francis
de Almeida. Later in 1509 Albuquerque was made the governor of
the Portuguese territories in India.
• In 1510, he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur. Thereafter, Goa
THE became the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India.
PORTUGUESE • Albuquerque encouraged his countrymen to marry Indian women.
• The successors of Albuquerque established Portuguese settlements
at Daman, Salsette and Bombay on the west coast and at San
Thome near Madras and Hugli in Bengal on the east coast.
• Portuguese power declined in India by the end of the sixteenth
century. They lost all their possessions in India except Goa, Diu
and Daman in the next century.
• The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602.

• The merchants of this company came to India and established their
settlements at Masulipattinam, Pulicat, Surat, Karaikal,
Nagapattinam, Chinsura and Kasimbazar.
THE DUTCH • Pulicat was their main centre in India and later it was replaced by
Nagapattinam.
• The Anglo-Dutch rivalry lasted for about seven decades during
which period the Dutch lost their settlements to the British one by
one.

• The English East India Company was established in 1600 and the
Charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth of England.
• Captain Hawkins arrived at the royal court of Jahangir in 1609 to
seek permission to establish English trading centre at Surat. Later
THE ENGLISH in 1612, Jahangir issued a farman (permission letter) to the English
and they established a trading factory at Surat in 1613.
• Sir Thomas Roe came to India as ambassador of James I, the king
of England to the Mughal court in 1615.
• The English established their factories at Agra, Ahmadabad, Baroda
and Broach by 1619.
• The English East India Company acquired Bombay from Charles II,
the then king of England.
• In 1639, Francis Day founded the city of Madras where the Fort St.
George was built.
• In 1690, an English factory was established at a place called
Sutanuti by Job Charnock.
• Later it developed into the city of Calcutta where Fort William was
built. Later, Calcutta became the capital of British India
• Thus Bombay, Madras, Calcutta became three presidency towns of
the English settlements in India.
• The French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert, a
Minister under Louis XIV.
• The first French factory in India was established at Surat by
Francis Caron. Later, Maracara set up a factory at Masulipattinam.
Francois Martin founded Pondicherry in 1673.
• Other French factories in India were Chandranagore, Mahe and
THE FRENCH Karaikal.
• Francois Martin was the first governor of Pondicherry, the
headquarters of the French possessions in India.
• Denmark also established trade settlements in India. Their
THE DANES settlement at Tranquebar was founded in 1620. Another important
Danish settlement in India was Serampore in Bengal.
• Serampore was their headquarters in India. They failed to
strengthen themselves in India and they sold all their settlement
in India to the British in 1845.
THE CARNATIC WARS
First Carnatic Second Carnatic Third Carnatic

War (1746-1748) War (1749-1754) War (1758-1763)

• In 1740, the Austrian War of Succession broke out in Europe. In
that war England and France were in the opposite camps.
• They came into conflict in India also. The French governor of
Pondicherry, Dupleix opened attack on the English in 1746 and
thus began the First Carnatic War (1746-1748).
• The English sought help from the Nawab of Carnatic, Anwar Uddin.
First Carnatic But the French concluded a treaty with his rival Chanda Sahib.
War (1746-1748) • The English army crushed a defeat on the French in the Battle of
Adyar, near Madras. In the meantime, the Treaty of Aix-la-
Chappelle was concluded in 1748 to end the Austrian Succession
War.
• Thus the First Carnatic War came to an end.
• English and French continued to take opposite sides in the internal

Second Carnatic politics of India. This had resulted in the Second Carnatic War
War (1749-1754) (1749-1754).
• In the Battle of Ambur in 1749 Dupleix, Muzafar Jang, Chanda
Sahib defeated Anwar Uddin who was with the British
• British commander Robert Clive captured Arcot.
• He also inflicted a severe defeat on the French at Kaveripakkam.
• Dupleix was replaced by Godeheu as the French governor. The war
came to an end by the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754.
• The outbreak of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) in Europe led to
Third Carnatic the Third Carnatic War (1758-1763).
War (1758-1763) • Count de Lally was the commander of the French troops. The
British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated him at Wandiwash in 1760.
• In the next year, Pondicherry was captured and destroyed by the
British troops.
• The Seven Years War came to an end by the Treaty of Paris in1763.
The Third Carnatic War also ended
The causes for the French failure can be summed up as follows:
1. Commercial and naval superiority of the English.

2. Lack of support from the French government.
3. French had support only in the Deccan but the English had a strong
base in Bengal.
4. English had three important ports – Calcutta, Bombay and Madras but
French had only Pondicherry.
5. Difference of opinion between the French Generals.
6. England’s victory in the European wars decided the destiny of the
French in India.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
2020
1. Which of the following statements correctly explains the impact of Industrial
Revolution on india during the first half of the nineteenth century?
(a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.
(b) Machines were introduced in the Indian textile industry in large numbers.
(c) Railway lines were laid in many parts of the country.
(d) Heavy duries were imposed on the imports of British Manufactures.
2018
2. Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th
century was the
(a) increase in the export of Indian handicrafts
(b) growth in the number of Indian owned factories
(c) commercialization of Indian agriculture
(d) rapid increase in the urban population
SOURCE: TAMIL NADU BOOK, CLASS 11TH, HISTORY

COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: EXPLORING
OFFICIAL ARCHIVES
Bengal and zamindars: India British rule firstly established in Bengal
➢ Permanent settlement of land revenue was adopted in Bengal in 1793.

➢ There was an auction held at Burdwan (present day Bardhaman) in 1797, which was
popularly known as Grand Public Event.
➢ Company fixed the revenue and each zamindar was supposed to pay. This fixing of
revenue was done under the Permanent Settlement and it become operational from year
1793.
➢ The Zamindars who failed to pay the revenue, their estate was auctioned to recover the
revenue. But sometimes it was found that the purchasers at auction were servants and
agents of the zamindar himself, e.g. auction in Burdwan.
The problem of unpaid revenue

➢
The British
officials fell that Company felt
agriculture, trade that when
and the revenue revenue will be
resources of the After a prolonged
fixed, it will Zamindars
state could be debate amongst
provide collected rent
developed by company
opportunity to from the
encouraging officials, the
individual to different villages,
investment in permanent
invest in paid the revenue
agriculture. This settlement was
agriculture as a to the company,
could be done by made with the
means of making and retained the
securing rights of rajas and
profit and difference as his
property and taluqdars of
company will income.
permanently Bengal.
also be assured of
fixing the rates regular flow of
of revenue revenue.
demand.

NAME OF THE SYSTEM PERCENT AREAS OF ADDITIONAL
% OF IMPLEMENTATION POINTS
TOTAL
LAND
Bihar , Bengal, Orissa, Implemented in
Permanent 19% north district of Madras, Bihar and Bengal
Settlement north Banaras in 1793 by
CornWallis
Ganga doab, N-W
Mahalwari 30% Province, parts of central By Holt
Settlement India and Punjab Mackenzie.
Some parts of Madras and

Ryotwari 51% Mumbai Presidency By Read and
Settlement Munro
SOURCE: NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3. THEME TEN

PEASANTS AND TRIBAL MOVEMENTS AGAINST BRITISH
Rule

TRIBALS, DIKUS AND THE VISION OF A GOLDEN AGE
Revolts Area Leaders Main Causes Consequences
Pahariyas, Rajmahal Pahariya Resentment Crushed

(1778-85) sardars against British
encroachment
Santhals, Rajmahal Sidhu and State was Britishers carved out
1855-56 kanu taxing them new areas for the
heavily, Santhals and
moneylenders imposed some
(dikus) were special laws within
charging high it.
interest rate
and taking over
their land
Munda, Chhotanagpur Birsa Forced labour, The British officials
(1899-1900) Munda oppression by arrested Birsa in
moneylenders 1895, Birsa died in
(dikus, Ravana) 1900 and the
movement initiated
by him faded out
Deccan Bombay Deccan Social boycott Act of 1879 passed

Riots (1875) of mahajans
Indigo Bengal Digambar Planters Ban on indigo

(1859) viswas extended loans plantation 1860
and and pressurized
Vishnu peasants or
viswas headmen to
produce Indigo.
Affect of Colonial rule: The tribal life was disrupted in many ways by the colonial rule.
There was a significant change experienced by the tribal people after they came into
contact with the colonial rule and the outsiders whom they described as ‘Dikus’

Impact of colonial rule on tribals
Some of them were hunters and gatherers: These

people managed their livelihood by hunting wild
animals and by gathering forest products such
as fruits, roots and medicinal shrubs. They also
sold the forest products in the local markets and
supplied sal and mahua flowers.
Impact of Forest Laws: Tribals were intimately

connected with the forests. British regulations made
them vulnerable as some forests were declared
reserve forest and declared as the property of the
state.
Affect on shifting cultivators: The Britishers wanted

the tribal groups to settle down to bring them under
the ambit of revenue assessment. Therefore, the
measurement of land took place. Some peasants were
declared landowners and others as their tenants.
Forest laws and their impact
➢ Tribal chiefs: The privileges enjoyed by the tribal chiefs were lost as soon
as the Britishers arrived. They were forced to pay tributes. They lost the
administrative powers that were enjoyed by them previously.
➢ Search for work: The tribals who went far away from their respective
homes were the major sufferers. Plantation agriculture began in the late
19th century and they were employed in this industry. Their position
became pathetic, as they were not allowed to go home.

➢ The problem with trade: Moneylenders and traders frequently visited the
tribal areas. Their motive was to make profit by exploiting the tribals as
per their wish. Soon the tribals understood their interest and started
maintaining distance from them.
➢ Some were Jhum cultivators: Some tribal communities practised Jhum

cultivation, i.e. they cleared a patch of the forest and cultivated it for few
years and when it lost its fertility, they moved to other sites. It is also
called slash and burn technique.
➢ Herded animals: There were some groups who lived the life of pastoral
nomads. They migrated from one place to another with the change in
season along with their livestock in search of fodder.
2020
1. Indigo cultivation in India declined by the beginning of the 20th century
because of ?
(a) Peasant resistance to the oppressive conduct of planters
(b) Its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions
(c) National leaders opposition to the cultivation of indigo
(d) Government control over the planters
2. With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the
description of which of the following events?
(a) The Revolt of 1857
(b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
(c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859 – 60
(d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900
2018
3. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures

taken by the colonial government?
1. The territories called `Santhal Paraganas’ were created.
2. It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

2013
4. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for
(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to
one-third
(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual
cultivators of the land
(c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom
(d) writing off all peasant debts
2017
5. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of

Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British Rule?
1. Lord Cornwallis
2. Alexander Read
3. Thomas Munro
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
2012
6. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements:

1. The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.
2. The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.
3. The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None

SOCIAL REFORMISTS
Major reformists in the 19th century India:
1.Raja Rammohan Roy ( 1772-1833)

First ‘modern man of India’.Founded Atmiya Sabha in
1815, later developed into Brahmo Sabha in 1828 in
Calcutta. Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (father of
Rabindranath Tagore), renamed it as Brahmo Samaj.
Fought against idol worship, polytheism, Sati ( got
banned in 1829 because of his efforts) , polygamy,
purdah, child marriage, etc.
Promoted Upnishads, Monotheism i.e.belief in one
God, Western education, advocated freedom and
equality for women - widow remarriage ,Property
rights and education.
Critically drew upon the ideals of both Hinduism,Islam and
Christianity.
Founded the Hindu College ,Calcutta along with David Hare, a
missionary.
Stood for Freedom of the press,started first Bengali weekly
Samvad Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-ul-akhbar.
2. Dayanand Saraswati
Founded Arya Samaj in 1875 in Bombay,an attempt
to reform Hinduism , strove against idolatry,
polytheism, rituals, priesthood, animal sacrifice,
child marriage and the caste system based on birth
and advocated Widow remarriage. It also encourages
the dissemination of western scientific knowledge.
His motto was “Back to the Vedas”,Started shuddhi movement. Book-
Satyarth Prakash.
3.Annie Besant-
Theosophical society was actually founded by
Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott in New York in
1875, later shifted to Madras in 1882 under Annie
Besant’s guidance. It promoted the study of ancient
Hindu, Buddhist and Zoroastrian philosophies. It
promoted the concept of universal brotherhood.
Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu School along

with Madan Mohan Malaviya at Benaras which later developed into the
Banaras Hindu University.
4. Swami Vivekanand (Narendranath Dutt)-
Founded Ramakrishna Mission in 1892 in Belur near

Calcutta to promote the teachings of Vivekananda’s
Guru Ramakrishna Paramahansa, stressed the ideal of
salvation through social service and selfless action. It
opposed the caste system and untouchability. Focused
on rationlism,universality of all religions and
propagated Vedanta. Participated in World Parliament
of Religions at Chicago in 1893.
5.Jyotiba Phule
Founded Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 in present-day
Maharashtra.Propagated against idolatry ,priesthood
and the caste system (started by Aryans who were
foreigners against indigeneous people).He wrote
Ghulamgiri. Advocated rationalism and women’s
education in asociation with Savitribai Phule (
established the first girls’ school at Poona in 1851).
6. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
Started YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT in Calcutta in
the 1820s. Derozio encouraged radical thinking
among his students and criticised the prevailing
religious practices of orthodox Hinduism.
7. Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan

Started ALIGARH MOVEMENT (Mohammedan Anglo-
Oriental College, in 1875 at Aligarh, later became the
Aligarh Muslim University). in 1860’s in Aligarh.
Primarily focused on spreading western scientific
education among the Muslim masses in India.
8. Muhammad Qasim Nanawatawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

Started DEOBAND MOVEMENT in 1867 in Deoband in UP. It was an
anti-British movement that aimed at the uplifting the Muslims through
educational efforts.

9. I.C. Vidyasagar
Worked for widow remarriage, used the ancient texts
to
suggest that widows could remarry and girls
education. These efforts culminated in WIDOW
REMARRIAGE ACT - 1856 and WIDOW REMARRIAGE
ASSOCIATION founded by Vishnu Shastri Pandit and
M.G.Ranade in Bombay in 1861.Also campaigned
against child marriages, the heavy cost of marriages etc. Helped J.D.
Bethune to establish the
Bethune School.
Inspired by him, Veerasalingam Pantulu formed an association for
widow remarriage in Madras.
10. Pandita Ramabai

A women's right & education activist, a pioneer in the
education and emancipation of women in India. In the
late 1890s, she founded Mukti Mission.
Reformer Mumtaz Ali reinterpreted verses from the
Koran to argue for women’s education. Begum Rokeya
Sakhawat Hossain started schools for Muslim girls in
Patna and Calcutta. Tarabai Shinde, published a book,
Stripurushtulna, (A Comparison between Women and
Men), criticising the social differences between men and
women.
11. B.R. Ambedkar-

Belonged to Mahar community of Maharashtra and
worked for Dalit rights .Led Temple entry movement in
1927, set up the ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha’ .his
periodicals- ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’ (1927), ‘Samatha’ (1929)
and ‘Janata’ (1930).
Caste movements - In Bombay, the Paramhans Mandali

was founded in 1840 to work for the abolition of
caste.The Satnami movement (in 1820) in Chattisgarh
was foundedby Ghasidas who worked among the
leatherworkers and organised a movement to improve their social
status. In eastern Bengal, Haridas Thakur’s Matua sect worked among
Chandala cultivators against caste expolitation.

12. Dadoba Pandurang
Founded Prarthana Samaj ,an offshoot of Brahmo Samaj , a

movement for religious and social reform in Bombay.
Emphasised on Monotheism. Justice M.G. Ranade and R.G.
Bhandarkar joined it in 1870. Justice Ranade promoted
the Deccan Education Society.
13. Sri Narayan Guru

A philosopher, spiritual leader and social reformer in India.
Himself from Ezhava caste, led a reform movement against
the injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order
to promote spiritual enlightenment and social equality.
One of his
famous statements was: “oru jati,oru matam, oru daivam
manushyanu” (one caste, one religion, one god for
humankind).
14. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

Commonly known as Periyar. An Indian social activist and
politician who started the Self-Respect Movement (against
Brahmins who were arguably heirs of Aryans) and Dravidar
Kazhagam. Actively participated in Vaikam Satyagraha.
During 1920-1925 being in the Congrees Party he stressed
that Congress should accept communal representation.
Critical of Hindu scriptures, Codes of Manu, Bhagavad Gita and
Ramayana. In reaction orthodox Hindu society founded Sanatan
Dharma Sabhas and the Bharat Dharma Mahamandal in north, and
Brahman Sabha in Bengal.
Founded the Tamil journals Kudiarasu, Puratchi and Viduthalai to
propagate his ideals. On 27th June 1970 by the UNESCO organisation
praised and adorned with the title “Socrates of South Asia”.
15. The Veda Samaj

Established in Madras (Chennai) in 1864, inspired by the Brahmo
Samaj. It worked to abolish caste distinctions and promote widow
remarriage and women’s education.

16. Singh Sabha Movement
Sabhas in 1870’s (Amritsar in 1873 and at Lahore in 1879) sought to
rid Sikhism of superstitions, caste distinctions, promoted education
among the Sikhs, often combining modern instruction with Sikh
teachings. They also encouraged Gurmukhi and Punjabi literature.
Baba Dayal Das founded the Nirankari (formless God) Movement.
Namdhari Movement was founded by Baba Ram Singh. His followers
wore white clothes and gave up meat eating.
17. Deoband School
Revivalist movement started by orthodox section of Muslims aiming -

to propagate among the Muslims the pure teachings of the Koran and
the Hadis.
The new Deoband leader Mahmud-ul-Hasan (1851-1920) sought to
provide a Liberal interpretation of Islam created a political awakening
among its
followers.
18. Parsi Reform Movement
Parsi Religious Reform Association was founded at

Bombay by Furdunji Naoroji and S.S. Bengalee in 1851,
advocated the spread of women’s education. They also
wanted to reform their marriage customs. Naoroji
published a monthly journal, Jagat Mithra.
19. Saint Ramalinga

One of the foremost saints of Tamil Nadu in the
nineteenth century.
In 1865 , founded the Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha
Sangha for the promotion of his ideals of establishing
a casteless society, composed Tiru Arutpa. His other
literay works include Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam and
Jeeva Karunyam. Constructed Satya Gnana Sabai in
1872. He introduced the principle that God could be
worshipped in the form of Light.
20. Sri Vaikunda Swamigal

Born in 1809 Tamil Nadu. His original name was Mudichoodum
Perumal but he was called Muthukkutty. He preached against the caste
system and untouchability, religious ceremonies. Many came to his
place to worship him and slowly his teachings came to be known as
Ayyavazhi. By the mid- nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi came to be
recognized as a separate religion and spread in the regions of South
Travancore and South Tirunelveli. After his death, the religion was
spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books
Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals
(places of worship) were built across the country.
Source – History NCERT class 8 ( Our Pasts-III, Part -II)

Tamil Nadu book History

2016
1. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized
(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar
(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat
(c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra
(d) a peasant movement in Punjab
ans-c
2013
2. Annie Besant was
1. responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement
2. the founder of the Theo-sophical Society
3. once the President of the Indian National Congress Select the
correct
statement/statements using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans-c
2012
3. Which of the following parties were established by DR. B. R. Ambedkar?
1. Peasants and Workers party of India
2. All India Scheduled Castes Federation
3. The Independent Labour Party
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans-b

THE REVOLT OF 1857
1. The Company passed laws to

stop the practice of sati.
2. English language was

promoted
3. Law passed to make

conversion to Christianity
easier.
social
1. Doctrine of 1. Peasants
Lapse' of and
Dalhousie
zamindars
2. The name of
Mughal king resented the
was removed high taxes
from the coi ➢ and the rigid
ns minted by Causes of methods of
the Company revenue
3. Nawabs and political revolt of economic
collection.
Rajas had
Gradually 1857
lost their 2. Large
power and estates
authority. were
In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier.
confiscated
and sold by
public
military auction.
In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier.
The Indian sepoys were unhappy about

their pay, allowances and condition of
Inservice.
1850, a Some
new lawofwas passed
the to make rules
Company’s conversion to Christianity easier.
even violated their religious sentiments.
Thus, everywhere there spread
discontentment
• The greased cartridge contained the fat of pig and

Immediate cow prepared at wool rich arsenal.
• This was considered by the Sepoys as a deliberate
cause move to defame their religion.

Spread of the revolt
➢ On 29th March, 1857, the Brahmin sepoy, Mangal Pandey of Barrackpore

refused to use the greased cartridge and fired at his adjutant. The 34
Native
Infantry was disbanded and sepoys guilty of rebellion were punished. On
10 May 1857, 85 sepoys of 3rd cavalry at Meerut rebelled but were
imprisoned.
➢ Their fellow Sepoys broke out an open rebellion on 10th May and shot
their officer and headed towards Delhi.
➢ General Hewitt, the commanding officer at Meerut found himself helpless
to stem the rising tide. On 12 May 1857, the rebels seized Delhi and
overcame Lieutenant Willoughby, the incharge of the Delhi. Bahadur
Shah- II was proclaimed the Emperor of India.
➢ Very soon ordinary people bagan joining the revolt,the rebellion spread
throughout Northern and Central India at Lucknow, Allahabad, Kanpur,
Bareilly, Banaras, Jhansi, parts of Bihar and other places.
Centres of revolt
Nana Sahib was the successor of Peshwa Bajirao II.

Subhadra Kumari Chauhan’s lines “ Khoob ladi mardani wo to Jhansi wali
rani thi”.
In Awadh,Subsidiary alliance was imposed in 1801. Later,Nawab Wajid Ali
Shah was dethroned and exiled to Calcutta on accounts of
misgovernance.People revolted by hailing Birjis Qadir,son of displaced
Nawab.
Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah, popularly called Danka Shah – the maulvi with
the drum (danka). Preached jehad (religious war) against the
British.Subsequently, in 1857, he was jailed in Faizabad. When released,
he was elected by the mutinous 22nd Native Infantry as their leader. He
fought in the famous Battle of Chinhat in which the British forces under
Henry Lawrence were defeated.
Subsidiary Alliance
Devised by Lord Wellesley in 1798. Terms and conditions :
(a) The British would be responsible for protecting their ally from external and internal
threats to their power.
(b) In the territory of the ally, a British armed contingent would be stationed.
(c) The ally would have to provide the resources for maintaining this contingent.
(d) The ally could enter into agreements with other rulers or engage in warfare only with the
permission of the British.
.
Not everywhere the nawabs and royal people mobilised masses,local

leaders also emerged. Shah Mal mobilised villagers in pargana Barout,U.P.
and Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Chottanagpur ,led Kol tribe against
British.
Impact of revolt
➢ The Company had no way out except supressing the revolt with all its
might. It brought reinforcement from England, passed new laws so that
the rebels could be convicted with ease, and then moved into the storm
centres of the revolt.
➢ The Company recaptured Delhi from the rebel forces in September 1857.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life
imprisonment. He along with his wife were sent to prison in Rangoon
➢ The British Parliament passed a new Act in 1858 and transferred the
powers of the East India Company to the British Crown in order to ensure
a more responsible management of Indian affairs
➢ The Governor-General of India was given the title of Viceroy, that is, a personal
representative of the Crown. In this way the British government took direct
responsibility for ruling India.
➢ All ruling chiefs of the country were allowed to pass on their kingdoms to
their heirs, including adopted sons. However, they were made to
acknowledge the British Queen as their Sovereign Paramount.
TIMELINE
1849 Governor General Lord Dalhousie announced that after

the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the family of the king
would be shifted out of the Red for and given another
place in Delhi to reside in.
1856 i. Governor – General Canning decided that Bahadur
Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal King and after his

death his descendants would be recognised as princes.
ii. The Company passed a new law which stated that
every new person who took up employment in the
Company’s army had to agree to serve overseas if
required
29 Mar, 1857 Mangal Pandey, a young Soldier, was hanged to death for
attacking his officer in Barrakpore.
May, 1857 Sepoys mutinied in several places.
10 May, 1857 Sepoys rushed to Delhi from Meerut.
Sep, 1857 Delhi was recaptured from the rebel forces.
Oct, 1858 Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar along with his wife
was sent to prison in Rangoon.
1858 A new Act passed by the British Parliament transferred
the power of the East India Company to the British
Crown.
Nov, 1862 Bahadur Shah Zafar died in the Jail of Rangoon.
Sources – NCERT Class 12th Part 3 (Theme 11).

Tamil Nadu board History Class 12th (Chapter 11).

2018
1. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of
Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley?
(a) To maintain a large standing army at other’s expense
(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger
(c) To secure a ﬁxed income for the Company
(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States
Ans-c

COLONIALISM AND THE CITY: THE STORY OF AN
IMPERIAL Capital
➢ In the late 18th century, Presidency cities were developed by

the British—Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
➢ De-urbanisation took place as a result of British economic
policies. The old manufacturing towns of India such as Dacca,
Murshidabad, Surat, etc. lost their glory.
➢ Delhi became the hub of political parties.
➢ The period from 1830 to 1857 is referred to as the period of the
Delhi Renaissance.
➢ The British wanted Delhi to forget its Mughal past and got the
area around the forts cleared off, gardens and mosques for
security reasons.
➢ Two architects Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker designed
New Delhi and its buildings.
➢ The British considered overcrowded places as unhealthy and
unhygienic and thus wanted a new city that had better water
supply, sewage disposal and drainage facilities than the old city.
➢ In most parts of the western world modern cities grew with
industrialisation. In Britain industrial towns like Leeds and
Manchester grew rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries.
➢ The historic imperial city of Delhi became a dusty provincial
town in the 19th century before it was rebuilt as the capital of
British India.

Delhi has been a capital for more than a 1,000
years, although with some gaps. As many as 14
capital cities were founded in a small area of about
60 square miles on the left-bank of the river
Jamuna of these, the most important are the
capital cities built between the 12th and 17th
centuries
Shah Jahan built the most splendid capital of all.

Shahjahanabad was begun in 1639 and consisted
of a fort-palace complex and the city adjoining it.
The Red Fort contained the palace complex.
Delhi during Shah Jahan’s time was also a centre
of Sufi culture. It had several dargahs, khanqahs
and idgahs
The Making of New

Delhi
In the first half of the 19th century the

British lived along with the wealthier
Indians in the Walled City
But things did not remain the same
after 1857. During the Revolt Delhi
remained under rebel control for four
months. When the British regained it
they embarked on a campaign of
revenge and plunder. They began to
demolish everything that was associated
with the Mughals. In fact, the British
were very much annoyed with the
Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar to
see his active participation in the revolt.
They either demolished mosques or put
to other uses. For example, the Zinat-
al-Masjid was converted into a bakery.

PLANNING A NEW CAPITAL
New Delhi was constructed as a 10-

square-mile city on Raisina Hill, south New Delhi took nearly 20 years to
of the existing city. build. The idea was to build a city
Two architects, Edward Lutyens and that was a stark contrast to
Herbert Baker, were called on to design Shahjahanabad. There were to be
New Delhi and its buildings. It was kept no crowded mohallas, no mazes of
in mind that the new buildings must narrow by-lanes. In New Delhi,
assert British importance. there were to be broad, straight
streets lined with sprawling
mansions set in the middle of large
compounds. The architects wanted
New Delhi to represent a sense of
law and order in contrast to the
chaos of old Delhi.
In the early 1890s, o young English architect named Herbert

Baker went to South Africa in search Of work. It was in
South Africa that Baker came in touch with Cecil Rhodes,
the Governor of Cape Town. who inspired in Baker a love for
the British empire and an admiration for the architectural
heritage Of ancient Rome and Greece. shows the Union
Building that Baker designed in the city of Pretoria in South
Africa.
It used some of the elements of ancient classical architecture

that Baker later included in his plans of the Secretariat
building in New Delhi. The Union Building was also located
on a steep hill as is the Secretariat Building in New Delhi
Have you not noticed that people in positions Of power want
to 100k down on Others from above rather than up towards
them from below? The Union Building and the Secretariat
were both built to house imperial offices.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
After the Revolt of 1857, Indians were determined to root out British rule from
the country. Dissatisfaction with British rule intensified in the 1870s and 1880s.
Arms Act (1878) disallowed Indians from possessing arms,Vernacular Press Act,
Ilbert Bill controversy (1883) intensified it.
In this background, political associations came into being in the 1870s and
1880s. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association ,Indian National Congress
etc. were organised aiming to empower Indians so that they might fight for their
freedom.
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Established in December 1885 in Bombay with 72 delegates with the
efforts of A.O.Hume. W.C.Bannerjee-1st President. The early important
leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji, Ferozshah Mehta, Romesh Chandra Dutt,
and S. Subramania Iyer.
RADICALS IN THE CONGRESS
Began to question the nature of the political methods and approach of the
moderates in Congress.
SWADESHI MOVEMENT
Emerged against the partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon in guise of

admiistrative convenience in 1905.Strongest in bengal,spread to Andhra
(as Vande Mantram movement) and other areas as well. It encouraged the
ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise,Swaraj, national education and use
of Indian languages.

ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
Formed at Dacca in 1906 by a group of Muslim landlords and Nawabs. It

supported the partition of Bengal.Favoured separate electorates for
Muslims.
CONGRESS SPLIT ,1907
Because the moderates were opposed to the use of boycott by the Radicals.
The Moderates dominated the Congress after its split.
Moderates (1885- Surendranath Banerjee (Indian

1905) Extremists Burke), firmly opposed Partition
(Dadabhai Naoroji, (Lal,Bal,Pal) of Bengal. Founded the Indian
A.O. Hume) Association (1876) to agitate for
political reforms.
G.Subramanya Aiyar preached
Believed that nationalism through Madras
Believed that the
British authorities Mahajana Sabha, also founded
British had no
would do their
interest of the the The Hindu and
utmost to improve
Indian people in Swadesamitran.
the lives of the local
mind.
populace. Dadabhai Naoroji (Grand Old
Man of India) regarded as India’s
unofficial Ambassador in
Limited their England. First Indian to become
struggle to Used extra-
constitutional constitutional a Member of the British House of
means "Passive methods Commons.
Resistance" Gopal Krishna Gokhale regarded
as the political guru of Gandhi.
In 1905, he founded the
Wanted greater
autonomy and self- Servants of India Society to train
rule while still Wanted complete Indians to dedicate their lives to
independence from
under the nominal
British rule.
the cause of the country.
rule of the British
crown.
Tilak’s newspapers-Kesari (in Marathi) and Mahratta (in English).

Causes for the Rise of
Extremism-
1.Failure of the Moderates.
Lucknow Session,1916 Brought the moderates and 2. Famine and plague of 1896-
extremists in Congress on 97 which affected the whole
common platform. country.
3. Racial ill-treatment of
Indians in South Africa.
4. Immediate cause for the rise
Congress and All India of extremism was the
Muslim League signed the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon:
historic Lucknow Pact. Universities Act (1904) Sedition
Act and the Official Secrets Act
Partition of Bengal (1905).
Note : Dadabhai Naoroji’s book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ offered
a scathing criticism of the economic impact of British rule.
Aurobindo Ghosh – New Lamp for Old.
After 1919 the struggle against British rule gradually became a mass
movement.
Sources – NCERT 8th Class History (Chapter 11)
Tamil Nadu Class 12th History (Chapter 14 and 15)

2015 UPSC Prelims QUESTION
1. Who of the following was/were economic critic/critics of colonialism in

India?
1. Dadabhai Naoroji
2. G. Subramania Iyer
3. R. C. Dutt
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer – d

2. The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause
of Indian National Movement was that he
1. Exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British
2. Interpreted the ancient Indian texts stored
3. Stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before
anything else.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans-b

3. Who among the following gave a systematic critique of the moderate
politics of the Indian National Congress in a series of articles entitled
new Lamps for Old?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh
(b) R.C.Dutt
(c) Syed Ahmad khan
(d) Viraraghavachari
Ans –a
SWADESI MOVEMENT
2019
4. With reference to the Swadeshi Movement, consider the following
statements:
1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and
industries.
2. The National Council of Education was established as a part of
Swadeshi Movement.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans-c
2016
5. The Swadeshi and Boycott were adopted as methods of struggle for the
first time during the
(a) agitation against the partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India
Ans-a
6. Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the

Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of ‘moderates’ and
‘extremists?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Quit India Movement
(d) Civil Disobedience Movement
Ans-a
7. What was the main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress
at Surat in 1907?
(a) Introduction of communalism into Indian politics by Lord Minto
(b) Extremists lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to
negotiate with the British Government
(c) Foundation of Muslim League
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh's inability to be elected as the President of
the Indian National Congress
Ans-b
2015
8. Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the
Indian National Congress resulting in emergence of ‘moderates’ and
‘extremists’?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Quit India Movement
(d) Civil Disobedient Movement
Ans-a

2014
9. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until
(a) the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British
and the partition was ended.
(b) King George V abrogated Curzon's Act at the Royal Darbar in
Delhi in 1911
(c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) the Partition of India, in 1947 when East Bengal became East
Pakistan
ans-b

ARRIVAL OF MAHATAMA GANDHI
In January 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to his

homeland.
He, along with other freedom fighters,
compelled the British to leave India. His
policies and agendas were Satyagraha and One of the founder of the
Ahimsa. This phase is also known as Natal Congress, Durban,
South Africa, 1895 to fight
the Gandhian Era.
against racial discrimination.
Spent his first year in India travelling
throughout the country, understanding the
people, their needs and the overall
situation.
During the course of 1917 and early 1918, Gandhiji was involved in
three significant struggles:
Champaran Agitation (Bihar)
•Gandhi's first active involvement into Indian freedom politics.

•The Champaran farmers were being forced to grow Indigo and were being
tortured if they protested.
•The farmers sought Gandhi's help and through a calculated non-violent
protest, Gandhi managed to win concessions from the authority.
Kheda(Gujarat)
•When Kheda, was badly hit by floods, the local farmers appealed to the
rulers to waive off the taxes.
•Here, Gandhi started a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-
payment of taxes.
•In 1918, the Government relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax
until the famine ended.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)
•Satyagraha and hunger strike were used for the first time during an
industrial dispute between the owners and workers of a cotton mill .
•The owners wanted to withdraw the plague bonus to the workers while the
workers were demanding a hike of 35% in their wages.
•Strike was successful and the workers were granted the wage hike they
wanted.

With a view to check revolutionary activities, government came up
with Rowlatt Act (imprisonment without trial and summary procedures
for trial) in 1919. Gandhi decided to launch an all-India Rowlatt
Satyagraha to oppose this ‘Black Act’. Meetings were held all over the
country to signify popular disapproval of the Act. Hindus and Muslims
united in the fight against British rule. But unfortunately there were
several violent incidents made Gandhi admitting that launching this
movement he made ‘mistake of Himalayan magnitude’ and decided to
call off the movement.
However,the movement set into motion all over India culminating in Jallianwala
Bagh massacre inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar on Baisakhi day. This
incident shook the entire nation. Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and
anger of the country by renouncing his knighthood.
Khilafat Movement
• Gandhi's influence on the Muslim population was remarkable.
• After the defeat of Turkey in first World War, the Muslims feared for
the safety of their Caliph (Treaty of Serves) and a worldwide protest
was being organised to fight against the collapsing status of the
Caliph.
• Gandhi became a prominent spokesperson of the All India Muslim
Conference and returned the medals he had received from the
Empire.
• His role in the Khilafat made him a national leader in no time.
• Leaders of Khilafat agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now
wished to initiate a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement.
Non-cooperation Movement
• Non-cooperation movement in the background of Jalianwala
massacre and Khilafat wrongs.
• Gandhi set the goal of self-governance/Swaraj (along with empasis
on Swadeshi), which since then became the motto of Indian freedom
movement.
• British schools,colleges,courts,foreign made cloths were boycotted.
• But unfortunately the whole movement was
abruptly called off on 11th
February, 1922, at Gandhi’s insistence, following the
movement getting violent (chaura-chauri incidence).
During Non-Cooperation movement,Gandhi was arrested
along with thousands of other Indians and was charged
with sedition.
SWARAJ PARTY
• Gandhi‟s decision to call off the movement did
not go down well with younger leaders of
Congress.

• Led to a split within Congress in December 1922.
• Leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das formed a separate group
within
the Congress known as the Swaraj Party (pro-
changers) in1923. Mid 1920s- Formation of the
• The Swarajists wanted to carry the Non- Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Cooperation within the Councils, while the Sangh (Hindu organization),
no changers (like Vallabh bhai
Communist Party of India.
Patel,Rajendra Prasad) wanted to stick to
the earlier boycott of Councils.
• On the advice of Gandhi the two groups
decided to remain in the Congress but to work in their separate
ways.
SIMON COMMISSION (1927)

• The review commission of Act 1919 The decade of 1920s closed
was appointed by the British with the Congress resolving to
Government in 1927, Simon fight for Purna Swaraj in 1929
Commission. under the presidentship of
• All its seven members were Jawaharlal Nehru ( Lahore
Englishmen. session). Consequently,
• As there was no Indian member in it, “Independence Day” was
the Commission faced a lot of observed on 26 January 1930
criticism in India. all over the country.
• Still the report of the Simon
Commission was published in May
1930 that
recommended the establishment of autonomous government instead of
dyarchy.
• Also this report became the basis for enacting the Government of
India Act of 1935.
NEHRU REPORT (1928)

Committee headed by Motilal
Nehru, published its report ,that
demanded among other things-
• Dominion Status .
• Full responsible government
at the centre.
• Autonomy to the provinces.
• Lower houses in the central
legislature and the
provincial councils to
consist of members elected

by joined mixed electorates with reservation of seats for Muslims or
Hindus wherever they were in a minority.
• Unfortunately, the All Party Convention failed to pass the Nehru
Report.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah put forth his "fourteen points"demands at this
time which was also unacceptable.
Return of Gandhi in Politics via Civil Disobedience Movement-

Salt March (Dandi Movement 12th March - 6th April) –
• Gandhi started a Satyagraha
campaign against the salt tax in Struggles of Indian people bore fruit
March 1930. He marched from when the GOI Act of 1935
Sabarmati to Dandi in Gujarat to prescribed provincial autonomy and
make salt. Thousands of people the government announced
joined him and made it one of elections to the provincial
the biggest marches in Indian legislatures in 1937. The Congress
history. formed governments in 7 out of 11
• Peasants, tribals and women provinces.
participated in large
numbers.Activist Kamladevi In September 1939, after two years
Chattopadhay persuaded of Congress rule in the provinces,
Gandhiji not to restrict this WW II broke out. Critical of Hitler,
movement to men only. Congress leaders were ready to
• Around 60,000 people including support the British war effort. But
Gandhiji himself were arrested in return they wanted that India be
by the government.The Congress granted independence after the war.
Party was declared illegal. The British refused to concede the
• British government convered a demand. The Congress ministries
series of Round table resigned ..in protest.
conferences.1st RTC in Nov 1930
failed as no eminent Indian
leader participated.
• Gandhiji was released from prison in 1931 and he met with Lord
Irwin who was keen to put an end to the civil disobedience
movement .
• As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the civil disobedience movement was
discontinued, Irwin agreed to release the arrested Indians and
manufacturing salt was allowed to Indians.
• Gandhiji representing Congress attended
the Second Round Table Conference in At second RTC, Gandhi
London. Muslim League,Princely states and opposed Separate electorate
Ambedkar questioned Gandhi’s claim of for lower castes which
Congress representing all of India at RTC. infuriated Ambedkar.
Failure of second RTC led to revival of
Civil Disobedience movement.

Sarojini Naidu was a significant leader of the Dandi March. She was the first
Indian woman to become President of the Indian National Congress (1925).
COMMUNAL AWARD & POONA PACT (1932)

• On 16 August 1932 the British P.M. Ramsay MacDonald made an
announcement, which came to be known as the Communal Award.
• It provided for separate electorates for depressed classes.
• Mahatma Gandhi protested against the Communal Award.
• Finally, an agreement (Poona Pact) was reached between Dr
Ambedkar and Gandhi.
• The British Government also approved of Subhas Chandra Bose
it.
A radical nationalist, with socialist
leanings, Bose did not share
AUGUST OFFER (1940) Gandhiji’s ideal of ahimsa, though
he respected him as the “Father of
• Made to secure the cooperation of the the Nation”. In January 1941, he
Indians in WWII. secretly left his Calcutta home,
• It envisaged for setting up went to Singapore, via Germany,
representative body of Indians to frame and raised the Azad Hind Fauj or
the new Constitution . the Indian National Army (INA). To
free India from British control, in
• Gandhi was not satisfied with the offer
1944, the INA tried to enter India
and decided to launch Individual through Imphal and Kohima but
Satyagraha. the campaign failed. The INA
• Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first to members were imprisoned and
offer Satyagraha and he was sentenced tried. People across the country,
to imprisonment. from all walks of life, participated
in the movement against the INA
• The individual Satyagraha continued for trials.
nearly 15 months.
CRIPPS MISSION (1942)

• Mission came in the background of war
to India’s door-step.
• The major political parties of the country rejected the Cripps
proposals.
• Gandhi called Cripp’s proposals as a “Post-dated Cheque”.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT, AUGUST 1942

• After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Gandhi decided to launch his
third major movement. He wanted the British to quit India
immediately.
• To the people, he said, “do or die” to fight the British, but non-
violently.

• British government responded by arresting all major Congress
leaders including Gandhi.
• In the absence of leadership, there were stray incidences of
violence. Over 100000 people were arrested.
• Despite heavy-handed suppression by government, the people
continued their struggle. JP Narayan was active in underground
resistence. In Satara and Medinipur, independent governments were
proclaimed. British suppressed the movement with full force.
However, these rebellions ultimately brought the British Raj to its
knees.

2015. UPSC Prelims Paper QUESTION
1. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following

statements is/are correct?
1. The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the ‘Sedition
Committee’.
2. In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule
League.
3. Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided
with Rowlatt Satyagraha.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans- a

2. The Rowlatt Act aimed at
(a) Compulsory economic support to war efforts
(b) Imprisonment without trial and summary procedures for trial
(c) Suppression of the khilafat movement
(d) Imposition of restrictions on freedom of the press
Ans- b

3. During the Indian Freedom Struggle, why did Rowlatt Act arouse
popular indignation?
(a) It curtailed the freedom of religion
(b) It suppressed the Indian traditional education
(c) It authorized the government to imprison people without trial
(d) It curbed the trade union activities
Ans-c

2008 UPSC Prelims Paper QUESTION
4. Who was the Viceroy of India when the Rowlatt Act was passed?
(a) Lord Irwin
(b) Lord Reading
(c) Lord Chelmsford
(d) Lord Wavell
Ans- c

5. Which one of the following aroused a wave of popular indignation that
led to the massacare by the British at Jallianwala Bagh?
(a) The arms Act
(b) The Public Safety Act
(c) The Rowlatt Act
(d) The Vernacular Press Act
Ans-c
2015. UPSC Prelims Paper QUESTION –

6. Consider the following
1. The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was
Sarojini Naidu.
2. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was
Badruddin Tyabji.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither I nor 2
Ans- b
2015
7. With reference to Congress Socialist Party, consider the following
statements:
1. It advocated the boycott of British goods and evasion of taxes.
2. It wanted to establish the dictatorship of proletariat.
3. It advocated separate electorate for minorities and oppressed
classes.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None
Ans-d
2020

8. The Gandhi-Irwin pact included which of the following?
1. Invitation of Congress to participate in the Round Table Conference
2. Withdrwal of Ordinances promulgated in connection with the Civil
Disobedience Movement
3. Acceptance of Gandhiji’s suggestion for enquiry into police excesses
4. Release of only those prisoners who were not charged with violence.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1,2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2,3 and 4 only
Ans-b
2019
9. With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the

following statements:
1. Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the abolition of the system of
‘indentured labour’.
2. In Lord Chelmsford’s War Conference’, Mahatma Gandhi did not
support the resolution on recruiting Indians for World War.
3. Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law by Indian people, the
Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans-b
2018
10. Which one of the following is a very significant aspect of the
Champaran Satyagraha ?
(a) Active all-India participation of lawyers, students and women in the
National Movement
(b) Active involvement of Dalit and Tribal communities of India in the
National Movement
(c) Joining of peasant unrest to India’s National Movement
(d) Drastic decrease in the cultivation of plantation crops and
commercial crops
Ans-c

2017
11. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, consider the following
events:
1. Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy
2. Quit Indian Movement launched
3. Second Round Table Conference
What is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
(a) 1-2-3
(b) 2-1-3
(c) 3-2-1
(d) 3-1-2
Ans-c
2015
12. Who of the following organized a march on the Tanjore coast to break
the Salt Law in April 1930?
(a) V.O Chidambaram Pillai
(b) C. Rajagopalachari
(c) Kamaraj
(d) Annie Besant
Ans-b
2013
13. Quit India Movement was launched in response to

(a) Cabinet Mission Plan
(b) Cripps Proposals
(c) Simon Commission Report
(d) Wavell Plan
Ans-b
Sources – NCERT Class 8th History (Chapter 11)

NCERT Class 10th History(Chapter 3 –Nationalism in India).
NCERT Class 12th Part 3 (Theme 13).
Tamil Nadu Class 12th History (Chapter 16)

INDIA TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE

Indian National Army
• Organized during WWII on September 1, 1942.

• First raised by Captain Mohan Singh.
• Captain Mohan Singh with Japanese help contacted Indian
soldiers and persuaded them to utilize the opportunity
presented by the war for the liberation of India.
• Indian Independence League headed by Ras Behari Bose held
a conference at Bangkok and set up the INA.
• Later S.C. Bose was made to East Asia to lead the INA
movement.
POST-WAR STRUGGLE INA Trials(1945)
• The defence of the INA prisoners (Generals Shah Nawaz,

Gurdial Singh Dhillon, and Prem Sehgal of the INA), was
taken up by the Congress - Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur
Sapru, K.N. Katju, Nehru and Asaf Ali appeared in court .
• On the other hand, the Indian people welcomed INA soldiers
as national heroes demanding their release over the country.
• British Government was this time in no position to ignore
Indian opinion, Government felt it expedient to set them free.
RIN Mutiny (1946)
• Naval Ratings of HMS Talwar at Bombay revolted against the

discriminatory & exploitative treatment meted out to them by
the English Officers .
• It, along with INA episode, shook the faith of the British and
acted as last nail in the coffin.

CABINET MISSION (1946)
• After the Second World War, Lord Atlee became the Prime
Minister of England.
• He made a historic announcement in which the rights to framing
of a Constitution for India were conceded.
• Members of the British Cabinet - Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford
Cripps and A. V. Alexander as Cabinet Mission. were sent to
India.
• Both the Muslim League and the Congress initially accepted the
proposal of Cabinet mission, but later League withdrew its
acceptance over disagreement about interpretation of clauses.
• Muslim League announced 16 August,1946 as Direct Action Day
for its pakistan demand.
CLEMENT ATTLEE’S DECLARATION
• On February 20, 1947, Clement Attlee, announced the definite

intention of the British Government to transfer power to
responsible Indian hands by June 1948.
• Sent Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India to make the
announcement a reality. Mountbatten announced date of
transference of power as 15 August 1947.
• A Boundary Commission (Radcliff Boundary Commission)was set
up to demarcate the boundaries of the provinces of the Punjab
and Bengal.
Mountbatten Plan (1947)
• The partition of India and the creation of Pakistan appeared

inevitable to
• him in view of violent communal atmosphere prevalent at that
time so he put forth the plan of partition of India on 3 June
1947.
• India was to be free, but divided.
• Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP were to be given to new state of
Pakistan.
• The Congress and the Muslim League ultimately approved the
Mountbatten Plan.

Indian Independence Act 1947
• Its salient features were:

• The partition of the country into India and Pakistan would come
into effect from 15 August 1947.
• The British Government would transfer all powers to these two
Dominions.
Gandhi’s Demise
• The most tragic incident occurred on 30 January 1948, when

Mahatma
• Gandhi - the father of the nation-on his way to a prayer meeting
at Birla
• House, Delhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse.

2016
1. The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the second world
war
(a) India should be granted complete independence
(b) India should be partitioned into two before granting independence
(c) India should be made a republic with the condition that she will join
the commonwealth
(d) India should be given Dominion status
Ans-d

2. With reference to the Cabinet Mission, which of the following
statements is/are correct?
1. It recommended a federal government.
2. It enlarged the powers of the Indian courts.
3. It provided for more Indians in the ICS
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None
Ans-a
Sources –
NCERT Class 12th Part 3 (Theme 14)
Tamil Nadu Class 12th History (Chapter 16)

DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS IN INDIA
History of press in India dates back to the late 16th

century. Portuguese were the first to establish Press Machine in India.
James Augustus Hickey started India’s first newspaper named “The
Bengal Gazette” on 29th January 1980. It severely criticized the policies
of First Governor General of India Warren Hastings. because of this it got
shot down in just 2 years. But after this many newspapers were started
like ‘Indian Gazette’ in November 1780, Calcutta Gazette in 1784 , The
Bengal Journal in 1785 etc.The First Indian to publish a newspaper
was Gangadhar Bhattacharya who brought ‘Bengal Gazette‘ in English.
During British rule in India several regulations and restrictions was

imposed on Freedom of the Press in India.
Censorship of the Press Act,
1799
Licensing Regulations,
Enacted by Lord Wellesley to 1823 Press Act, 1835
curb the French from Enacted by Lord Metcalfe.
publishing anything in India Enacted by the Governor
General John Adams. (Liberator of Indian
that could harm Company’s Press) ceased
interest. It imposed press According to it starting a
newspaper without restrictions imposed by
restrictions and pre the Licensing Regulations
censorship. These restrictions obtaining a license was a
penal offence. Act,1823.
were lifted by Hastings in
1818.
Licensing Act, 1857 Vernacular Press

After the revolt of 1857 Act,1878 Newspaper (Incitement
there were severe Enacted to control the to Offences) Act,1908
restrictions imposed on vernacular press and to passed by Lord Curzon to
press. It imposed punish the critical repress the activities of
licensing restrictions writings of the the Extremist nationalist.
along with the existing newspapers.
provisions of Metcalfe
Act,1835.
Indian Press Act,1910 Indian Press (Emergency

Again imposed the Powers) Act,1931
gagging feature of the Enacted to give powers to
Vernacular press,Act the provincial
1878I. In 1921 on the governments to suppress
recommendations of the Civil Disobedience
Press Committee chaired Movement.
by Tej Bahadur Sapru
,Press Acts of 1908 and
1910 were repealed.

List of some Important Newspapers published during British
Rule in India
Newspaper Year and Place Founder/Publisher
Bengal Gazette 1780, Calcutta James Augustus Hickey
India Gazette 1787, Calcutta Henry Vivian Derozio was
associated with this
The Bengal 1785, Calcutta Thomas Jones and William
Journal Duane
Bengal Gazette( 1818, Calcutta Harishchandra Roy
First Bengali
Newspaper)
Sambad 1821, Calcutta Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Kamudi
Mirat-ul-Akbar 1822, Calcutta Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Bombay Times 1838, Bombay Robert Knight and Thomas
Bennett
Indian Mirror 1862, Calcutta Devendranath Tagore
Bengalee 1862, Calcutta Girishchandra Ghosh
Amrita Bazar 1868, Jessore Sisirkumar Ghosh and Motilal
Ghosh
The Hindu 1878, Madras GS Aiyar, Viraraghavchari and
Subba Rao Pandit
The Tribune 1881, Lahore Dayal Singh Majeetia
Kesari in 1881, Bombay BG Tilak, VC Chiplunkar and
Maratha and Agarkar
Maharatta in
English
Yugantar 1906, Bengal Barindra Kumar Ghosh and
Bhupendranath Dutta
Sandhya 1906, Bengal Brhamanabandab Upadhay
Bombay 1913,Bombay Pherozshah Mehta, BG
Chronical Horniman
Comrade 1911 Maulana Mohammad Ali
(English
Weekly)
Nav Jeevan 1929 MK Gandhi
(Weekly)

BRITISH EDUCATION POLICY AND GROWTH OF
MODERN EDUCATION
First Phase The British East India Company showed very little
(1758-1812) interest in the education of its subjects during this
period, the few exceptions being:
• The Calcutta Madrasa set up by Warren Hastings in
1781 for the study and teaching of Muslim law and
Persian and Arabic subjects.
• Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at
Varanasi where he was resident for study of Hindu
law and Philosophy.
• Both were designed to provide a regular supply of
qualified Indians to help in the administration of
law in the courts of the Company.
• The Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by
William Jones in Calcutta in 1784
Second Phase Due to the strong pressure exerted on the Company by

(1813-1853) the Christian missionaries the Charter Act of 1813
required the Company to spend Rs. 1 lakh annually for
encouraging learned Indians and promoting the
knowledge of modern sciences in India.
• A ten member committee on Public Instruction was
set up in 1823 when Horace Haymon as the first
President for the development of education.
• Two controversies about the nature of education
arose during this phase:
1. Whether to lay emphasis on the promotion of
modern western education or on the expansion
of traditional Indian learning and
2. Whether to adopt Indian languages or English as
the medium of instruction in modern schools
and colleges to spread western education.
• Macaulay wrote the famous Minute on Educational
policywhich outlined that western education
through English as a medium instruction was a
great notary of western education.
• Lord William Bentinck in the Resolution of 7th
March, 1835 accepted Macaulay viewpoint which
led to the promotion of European science and
literature. Thus settling the controversy.

• In 1844, Lord Hardinge decided to give government
employment to Indians educated in English schools.
• To cover up this defect in policy the British took
recourse in the so-called 'downward filtration
theory' which meant that education and modern
ideas were meant to filter or radiate downwards
from the upper classes. This policy continued till
the very end of the British rule although it was
officially abandoned in 1854.
James Thomson • In Northwest provinces, he tried to develop a
Plan (1843-53) comprehensive system of village education through
the vernaculars.
• A Department of Education was set up for
inspection and improvement of indigenous schools,
with aim to train personnel for employment in the
revenue, public works department and the judiciary
Third Phase • Sir Charles Wood Dispatch, 1854
(1854-1900) • The Education Dispatch of 1854 was also called the
Wood's Dispatch Considered the Magna Carta of
English education in India it entailed: Promotion
of Western Education, art, science, philosophy and
literature of Europe.
• English language to be medium for higher education
while vernaculars to be used for primary education.
• Three Education Departments were set up in
provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Northwest
Provinces and Punjab in 1855; organization of
Indian Education Services in 1897 to cover the
senior most posts.
• Establishment of Universities in Calcutta, Bombay
and Madras in 1857, in Punjab in 1882 and
Allahabad in 1887.
• First chancellor of Calcutta University was Lord
Canning and the first vice chancellor William
Colvite
The Hunter Lord Ripon appointed Hunter Commission under Sir

Commission W.W. Hunter to review the progress which
(1882-1883) recommended:
• Local bodies (district boards and municipalities)
should be entrusted with the management of
primary education.
• It also said that the government should maintain
only a few schools and colleges, others to be left to
private hands.

Fourth Phase Lord Curzon appointed a Universities Commission
(1901- 1920) under Sir Thomas Raleigh (Law member of the
Viceroy's Executive Council) in 1902, and based on his
recommendations the Indian Universities Act of 1904
was passed.
• It enabled the Universities to assume teaching
functions (hitherto they were mainly examining
bodies), periodic inspection of institutions, speedier
transaction of business, strict conditions for
affiliation, etc.
• However it was criticized by nationalists and in
1910 a separate Department of Education was
established at the Centre.
• The Sadler Commission was appointed in 1917 by
Lord Chelmsford to review the working of Calcutta
University with two Indian members: Ashutosh
Mukherjee and Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed. The main
recommendations were:
o Secondary education by a Board of Secondary
Education and duration of the degree course to
be three years.
o 7 new universities were opened: Benaras,
Mysore, Patna, Aligarh, Osmania, Lucknow and
Dhaka
• Kashi Vidyapeeth and Jamia Milia Islamia were
established.
• University courses were divided into Pass course
and Honors course.
Fifth Phase • Education came under Indian control officially as it
(1921-1947) became a Provincial subject administered by
Provincial legislatures.
• There was an increase in the number of universities
(20 in 1947); improvement in the quality of higher
education (on the recommendation of the Sadler
Commission); establishment of an Inter-University
Board (1924) and the beginning of inter-collegiate
and inter-university activities.
• Considerable achievements in women's education
and the education of backward classes.
Hartog The committee made a number of recommendations
Committee, 1929 including:
• The policy of consolidation and improvement of
primary education.
• A selective system of admission to universities and
diversification of courses leading to industrial and
commercial careers.
• The universities should be improved.
The Wardha • Worked out by Zakir Hussain Committee after
Scheme of Basic Mahatma Gandhi published a series of articles in
Education, 1937 the Harijan.
• Scheme centered on manual productive work/
vocational courses which would cover remuneration
of the teachers.
• It envisaged a seven years course through the
mother tongue of the students
Sergeant Plan of • Envisaged establishment of elementary schools and
Education, 1944 high school and introduction of universal and free
compulsory education.
• School course of six years was to be provided for
children between ages eleven and seventeen

2019
1. Consider the following statements about ‘the Charter Act of 1813’:
1. It ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India except for
trade in tea and trade with China.
2. It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories
held by the Company.
3. The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
2018
2. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India?
1.Charter Act of 1813
2.General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823
3.Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and3
2018
3. Regarding Wood’s Dispatch, which of the following statements are true?
1. Grants-in-Aid system was introduced.
2. Establishment of universities was recommended.
3. English as a medium of instruction at all levels of education was
recommended.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

GOVERNOR GENERALS AND VICEROYS
Governor Generals and Viceroys Most imp. events During their Regime
Warren Hastings (1773-1785) ▪ Regulating Act of 1773

▪ Pitt’s India Act of 1784
Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) ▪ Third Mysore War (1790-92) and
Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
▪ Cornwallis Code (1793)
▪ Permanent Settlement of Bengal,
1793
Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) ▪ Introduction of the Subsidiary
Alliance System (1798)
Lord Minto I (1807-1813) ▪ Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit

Singh (1809)
Lord Hastings (1813-1823) ▪ Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and the
Treaty of Sagauli, 1816
▪ Establishment of Ryotwari System
(1820)
Lord Amherst (1823-1828) ▪ First Burmese War (1824-1826)
Lord William Bentinck (1828- ▪ Abolition of Sati System (1829)

1835)
▪ Charter Act of 1833
Lord Auckland (1836-1842) ▪ First Afghan War (1838-42)
Lord Hardinge I (1844-1848) ▪ First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and

the Treaty of Lahore (1846).
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) ▪ Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)
▪ Introduction of the Doctrine of
Lapse
▪ Wood’s Despatch 1854
▪ Laying down of first railway line
connecting Bombay and Thane in
1853

Lord Canning (1856-1862) ▪ Revolt of 1857
▪ Abolition of East India Company
and transfer of control to the Crown
by the Government of India Act,
1858
▪ Indian Councils Act of 1861
Lord John Lawrence (1864- ▪ Establishment of the High Courts at
1869) Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
(1865)
Lord Lytton (1876-1880) ▪ The Vernacular Press Act (1878)
▪ The Arms Act (1878)
▪ Queen Victoria assumed the title of
‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of
India
Lord Ripon (1880-1884) ▪ Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act
(1882)
▪ Government resolution on local
self-government (1882)
▪ The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-
84)
Lord Dufferin (1884-1888) ▪ Establishment of the Indian
National Congress (1885)
Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894) ▪ Indian Councils Act (1892).
Lord Curzon (1899-1905) ▪ Indian Universities Act (1904).
▪ Partition of Bengal (1905)
Lord Minto II (1905-1910) ▪ Swadeshi Movements. (1905-11)

▪ Surat Split of Congress (1907)
▪ Establishment of Muslim League
(1906)
▪ Morley-Minto Reforms(1909)
Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916) ▪ Annulment of Partition of Bengal
(1911)
▪ Transfer of capital from Calcutta to

Delhi (1911).
Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) ▪ Lucknow pact (1916)

▪ Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
▪ Government of India Act (1919)
▪ The Rowlatt Act (1919)
▪ Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919)
Lord Reading (1921-1926) ▪ Chauri Chaura incident (1922)

▪ Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation
Movement (1922)
▪ Establishment of Swaraj Party(1922)
Lord Irwin (1926-1931) ▪ Simon Commission to India (1927)
▪ Butler Indian States Commission
(1927)
▪ (Purna Swaraj Resolution) 1929
▪ Dandi March and the Civil
Disobedience Movement (1930)
▪ Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
Lord Willingdon (1931-1936) ▪ Communal Award (1932)
▪ Poona Pact (1932)
▪ Government of India Act of 1935
Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944) ▪ Resignation of the Congress
ministries (1939)
▪ formation of Forward Bloc (1939)
▪ (demand for a separate state for
Muslims) 1940
▪ ‘August Offer’ (1940)
▪ Formation of the Indian National
Army (1941)
▪ Cripps Mission (1942)
▪ Quit India Movement (1942)

Lord Wavell (1944-1947) ▪ C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula
(1944)
▪ Wavell Plan and the Simla
Conference (1942)
▪ Cabinet Mission (1946)
▪ Announcement of end of British
rule in India by Clement Attlee
(1947)
Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948) ▪ June Third Plan (1947)
▪ Redcliff commission (1947)
▪ India’s Independence (15 August
1947)
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ▪ Last Governor-General of India,
(1948-1950) before the office, was permanently
abolished in 1950


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1 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

H.O. DAINIK BHASKAR BUILDING, IST FLOOR, SEC – 25 D, CHANDIGARH

• Thereafter, many trading companies came to India as

The commercial rivalry among the European powers led to

• Ultimately, the British succeeded in establishing their rule

• The Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut

• The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602.

2 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

THE CARNATIC WARS

First Carnatic Second Carnatic Third Carnatic

3 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

• English and French continued to take opposite sides in the internal

The causes for the French failure can be summed up as follows:

1. Commercial and naval superiority of the English.

4 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

SOURCE: TAMIL NADU BOOK, CLASS 11TH, HISTORY

5 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

Bengal and zamindars: India British rule firstly established in Bengal

➢ Permanent settlement of land revenue was adopted in Bengal in 1793.

The problem of unpaid revenue

6 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

Some parts of Madras and

SOURCE: NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3. THEME TEN

7 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

8 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

Revolts Area Leaders Main Causes Consequences

Pahariyas, Rajmahal Pahariya Resentment Crushed

Deccan Bombay Deccan Social boycott Act of 1879 passed

Indigo Bengal Digambar Planters Ban on indigo

9 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

Some of them were hunters and gatherers: These

Impact of Forest Laws: Tribals were intimately

Affect on shifting cultivators: The Britishers wanted

Forest laws and their impact

10 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

➢ Some were Jhum cultivators: Some tribal communities practised Jhum

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

3. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures

11 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

5. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of

6. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements:

12 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

Major reformists in the 19th century India:

1.Raja Rammohan Roy ( 1772-1833)

13 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

4. Swami Vivekanand (Narendranath Dutt)-

Founded Ramakrishna Mission in 1892 in Belur near

7. Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan

8. Muhammad Qasim Nanawatawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

14 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

10. Pandita Ramabai

11. B.R. Ambedkar-

Caste movements - In Bombay, the Paramhans Mandali

15 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

Founded Prarthana Samaj ,an offshoot of Brahmo Samaj , a

13. Sri Narayan Guru

14. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

15. The Veda Samaj

16 RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS STUDY GROUP,

17. Deoband School