Ad126 Gañalongo Abigailn. CS MT 01

Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture
TITLE: REMOTE SITE ANALYSIS TOOLS
RSW NO.: CS – MT – 01
DATE GIVEN: 01-31-2024

DATE DUE: 02-09-2024
DATE SUBMITTED: 02-09-2024
SUBMITTED ON TIME LATE SUBMITTED
AD126 - ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 6 - SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING 1

ABIGAIL N. GAÑALONGO / ARCHI 3A / 21-UR-0843 INSTRUCTOR: AR. JUMAR T. BALICAO, UAP 63
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….………..3
LITERATURE
• REMOTE SENSING………………………………………….……………4
• GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)………………………23
• CITY INFORMATION SYSTEM (CIS)………..………………………….32
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………62
RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………….63

REMOTE SITE ANALYSIS
TOOLS
INTRODUCTION
As the term implies, Remote Site Analysis is an aerial perspective view flying around the site in virtual
reality, landing and walking around (electronically), the process of assessing and evaluating a
location or area without physically being present on-site. Observing the general slopes, apparent
views, proximity to surrounding houses and buildings, roads, and other observable items. This
approach is commonly used in various fields such as urban planning, environmental monitoring,
disaster response, and business development. The analysis relies on available data, technology, and
remote sensing techniques to gather information about the site.
This method uses a variety of technologies, tools, and data sources to collect information about the
site's features, characteristics, and changes over time. The primary goal is to comprehend and
analyze the site's conditions, whether for environmental monitoring, urban planning, infrastructure
construction, or other purposes. Remote site analysis has grown in importance as remote sensing
technologies have advanced, allowing for more cost-effective and efficient data collecting from a
distance. Remote site analysis is a useful tool in modern geospatial and environmental analysis since
it allows for full investigations and decision-making without requiring physical site visits.
For remote site analysis, several tools and technologies are frequently employed, each one serves a
particular purpose and analyzes different characteristics of the site. Here are a few tools and
technologies that are frequently used
AD126
AD115 -–ARCHITECTURAL
ARCHITECTURALDESIGN
DESIGN65-–SITE
SPACE
DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING 2 PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING 3
LITERATURE
REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing is a type of geospatial technology that samples emitted and reflected
electromagnetic (EM) radiation from the Earth’s terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic ecosystems in
order to detect and monitor the physical characteristics of an area without making physical
contact. This method of data collection typically involves aircraft-based and satellite-based sensor
technologies, which are classified as either passive sensors or active sensors.
Passive sensors respond to external stimuli, gathering radiation that is reflected or emitted by an
object or the surrounding space. The most common source of radiation measured by passive
remote sensing is reflected sunlight. Popular examples of passive remote sensors include charge-
coupled devices, film photography, radiometers, and infrared.
Active sensors use internal stimuli to collect data, emitting energy in order to scan objects and areas
whereupon a sensor measures the energy reflected from the target. RADAR and LiDAR are typical
active remote sensing tools that measure the time delay between emission and return in order to
establish the location, direction, and speed of an object. The remote sensing data gathered is then
processed and analyzed with remote sensing hardware and computer software (for
example energy analytics and energy business intelligence), which is available in a variety of
proprietary and open source applications.

DEEP LEARNING IN HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE REMOTE SENSING:
AUTOMATED HISTORICAL COURTYARD HOUSE RECOGNITION IN
YAZD, IRAN
• INTRODUCTION
1.1. Deep Learning, Remote Sensing, and Their Application in Historical Architecture Recognition
A few years ago, computer vision progressed to develop programs for the recognition and
classification of existing elements in several functions [1]. Automated remote sensing and
recognition of historical buildings based on airborne and satellite images is a new method in
historical city studies. Automating some of the imaging tasks for the recognition of historic
architectural features is a proper solution to achieve more acceptable results in comparison to
the convolutional methods [2,3,4]. There are numerous research works on deep learning
applications for image classification, both for general [5,6,7] as well as specific aerial images
[8,9,10,11,12,13], gait recognition [14], medical images [15], microorganism classifying [16],
vehicle recognition [17], recognition of fruits [18], and urban environment recognition [19].
Furthermore, there are some projects focusing on architectural heritage classification using
techniques like instance retrieval [20], block-lets hierarchical sparse coding [21], detection of
patterns [22], building image classification [23,24,25,26,27] computer vision algorithms [28], Gabor
filters, Support Vector Machine (SVM) [29], local features learning and clustering [30], deep
learning and architectural heritage [23,31,32], and multinomial latent logistic regression [33].
Automatic feature extraction is intended to become another method for researchers to quickly
build a dataset of features in broad historical and archaeological areas. Historical architecture
researchers and archaeologists can produce more efficient results with deep learning pattern
recognition techniques. Although Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were developed in
2012, it is appropriate for using trained CNNs for many subjects [8,34,35,36,37,38,39].
This study demonstrates the applicability of CNNs for historic architectural prospection by using
them to recognize historical buildings in airborne and satellite images of historical cities. A case
study of Yazd, Iran, has been chosen for this aim. Currently, experts use traditional methods and
field visits to identify historic homes which takes a lot of time and has many obstacles. This
research seeks to provide a simpler and faster method with the help of computers by an
interdisciplinary approach.
The most important feature used in this process is the central courtyard, since all historical
buildings of Yazd have a central courtyard, and new buildings have a yard on one side. This
process appreciably reduces mapping time and field visits. It also increases the accuracy of the
work. Therefore, in this article, we have created a method for the first time that can be used in
historical context studies.

The article begins with a review of the literature on the historical architecture of Iran. The next step
introduces the case study. Then the goals of the research are described in detail. In the next step,
the research method is explained. This stage is the contribution and enlightenment of knowledge.
At this point, a new technique is being developed that combines programming expertise with
architecture and urban planning to distinguish historic from non-historical structures, and the
morphology of historical context. In the final step, the results of testing the research method are
introduced and analyzed.
1.2. The Historical Architecture of Iran
Every city in Iran has historic areas with thousands of typical residential buildings and many historic
structures. Houses with courtyards are constructed and developed for a long time in hot-arid
conditions. This approach has been used by most ancient cultures in central Iran and many other
dry areas of the Middle East. The central courtyard is the most crucial element defining the spatial
hierarchy of the houses of the Central Plateau of Iran. Without a courtyard, the spatial organization
of the house will be disrupted [40,41,42].
In the period before industrialization and using mechanical and electrical facilities in the
architectural space, living in harsh climates required creative architectural solutions to provide
climatic comfort conditions. These arrangements appear in the form of construction patterns. The
pattern of the central courtyard was one of the most basic passive architectural measures to
provide climatic comfort in the hot and dry climate of the desert. The courtyard houses are
important in the historical monuments of Iranian architecture and their role in providing climatic
comfort conditions is a broad topic that has been conducted in numerous research. Therefore, it is
beyond the scope of this article to investigate them, and we refer sources in this matter for more
consideration [40,42,43,44,45,46,47,48].
A house without a central courtyard would be uninhabitable in this climate. A wide pond, a garden,
and plants, and the placement of semi-open spaces around the open space of the courtyard are
the essential components of the central courtyard. Accordingly, in this climate, the presence of a
central courtyard in a building can be considered proof of its historicity. On the other hand, due to
the fundamental change in the lifestyle in the contemporary period with the presence of machines
and electrical and mechanical equipment, the pattern of building construction underwent a
fundamental transformation. The construction of the building in this period was not compatible with
the way of life of the people with the previous patterns such as the central courtyard, vast and
windy underground spaces, and for this reason, houses with a central courtyard were not built in the
new period [49]. Figure 1 illustrates a historical, non-historical, and transitional district in a historical
city in Iran.
Figure 1. The illustrations of three different zones in a historical city in Iran such as Yazd. Non-historical houses in SAFAIIEH,
historical houses in SHESH BADGIR, and a mix of historical and non-historical houses in SHEYKHDAD district [49].

Therefore, in this period, the lack of a central courtyard is one of the signs of the newness of the
building in the residential historical houses in a hot and dry area in Iran. In short, it can be said that
one of the most important differences between the old building and the new building in residential
historical cities is the presence or absence of a central courtyard. In confirmation of this content,
refer to Figure 2, before interventions and changes in the structure of the city and houses in the
contemporary period, all houses had a central courtyard [49]. This point is relevant to the residential
historical buildings (Figure 3 and Figure 4) and the construction patterns are different in other
buildings (e.g., the historical market, and baths).
Figure 2. Yazd, PIR BAZAR neighborhood, a typical historical city quarter in the dry and hot region of Iran which is constructed
with adobe bricks (Iran National Cartographic Center).
Figure 3. The central courtyard of a historical house in Iran (Sajad Moazen).
Figure 4. The plan and section of a historical house with a central courtyard (Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism
Organization of Yazd province).

1.3. Case Study
This research considers the city of Yazd as a case study. It is in the middle of the Iranian plateau,
along with the Spice and Silk Routes, 270 km southeast of Isfahan. Yazd contains the largest
continuous historical urban fabric of Iran [50] (Figure 5). Providing climatic comfort conditions in the
warm seasons of the year has a decisive role in shaping the structure of the city and buildings. The
most important strategies used to regulate climatic conditions are the city texture’s compactness
and high density, giving shade with semi-open areas and porches, employing the center courtyard,
using subterranean spaces, Badgirs (wind towers to channel the wind), and evaporative cooling
[40,51]. The earthen architecture of Yazd has survived the modernization that has destroyed many
typical earthen constructions [52]. It is evidence of the coexistence of natural resources with the
environment. The historical zone of Yazd city has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2017.
Figure 5. In this image, the city of Yazd is introduced in three stages: (a), location
of the city in the central plateau of Iran; (b), location of the city in relation to the
surrounding natural features, including the southwestern (Taft) and northeastern
(Kharanag) mountain ranges, which are the sources of the city’s water supply
through underground channels (Qanat); (c), the historical context of the city,
and the new context around it, in which the following major differences are
evident: density, width, and orientation of passages, dominant materials used.
1.4. Research Goals
Historical building recognition in airborne and satellite images is a subject that experimental
researchers have worked on for several years. They focused on a small area and a limited number
of buildings. Automated historical building recognition methods can help researchers in this task. In
this paper, a CNN method for recognizing historical buildings in Yazd is tested. First, this paper seeks
to demonstrate the hypothesis that deep learning can be used for the automated recognition of
historic architectural features. The central courtyard of Iranian dwellings is one of those features. The
second goal is to determine the pattern of recognizing historic buildings versus non-historic buildings
in the city of Yazd. Furthermore, the automatic classification of publicly accessible airborne and
satellite images such as google earth is used in this research.
Moreover, given the gain in knowledge, this article tries to add new insights into how to distinguish
traditional buildings from non-traditional buildings by programming methods. The result of this
research can serve as a guide for determining and identifying the historical structures in other cities
by providing empirical evidence of historical houses in Yazd as a case study. This issue is important
because the exact area and number of valuable historical building structures in many historical
cities of Iran have not been identified yet. Accordingly, the main question of this research is: How
can we use new technology to quickly and without field operations gather comprehensive and
quantitative knowledge of the historical building of Iranian cities that are characterized by houses
with central courtyards? Therefore, documentation of historical courtyard houses for more accurate
conservation is the main purpose of identifying historic houses in a context of architectural heritage.

• MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Airborne and Satellite Data
Compared to other sources of aerial and satellite imagery, Google Earth is the most accessible
source. By using Google Earth images as material, this paper develops a method that researchers or
students can use to recognize historic buildings in many cities. It is an accessible source for
researchers in countries like Iran. By gathering data from other cities in Iran or the Middle East and
using the transfer learning method, this deep learning model can develop and predict historic
buildings in other areas such as historical cities in Iraq. Spatial resolution of Google Earth Imagery
varies in different location on earth. It is around 15 m of resolution to 15 cm. Figure 6 demonstrates
the historical and non-historical zones of the Yazd, from which we have gathered our dataset.
Figure 6. Google Earth image from Yazd city. According to the UNESCO world
heritage map, the city is separated into two different zones. The red zone shows
the historical part of the city, and the blue area demonstrates the non-historical
region. There is a surrounding area around the border of the historical part
(green) mixed with historical and non-historical buildings. (Google Earth).
2.2. Deep Learning Workflow
Machine learning (ML) is the method of this study. The standard framework of ML includes data
collection, pre-processing, model creation, and model validation. An annotated data set is
generated based on ground-level truth data and expert judgment in data collection and pre-
processing. Data pre-processing involves exploratory data analysis (EDA) to discover lost or
inaccurate annotation instances. Data augmentation can be used to increase training data, and
to prevent over-fitting. Data augmentation produces more training data from current training
samples by random modifications such as rotating and flipping the images. The assessment process
needs to be determined before model creation. During and after training, the performance of the
model is measured and recorded in validation steps with some values such as accuracy
percentage and loss function [4].
2.3. Data Gathering and Annotation
The authors gathered 1280 photos from two different zones (red and blue in Figure 6) of Yazd city
and analyzed them accurately. The images of random houses are cropped manually from Google
earth image and are labeled in two different categories. Figure 6 shows some samples of the
cropped images. Half of the datasets are historical buildings (from red area), and the rest are non-
historical buildings (from blue area). Therefore, the dataset was random data gathered throughout
the city, which included all areas. The authors, who are historical architecture experts in Iran,
cropped the images and labeled the houses as historical and non-historical for the training step.
Therefore, data gathering was a time-demanding step of the project.

During the pre-processing, 20% of the dataset is separated randomly for validation data, and 80% is
used for training the model. Thus, 1024 photos with two different labels (historic and non-historic) are
distinguished for the training process. Data augmentation is a solution to the problem of the lack of
data for training datasets in deep learning. This enhances the size and quality of the dataset [53].
Accordingly, we increased our dataset by data augmentation process. Image rotation by 40% and
horizontal and vertical flipping were our settings for the data augmentation process. Shifting has not
been used in data augmentation, because the rectangular form of the central courtyard is the
main pattern for recognizing historical buildings. Figure 7 shows some examples of our data in two
different labels and around 300×300 pixels. The most crucial feature in recognizing historical
buildings is the central courtyard, as visible in the examples. However, in most historical houses in
Yazd, there is some slight arch or a small basin.
Figure 7. Some samples of the labeled dataset; (a) historical labeled

photos in different qualities and forms. (b) Non-historical labeled
photos from different areas and different qualities.
2.4. Convolutional Neural Networks
In this article, a binary classification model based on CNNs is proposed to recognize features of
historic buildings in Google Earth images. Convolutional neural networks are biologically inspired
networks used in computer vision for image recognition and object detection. In the framework of
the convolutional neural network architecture, each layer of the network is 3-dimensional, with a
spatial dimension and depth corresponding to the number of features. The notion of depth of a
single layer in a convolutional neural network is distinguished from depth in terms of the number of
layers. In the input layer, these features correspond to the RGB color channels.
Moreover, in the hidden channels, these patterns reflect hidden feature maps that encode different
shapes in the image. The input layer will have a depth of one if the input is grayscale, but later layers
will still be 3-dimensional [54]. Deep convolutional neural networks have been used as an effective
model in computer vision. For example, they are commonly used for image processing, object
recognition, object location, and even text classification. Recently, this network’s efficiency
surpassed that of humans in the issue of image classification [55]. Figure 8 shows one of the earliest
convolutional neural networks.
Figure 8. One of the earliest convolutional neural networks

Deep convolutional neural networks, abbreviated as CNNs or ConvNets, are a particular category
of neural networks specializing in the processing of grid-like topology data, such as images. In CNN,
a convolutional layer is responsible for adding one or more filters to the data. Some layers separate
convolutional neural networks from all other neural networks. Each convolutional layer includes one
or more filters, known as convolutional kernels. Pooling layers help minimize the dimensionality of the
input features, thereby reducing the maximum number of parameters and the complexity of the
model. One of the most commonly used methods for pooling is max pooling. As the title implies, this
strategy only takes the most out of the pool [56]. Figure 9 demonstrates two kinds of layers that are
used in our model. Conv2d and Max-pooling2d are the CNNs layers repeated five times in our
model to change the images 300 × 300 to pictures 7×7 and find the patterns in the photos.
Figure 9. Nine layers, which are used in our CNN

model, are shown here. Conv2d layers use
several filters to find patterns in the photos.
Additionally, Max-pooling2d layers halve the size
of the photos by converting every 4 pixels to 1
new pixel and choosing the max value of those 4
pixels for the new pixel. Input photos were 300 ×
300 pixels, but they have changed to 7×7 pixels in
the last layer of the CNN.
The neural network structure is made up of simultaneous convolutional layers l € [1, L]. For each
convolutional layer l, the input data map (image) is convoluted by a series of
kernels Wl={W1,…, Wk}Wl=W1,…, Wk and bl={b1,…, bk}bl=b1,…, bk to produce a new feature map.
The non-linear activation function f is then added to this feature map to produce the output YlYl,
which is, the following layer input. The nth function of the output map of the lthlth layer could be
described in Equation (1) [4]:
2.5. TensorFlow
TensorFlow is commonly used as a library for machine learning applications. It has been developed
by Google as a part of the Google Brain initiative and then was made accessible as an open-
source product [56]. It has various machine learning and deep learning applications catching users’
interest. Due to the open-source accessibility, ever more users in artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning fields have been able to implement TensorFlow and create products and features
on top of it. It does not only enable consumers to incorporate default machine learning and deep
learning algorithms but also encourages users to apply tailored and differentiated models of
algorithms for business applications and numerous scientific activities. This quickly became one of
the most important libraries in the machine learning and AI fields, mainly because developers were
creating many applications using TensorFlow in their programs. Primarily this probably happened
because Google includes TensorFlow in many of its apps, including Google Maps, Gmail, and even
other applications [56].

We used the TensorFlow library for modeling our CNNs in Python and running the program on the
Google Colab online platform. Google Colab uses a GPU accelerator to run the program faster,
especially in running a computer vision code. The total codes of the program, from pre-processing
to the examination of the model, are accessible in the first author’s Github account
in Supplementary Materials.
2.6. Network Architecture
Figure 10 provides a graphic outline of the classification CNN for historical and non-historical
buildings in aerial images, containing fourteen layers, five max layers, and five convolution layers.
This is a self-built structure by author, whose major parameters such as size of convolutional cores,
padding size, and layer types are common settings in image classification. A few other parameters,
such as the number of convolutional layers, are based on the input image features. The aim of this
paper is not finding an optimized CNN network. Current architecture fulfills accuracy requirements
for identifying the historical houses. So, no other architecture is tested for comparison regarding
efficiency and accuracy.
Figure 10. Schematic overview of the full CNN for classifying historical and non-historical buildings based on airborne and
satellite images.
In this CNN network, convolutional layers have been implemented without padding, whereas max-
pooling layers have halved the scale of the input. The variable size and number of the kernels were
described for every respective box. In the network architecture, each convolution layer has a kernel
size of (3 × 3). As the input of network architecture has been a colored image, the number of
channels for the first layer is three. After every convolutional layer, the rectified linear unit (ReLu) f (x)
= max (0, x) has been used as a nonlinear activation function. However, in the last layer, the
Sigmoid Function S(x) = 𝑒𝑥( 𝑒𝑥+1)1 has been used to map the output to a probability class between
0 and 1, in which 1 means a historic label and 0 indicates a non-historical label. There have been
five max-pooling layers of size 3 × 3 in the network architecture. The network has a total of 1,704,097
trainable parameters. The network input is a Google Earth image map 300 × 300 × 3. Thus, the
output is a single-number binary layer.
2.7. Training
During the training of the proposed network, the goal was to reduce the loss function of the samples
showing the efficiency of the classification of the training images. We have used the
Binary_Crossentropy method to calculate the loss function of all training datasets. The loss function H
for N training examples can be described as in Equation (2):

In which y is the label of each training image (0 or 1) and p(y) is the algorithm’s response to a
particular image. The mean value of all loss functions of images is also known as cross-function. The
Binary_Crossentropy loss function model is a solution for binary classification tasks such as our
historical or non-historical classification model. To optimize the W and b values in Equation (1), we
have used the RMSprop gradient descent algorithm for each epoch. RMSprop has been introduced
in the Keras system (https:/github.com/keras-team/keras), and we set the initial learning rate at
0.001. To avoid over-fitting, we used a 0.5 probability drop-out layer on the CNN model in front of
the hidden layer in addition to augmentation. We have training data, which was a 300 × 300 × 3
pixels’ 3D patch. Color image data is encoded as integers in a set of 0–255 by each red, green, and
blue. We divided each pixel value by 255 to scale the data to a range of [0, 1] because the neural
networks function best with a limited relatively homogeneous value range. We used 100 as the
overall number of epochs for learning and performance measurements to control the over-fitting
and efficiency of the model during training. In each epoch, the machine is trained by the samples
of the datasets. Furthermore, the loss function is calculated at the end of all training. The machine
tries to reduce the loss in the next epoch. The loss function will be less relatively in each epoch when
the training procedure is going well.
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The outcome of the classification model is recognizing the historical and non-historical houses in
aerial images like in Figure 7. After evaluating the deep learning model by test dataset, Figure 11
illustrates the accuracy of the trained model in percentage for 100 epochs. After each epoch, the
model is tested with validation data, and accuracy is calculated with it. Usually, the accuracy of
the validation dataset is less than the accuracy of training data. Moreover, the difference between
training and validation accuracy is around 1% in the last epoch in this model. The increasing rate of
the training and validation accuracy shows that the model is trained well and there is no over-fitted
in the training data. The model’s accuracy in the last epoch is around 98%, which shows an
excellent trained model. As illustrated in Figure 12, the training and validation loss function is
decreasing during the training of the model, and it reached around 0.05 in the last epoch. The Loss
function here is the mean of loss function of all training images, and it is essential for evaluating the
model and monitoring the training process to avoid over-fitting.
Figure 11. Training accuracy and validation accuracy for 100

epochs. The increasing rate of accuracy to around 98%
shows that the model is trained well and is not over-fitted on
the training data.

Figure 12. Training loss and validation loss for 100
epochs are demonstrated in the line plot. The
decreasing rate of the loss function to around 0.05
shows that the model is trained well and is not over-
fitted on the training data.
The Confusion Matrix is a method for evaluating the result of the model on the validation dataset. It
is a 2 × 2 matrix, which shows four numbers. The four numbers in the matrix represent True Positive,
False Positive, True Negative, and False Negative. Positive means the image is signified as a historical
building and Negative is predicted as a non-historical. In addition, True means images are indicated
correctly, and False represents erroneous predictions. So, our model is trained and works better if we
have more amounts for True Positive and True Negative and less for False Positive and False
Negative. Table 1 shows the Confusion Matrix of 256 validation images, which were not seen by the
machine before. The amount of True Positive is 127, and True Negative is 123. It shows that 250 of 256
images are predicted correctly.
To sum up, we gathered our dataset from satellite and airborne Google earth images in Yazd city.
The dataset was 1280 samples of historical and non-historical houses. Next, we split 20% of them as a
validation dataset and the rest as a training dataset. The convolutional neural network, a binary
CNN for recognizing historical and non-historical features, was trained by our datasets in 100
epochs. Finally, we could train the model with around 98% accuracy and 0.05 losses by training and
the validation dataset without over-fitting. The first limitation of the project was historical buildings
with different functions such as bazars and baths. These buildings do have not a central courtyard
because of their different functions. Therefore, the developed method in this study may recognize
them as non-historical buildings. Second, gathering data was an essential and time-demanding
part of this project. Finally, the limitations of applying the results and method of this in other cities
with a central courtyard construction pattern are as follows: Covering the yards with tents in the hot
seasons with traditional techniques, The presence of plants in the yard, new buildings with a central
courtyard in imitation of old buildings.
• CONCLUSION
Recognizing the historical houses in low-quality aerial images is a time-consuming and problematic
issue for any researchers who are working on historical cities. Therefore, the contribution of this study
to the planning community and urban designers, restorers, and architects has provided new
experimental studies on the use of interdisciplinary sciences in developing a method to distinguish
historical from non-historical houses.

This research has shown that deep learning can be correctly trained by a relatively small image
dataset for automated recognition of historical and non-historical buildings. Therefore, recognizing
historical architectural features in the Middle East’s hot and dry cities is possible because of some
unique signatures of the houses in these areas, such as the central courtyards. After a time-
consuming gathering of 1280 samples, data augmentation was necessary to avoid over-fitting and
better performance. Data augmentation and transfer learning could be the best methods for
solving the problem of small datasets in historical architecture and heritage study tasks. This
approach can be generalized in two aspects. First, ability in identifying the historical periods of
houses. Second, adoption to different building’s styles and geolocations. Therefore, it would be
better to use models trained in historical architecture tasks for future projects. We also suggest that
future studies improve this method in such a way that quantitative data can be extracted by
analyzing aerial photographs. The above research makes it possible to compare the characteristics
of architectural styles in different historical periods of a city. It also provides a comprehensive
cognition based on accurate statistics and numbers of the main features shaping the city structure.
ANALYSIS OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY AND ARCHITECTURE

ENVIRONMENT FOR MODELLING 3D DETAILED BUILDINGS USING
GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES
• INTRODUCTION
The use of high-resolution satellite imagery to create three-dimensional models of buildings has
become increasingly popular in geospatial technology [1] [2] [3] [4] . This involves using
geospatial algorithms and software tools like Sketch-Up to extract the necessary information from
the images and construct 3D models of the buildings [5] [6] [7] [8] . The results of incorporating
high-resolution satellite imagery have been promising, allowing for more accurate and detailed
representations of buildings and their surrounding environments. This advanced technology
provides valuable insights for planners, architects, and engineers to analyze a building’s structural
features, evaluate its environmental impact, and plan more effectively for future development
[9] [10] [11] [12] . This integration also enables 3D models to be integrated into urban planning
and decision-making processes, enhancing communication and visualization of complex spatial
information. Overall, the incorporation of high-resolution satellite imagery for creating 3D models
of buildings is a powerful tool for developing sustainable and efficient urban environments [13]
[14].
1.1. Generating Digital Surface Models
For many years, traditional techniques such as photogrammetry and LiDAR have been used to
extract Digital Surface Model (DSM) in remote sensing and geospatial analysis [15] [16] [17] [18] .
These methods involve using a series of aerial photographs or lasers to create a 3D representation
of the terrain, which can be further processed to create DSM. While these techniques have
proven to be effective in creating accurate and detailed DSM, they require significant time and
resources [8] [9] . However, traditional methods remain important in areas with limited access to
satellite imagery or other remote sensing data sources.

The biggest challenge for studying any area is the lack of geospatial data, and digital elevation
models (DEMs) may not show all of the features in the area of interest [19] . DSM generated through
traditional methods often only show solid objects without any details of the objects within the area
of interest [15] [16] .
The advent of high-resolution satellite imagery, such as QuickBird, has ushered in a new era of earth
monitoring and observation, offering images with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution [17]
[18] . The Sketch-Up software, when combined with GIS functions, is a powerful tool for creating
highly detailed 3D models [20] . To enhance data management, 3D spatial analysis using GIS was
employed to integrate the spatial data of a university campus, demonstrating the efficacy of 3D
GIS models in supporting specific applications for design and planning [21] . The generation of DSM
requires essential processing steps, such as sensor operation, modeling, stereo matching, and
editing and interpolation [22] [23] [24] . Stereo matching is critical to the accuracy and
completeness of DSM, and the automatic generation of DSM from satellite images is still considered
difficult, if not impossible [25] . It takes several hours to compute a DEM, and longer time is necessary
to manually rectify errors, which are unfortunately frequent.
1.2. DSM with Computer Vision
The utilization of computer vision techniques for the generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM) has
gained significant attention in the domains of remote sensing and geospatial analysis [22] [23] [24]
[25] . Computer vision algorithms provide an automatic means for DSM extraction from diverse
remote sensing data sources, including aerial photographs and satellite images [26] . The technique
involves image processing to extract terrain elevation, building heights, and vegetation coverage,
culminating in a highly detailed and precise representation of the terrain. The employment of
computer vision techniques for DSM extraction presents diverse applications in urban planning,
environmental monitoring, and natural resource management, as the resultant models provide
crucial information for infrastructure planning, flood mapping, and terrain analysis [27] .
Overall, the application of computer vision techniques for DSM extraction is a potent tool in the
comprehension and administration of intricate spatial data inherent in remote sensing data [28] .
Despite the adequacy of two-dimensional maps in charting building structures, roads, or other
features, the demand for three-dimensional charting is on the rise in diverse mapping-related areas
[19] . The advancement in technology has enhanced data collection, interaction, and visualization
techniques, such as remote sensing, GIS, and computer systems, which has facilitated the creation
of 3D models [29] .
In the geospatial field, most 3D models are obtained by applying diverse algorithms, techniques,
and approaches in Arc Map and Arc Scene software [27] . The primary objective of this research is
to create an accurate, detailed 3D campus that is close to reality, while the secondary objective is
to evaluate the efficacy of incorporating ArcGIS and SketchUp models in developing a site-linked
3D Faculty campus.

• METHODOLOGY
The study utilized a methodology to generate highly detailed 3D models of the Engineering Faculty
campus. The methodology consisted of several steps: 1) obtaining high-resolution satellite imagery,
2) collecting ground control points (GCPs) through fieldwork, 3) performing geometric and
radiometric corrections using the collected datasets, 4) geo-referencing the satellite imagery using
the GCPs, 5) creating a geodatabase in Arc Map 10.3v, 6) digitizing all the study area features to
create a shapefile of the Buildings, including additional data on building names and heights to
create attribute data, 7) generating the DSM of the study area in Arc Scene using the shapefile,
and 8) creating 3D models of each object in the study area using Google Sketch Up, with the DSM
and captured photos of the campus used as reference. The methodology is illustrated in Figure 1
and was deemed effective in creating accurate and realistic 3D models of the campus. Figure 1
illustrated adopted methodology to perform this study.
Figure 1. The flow chart of 3D mode and DSM methodology.
2.1. Study Area Description
The study area is Engineering Faculty campus one of the faculties of Al-Qasim Green University. The
location of the Engineering Faculty is located in Al-Qasim city, in Babylon Province, it located in
longitude 44˚41'8.91"E with latitude about of 32˚18'17.33"N. College of Engineering is one of the
scientific colleges at Al-Qasim Green University. It specializes in teaching scientific and engineering
subjects related to Engineering, methods of increasing civil engineering and water resources
managing, and addressing production problems. It also teaches soil science and water resources
from physical, chemical, and biological perspectives. The college was founded in 2014. It is area
approximately 2 km2, as shown in Figure 2.
2.2. The Used Datasets
For this study, data from multiple sources was gathered, including the WorldView-3 satellite image,
ancillary data of the study area, and data collected from fieldwork. The study area covers an area
of 2 km2, which is visualized in Figure 3. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) provided the license for the WorldView-3 satellite sensor, which captures panchromatic
and multispectral bands, eight-band short-wave infrared (SWIR), and 12 CAVIS imagery.

The sensor operates at an altitude of 617 km, providing high-resolution data, such as a 31 cm
panchromatic spatial resolution, a 1.24 m multispectral resolution, a 3.7 m short-wave infrared
resolution, and a 30 m CAVIS resolution. The satellite can capture up to 680,000 km 2 of data per day
and has an average revisit time of less than one day. Launched on October 8, 2009, the WorldView-
3 satellite is similar to WorldView-2 in terms of its performance characteristics but offers
improvements such as cost savings, risk reduction, and faster delivery for customers. The captured
satellite image was taken on October 15, 2022, over AL-Hilla city, Babil province, Iraq, and
underwent radiometric and geometric correction to remove noise. The WorldView-3 image and the
study area are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. Faculty of engineering location.
Figure 3. The faculty of engineering’s worldview-3 satellite image.
2.3. Fieldwork
At this stage of the research, an important step was taken to collect ground reference points, which
is crucial for performing the geometric correction in subsequent steps. The ground reference points
were collected through fieldwork using a handheld GPSMAP device of Garmin Csx76 type to record
the coordinates of several features located in the study area, as shown in Figure 4. The fieldwork
was conducted on January 19, 2022, and a total of eight GCPs surrounding the Engineering College
were recorded and are presented in Table 1. Additionally, during the fieldwork, photographs of the
College campus were captured for use in the subsequent steps of creating the 3D model of the
area of interest.

Figure 4. Location of the Collected GCPs.
• SATELLITE IMAGE CORRECTIONS
Geometric and radiometric noises are two types of errors that can affect remotely sensed images.
Geometric errors refer to inaccuracies in the spatial positioning and orientation of the image, while
radiometric errors refer to inaccuracies in the brightness and color values of the image. Here are
some techniques to remove these types of noises:
Geometric correction: Geometric correction involves using ground control points (GCPs) to align
and rectify the image. GCPs are physical features on the ground with known coordinates that can
be identified on both the satellite image and a reference map. By using GCPs, the image can be
transformed to its correct position and orientation, thereby removing geometric errors.
Radiometric correction: Radiometric correction involves adjusting the brightness and color values of
the image to remove radiometric errors. This can be done using a variety of techniques such as
histogram equalization, contrast stretching, and normalization. These techniques adjust the pixel
values of the image to ensure that they are consistent and accurate.
Altering: Filtering techniques can be used to remove both geometric and radiometric noise from
the image. Filters such as median, mean, and Gaussian can be applied to the image to remove
noise and improve image quality.
Image fusion: Image fusion techniques can be used to combine multiple images of the same
scene, acquired by different sensors or at different times, to create a single image with improved
spatial and spectral resolution. This can help to reduce both geometric and radiometric noise in the
final image. Overall, a combination of these techniques can be used to remove geometric and
radiometric noise from remotely sensed images and improve their quality for analysis and
interpretation [1] [2] [3] .
Verify the accuracy of the corrected image: Once the image has been rectified, it is important to
verify the accuracy of the corrected image by comparing it with reference maps and other ground
truth data to ensure that the geometric errors have been successfully removed [2] [3] [4] [5] . The
geometric correction of this study was done using the GCPs with use the first order polynomial
transformation, the ENVI environment was used to remove the noises from the WorldView-3 satellite
image. In the study area, the radiometric correction was performed using the Quick Atmospheric
Correction (QAC), the collected GCPs and final and corrected satellite image shown in Figure
5 below.

• RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this study, the research process consisted of three stages, as described in section 2. The first stage,
pre-processing, involved the download of high-resolution satellite images of the study area from the
WorldView-3 satellite. The pre-processing step included radiometric and geometric corrections to
reduce image noise, following the approach described in reference [30] [31] . In the second stage,
processing, the researchers geo-referenced the WorldView-3 satellite images by matching the
coordinates of ground control points (GCPs) collected during fieldwork to their corresponding
locations in the satellite image. Figure 5 shows the image of the study area after applying
radiometric and geometric corrections. To generate the DSM, the researchers digitized the satellite
image, creating five layers with distinct information, including buildings, gardens, streets,
boundaries, and trees. Figure 6 illustrates the digitized satellite imagery and the layers of the Faculty
campus, including the main building layer highlighted in red. In addition, Figure 7 shows the 3D map
of the Engineering Faculty. To create the geodatabase and attribute tables for each digitized
feature, the researchers used ancillary data to expand the attributes by adding a new field to the
feature attribute. The attribute tables were established for each layer, and the height field was
found to be crucial in generating the university campus DSM and creating a 3D model. The final
output shapefile of the study area is shown in Figure 7. The research demonstrated that the
traditional 2D map is limited in its effectiveness for shape understanding and individual building data
extraction because it is flat and has only two dimensions (X and Y). Nevertheless, it remains a useful
base map for future research, as noted in reference [32] . Overall, the research process involved
pre-processing, processing, and digitization, resulting in accurate and reliable data for further
analysis.
Figure 5. The corrected satellite image.
Figure 6. Faculty of engineering digitizing processing.

The third and final stage of this research is post-processing, aimed at obtaining a detailed 3D model
of the Faculty campus. To achieve this goal, the first step involves creating a DSM of the study area
using the Arc Scene environment and the shapefile generated in the previous stage. The next step
involves adding the third dimension, height, based on the features’ attributes. The DSM is then
generated using the Arc Scene environment. Figure 7 displays the resulting DSM of the university
campus.
The study conducted experiments that demonstrated the superior accuracy and detailed
information provided by the final 3D model compared to the DSM [33] [34] . This final 3D model can
be integrated into both Google SketchUp and Arc Scene environments, with the geometry file in
Arc Scene being replaced with the SketchUp file [29] . The combination of GIS and SketchUp
provides improved accessibility to vital geographic data concerning all structures and elements
situated in and around the university campus. The created attributes offer users the necessary
information for any future work geared towards developing the study area [35] . Moreover, this
integration enhances the performance of the campus model by permitting models to be seamlessly
transferred between different software applications [29] . Therefore, it is essential for facility
management to effectively link the building model to the site model, facilitating realistic
visualizations for visitors, accommodating changes as they occur, and enabling better visualization
and analysis of current buildings [36] . The 3D model of the study area in the Engineering Faculty at
AL-Qasim Green University, with detailed information, is presented in Figure 8.
Figure 7. The DSM Faculty of engineering .
Figure 8. The detailed 3D buildings model of engineering

faculty.

As demonstrated in Figure 8, SketchUp is a powerful tool that allows users to create detailed 3D
models that accurately reflect their designs. One of the main benefits of SketchUp is its user-friendly
interface, which makes it accessible for designers of all levels to create complex 3D building
models. With a range of tools and features, designers can easily manipulate shapes and objects to
achieve their desired outcomes, regardless of whether they are creating a simple box structure or a
more intricate multi-level building. Furthermore, SketchUp offers the added advantage of being
able to import and export a variety of file formats, making it a flexible option for working with other
software programs [36] [37] .
• CONCLUSION
Currently, a Digital Surface Model or Digital Elevation Model that is represented by a single color
and texture is no longer sufficient to meet the geospatial needs of today. To address this issue, our
research proposes, we move on to processing, which involves utilizing ancillary and fieldwork
datasets to geo-reference the satellite image of the study area, a new method involving three key
steps. Firstly, we begin with pre-processing by inputting satellite imagery and then performing
radiometric and geometric corrections to reduce image noise. Secondly establish a geodatabase,
and digitize the image to obtain a 2D map of the university campus. Throughout the pre-processing
and processing steps, we leverage various software, such as ENVI software, ArcMap, and ArcScene
environments, to generate a Digital Surface Model. Lastly, in the post-processing step, we convert
the extension file of our Digital Surface Model to a compatible format with Google SketchUp to
create a 3D model based on the Digital Surface Model. The resulting 3D model provides a more
detailed and realistic view compared to the Digital Surface Model. Our research demonstrates that
the 3D model offers valuable information for various applications, such as environmental studies,
urban development and expansion planning, and shape understanding tasks. Our study shows a
detailed 3D model of the study area and emphasizes the effectiveness of obtaining a 3D model
over the Digital Surface Model.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
INTRODUCTION
A geographic information system (GIS) is a

computer system for capturing, storing, checking,
and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s
surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS
can help individuals and organizations better
understand spatial patterns and relationships.
GIS technology is a crucial part of spatial data
infrastructure, which the White House defines as
“the technology, policies, standards, human
resources, and related activities necessary to
acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and
preserve spatial data.”
GIS can use any information that includes

location. The location can be expressed in many
different ways, such as latitude and longitude,
address, or ZIP code. Many different types of
information can be compared and contrasted
using GIS. The system can include data about
people, such as population, income, or education
level. It can include information about the
landscape, such as the location of streams,
different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds of
soil. It can include information about the sites of
factories, farms, and schools, or storm drains,
roads, and electric power lines.
With GIS technology, people can compare the

locations of different things in order to discover
how they relate to each other. For example, using
GIS, a single map could include sites that produce pollution, such as factories, and sites that are
sensitive to pollution, such as wetlands and rivers. Such a map would help people determine where
water supplies are most at risk.

LITERATURE
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TO THE

ANALYSIS OF URBAN GREEN AREAS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS – A
CASE STUDY OF ZONGULDAK, TURKEY
• INTRODUCTION
One of the most rapidly growing applications of remotely sensed data is the derivation of
landscape pattern metrics for the assessment of land use condition and landscape dynamics
(Betts et al., 2003; Colombo et al., 2004; Egbert et al., 2002; Griffith et al., 2003; Hansen et al., 2001;
Imbernon and Branthomme, 2001; Ji et al., 2008; Millington et al., 2003; Santiago et al., 2007; Yu
and Ng, 2006). The characteristics of green areas are generally analyzed with raster data by
many scholars. In contrast with common practice, this study used vector data instead of raster
data in the analysis of urban green areas in the study area. The fact that study analyzed urban
development plans was the underlying reason that vector data was primarily used for this
research. Geographical Information System (GIS) is one of the most useful methods for analyzing
land use. All land uses for an urban development plan were considered and comparisons were
made based on relative percentage of whole area. The data was derived from digitized data
from an urban development. Urban green area proportion in the current city development
condition was determined. Active and passive green areas were determined from an urban
development plan and were prepared for analysis of trends of land use condition in the city. GIS
was used as an analytical tool for this approach.
GIS data has significant utility in analysis of urban green areas in city development (Ji et al., 2008).
Land use offers critical guidance to identify current landscape characteristics in urban areas. The
study explored urban green areas associated with landscape features in urban areas and
effectively supported an analysis of urban green area characteristics. Urban green areas can
prove to be valid and useful characteristics for general landscape analysis of an urban
environment.
The fact that urban green areas improve the livability of cities has made them the focus of a
great deal of attention. Urban areas completely transform the landscape into which they spread,
leading to the development of entirely new land uses (Busck et al., 2006). Identification of urban
green areas and developed areas are essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological
consequences of changes in land use (Shi et al., 2008). The defined characteristics of urban
green areas put emphasis on approaches to urban development that take urban land use
patterns into consideration.

The spatial characteristics of urban areas are the most important elements of urban green areas
analysis. There are many reasons to analyze urban green areas in urban development. The most
important reason is to understand long-term interactions between humans and nature (Bi et al,
2011). The natural environment is under pressure from the human impacts involved in urban
development processes. Urban development decisions have considerable impact in shaping
current urban green areas in cities. There is no need to prove that land use is one of the important
elements for analyzing urban green areas in urban development plans
.
This research intended to investigate the development direction of land use with regards to urban
green areas in cities. GIS technologies and analysis of proportional land use were used in this study
(Bi et al, 2011). These methods were implemented on Zonguldak city as a case study. Urban green
areas were determined for Zonguldak city in the urban development plan in an effort to understand
current land use conditions in the city.
Consequently, the study emphasized urban landscape characteristics through the analysis of urban
green areas in urban development plans. The study focused on ecological characteristics of urban
areas and provided a potential approach for analyzing landscape features. The study will lead to
identification land use trends and aid land use management in these areas (Bi et al, 2011).
• AREA DESCRIPTION
This part of article is developed from Mustafa ERGEN`s PhD dissertation
Located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey, Zonguldak has an area of 8625 km 2, covering
1.1% of Turkey’s total land area (Figure-1) (ANONYMOUS, 2006). Zonguldak generally consists of
inclined terrain due to its natural topography. Mountains in the Western Black Sea region run parallel
to the coast in Zonguldak, rising sharply from the sea to elevations of up to 1976 meters
(ANONYMOUS, 2006). This high mountain system provides a block between the sea and the Central
Anatolian Plateaus (ANONYMOUS, 2006).
The discovery of coal in Zonguldak led to a population explosion in the region. Zonguldak was
transformed from a village to a city on account of the resulting rapid economic development. In
1899, the Zonguldak coal harbor (Figure-2) was built as the hub of coal transportation in the city
(ANONYMOUS, 2006). New coal washers, new employee houses and power plants steadily
increased industrial productivity in Zonguldak. Zonguldak has suffered from the effects of this rapid
urbanization.
Figure 1. Location of Zonguldak City in Turkey, (The Figure is

prepared by Mustafa ERGEN, 2009) Source:
http://www.loadtr.com/397588-
zonguldak_haritas%C4%B1_6.htm and
http://www.mapsofworld.com/turkey/maps/turkey-outline-
map.jpg,

Figure 2. Zonuguldak Port Area, Source: Mustafa Ergen, 2007 (Author`s own image)
The form and structure of Zonguldak is shaped by the coal mining industry. After the onset coal
mining in the city, additional exploration accelerated the process of Zonguldak`s urbanization
(Figure-3). This rapid development has had an influence on natural areas and every part of the urban
area. In its history of urbanization, Zonguldak reached its greatest development during this period.
There have been many regulations to attempt mitigate this unhealthy and fast urbanization.
However, there was no effective approach to urban green area and land use planning during the
growth of the city.
Figure 3. The View of Zonuguldak City, Source: Mustafa ERGEN, 2007 (Author`s own image)
Figure 4. Development Planning Map, Source: Zonguldak Municipality, 2006

The first settlements during this growth period were formed around the port of Zonguldak, and
Uzulmez, Kozlu, Asma mines in the city (ANONYMOUS, 2006). The problem of settlement areas in the
city has grown in parallel with the increasing coal mining activity (Figure-4). This has had far-
reaching effects on planning and urban green areas structure.
As Zonguldak city is located between the sea and mountains, its topographical properties put
obstacles in the way of is development in the city. Urbanization began on flat terrain in the basin.
Because attempts have been made to construct primarily on the flat terrain of Zonguldak, urban
development has been concentrated in certain areas (Figure-5). This led to a problematic and
unhealthy development in the early stages of urbanization in Zonguldak.
• RESEARCH METHOD
GIS is an important tool for analyzing urban green areas (Irwin, 2003). Urban green areas are
currently a crucial issue in city development, now more than ever. GIS can be used to define the
proportion of urban green areas in a city. These urban green areas analyses can be compared
among each other and to other land uses such that an analysis can show how urban green areas
can be designed and improved in urban developments.
The inclusion of urban green areas is crucial for creating livable places in cities. GIS measures various
aspects of land use patterns, including topography, shapes of land use areas and future direction of
development of the cities (Irwin, 2003). This study used percentage of areas calculation and
arithmetic mean calculation for analyzing green areas that gives us a broad picture of green areas
condition in a city development. Percentage of land use can make clear explanation of land use
tendencies and arithmetic means can help to determine central tendency for land uses. Arithmetic
mean was calculated using the below formula:
This study used percentage of land use and arithmetic mean to analyze urban green areas in
Zonguldak city. The method measured current land use condition in terms of area calculation in the
cities.
The data obtained through the digitized data of the urban development plan helped to determine
the state of the urban green areas and the characteristics of the whole city. One reason for
choosing to analyze percentage of land uses is that the investigation considered whole area for
urban green areas. The second reason is that it gives a wide range of analysis options via the
arithmetic mean for Zonguldak city.
Figure 6. Flow chart of methodology

The methodology was composed of three major phases; data preparation, analysis and conclusion.
Data preparation included the following steps; data was converted from another program to GIS.
The plan was projected for calculation in the correct units. All land uses were determined by urban
green areas analysis. The data was transmitted to an excel file. The analysis converted land use
measurements to arithmetic mean and the proportion of land use was determined for each use. In
the he conclusion, the results were used to formulate some development strategies for Zonguldak
city. The flow chart of the methodology below details the phases step by step.
• RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Urban green areas were subdivided into Garden, Copse, Park, Forest and Graveyard lands. The
areas of urban green areas were obtained from area calculations in ArcGIS. It should be noted that
both urban green areas and the other land uses can be analyzed for understanding current
development direction in city. The active and passive green areas were compared to one another
and to the other land use areas in the analysis. The method showed that the topography of
Zonguldak is the main obstacle for new development in the city. It is very important that green
zones should be determined for the sustainable growth. This will offer a new direction for the city’s
future development. The land use map was created by ArcGIS software in this study (Figure-6). The
comparison data between urban green areas and the other land uses were acquired from this
map.
The urban green areas were derived by urban development plans and calculated from the same
map for analysis of land usage. Forest lands and copse lands border the city development, largely
due to the topography of the region.
As can be seen from the table, the other land uses grow along with total area. On the contrary,
park land is underrepresented. The table shows that Copse land, Garden land and Forest land are
the reasons for this situation. These lands compose most green areas in the city. This shows that the
city does not have many recreational opportunities. It means that urban development has not
included many recreational opportunities but that has still included enough green areas in the city.
The urban land use shows that urban green areas are dominant areas in land use. That means
Zonguldak is a city with high much potential for urban green areas development. The topography is
the most important reason of this situation in the city. There are not many appropriate places to
settle in the city and around the city. This condition makes green areas planning in the city easier.
The analysis shows that urban green areas in Zonguldak are mostly passive green areas. Although
the city currently has many green areas, few of those are useful. The topography allows neither
settlements.
From the figure, it is apparent that green areas are the dominant characteristic land use in
Zonguldak. It is obvious that Zonguldak has much potential for urban green areas development.
Copse land and garden land are the main types of green areas in Zonguldak. The figure shows that
park land is one of the less frequent land uses in the city. The reason is behind it that there are not
adequate areas in which to design park land in the city because of the rough topography.
Although the topography might not be amenable to the design of recreational opportunities, urban
green areas could be the most important element of planning for Zonguldak. The figure also shows
that garden land provides some degree of interaction with green areas to the people, but these
are also not useful areas and are mostly converted from copse land and forest land

That means that the city does not have enough recreational opportunities in reality, such that while
Zonguldak may maintain adequate ecological characteristics, it may not give an option for
recreational uses.
Figure 7.
Zonguldak City Current Land Use Condition Depends on Urban Development
Plan, Source: Anonymous, 2006 (Basic map was prepared by Modül Planlama
Harita Bilgisayar İnşaat ve Ticaret Ltd. Şti with another program for Zonguldak
Municipality. The map was converted and was prepared by Mustafa ERGEN for
analyzing urban green areas).
It can be seen from the figure that forest land dominates the other land uses. This demonstrates that
the city has adequate green areas. The figure also shows that the other land uses do not have
much representation in the city. There are many reasons behind this; the most important reason
mentioned above is the topographic obstacle. We may claim that development costs might be
another reason for this situation. The study concludes with an obvious approach to defining several
strategies for the future development of Zonguldak;
• The planning development should take the difficult topography into consideration.
• The potential development option must be defined for future development goals such as Eco-
tourism.
• Achieving new development emphasizes new structures and developments in the city.
• The green potential provides new opportunities for city development such as ecological
development in city.
• Eco-city development elements should be taken into consideration for new development
strategies.
Consequently, this study proves that green areas are the characteristic land use in Zonguldak. Other
land uses use up all the flat terrain in the city. There is no way to sprawl and develop to the other
places in city development. The study showed that rough topography is main obstacle for
development in Zonguldak.
The forest and copse land creates a green belt condition in city, especially in the south, south-east
and east parts. This is the reason that they are also obstacles for new developments in the city.
There is no clear strategy for new development to suggest. However, it introduces crucial
development options in regards to urban greenery. The urban green areas are the only the option
for the new developments for Zonguldak. Possible basic development approaches might be eco-
tourism, recreational opportunities or open air museum.

CASE STUDY: HOW BRINDISI, ITALY IS USING GIS TO HELP PRESERVE ITS
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
• INTRODUCTION
One of the most fascinating applications of geographic information systems (GIS) is when it’s used
within a deeply historic landscape. Knowing that advanced GIS software lies behind the
preservation and protection of a rich cultural environment is, for a GIS professional, incredibly
fulfilling. This innovative location technology solution is responsible for preserving the heritage of
some of the world’s most significant sites, and the town of Brindisi is no exception. This perfect
alignment of old with new, past with present and physical with digital is GIS at its best.
Founded as an Ancient Greek settlement, Brindisi has a rich cultural heritage. An Italian port city of
nearly 90,000 residents, Brindisi has been an important trade centre since it was part of Ancient
Greece and is known for its striking architecture dating back to Roman times. Preserving the
architecture of millennia is a key concern for modern government officials. The city’s proximity to
the Adriatic Sea also makes hydrology and environmental issues crucial.
For years, Brindisi has used mapping technology to display information about environmental
protections, zoning and permitting restrictions, and similar characteristics of individual properties.
When it needed an upgrade, the city deployed a solution from Pitney Bowes® that provides 80 to
90 percent faster performance, while dramatically improving the user-friendliness of maps and
significantly reducing staff time dedicated to mapping.
• THE CHALLENGE
Located in Southern Italy’s Apulia region, Brindisi has played an important role in European trade
and culture for millennia. Today, the community continues to serve as a pioneer of environmental
preservation techniques. “Brindisi is a small city, but there are a number of issues that we have to
deal with around environmental protection, landscaping and hydrology,” says Teodoro Indini,
architectural official with the community of Brindisi.
The city has long used mapping software to understand these concerns. Community members and
city employees access an online Web GIS application to answer zoning questions, visualize
boundaries of environmentally protected areas, and determine landscaping and permitting
restrictions on specific properties.
Previously, the Web GIS solution displayed the information Brindisi needed, but the city wanted a
more modern solution. Brindisi decided to upgrade to Pitney Bowes Spectrum® Spatial and the new
release of MapInfo® Professional Advanced.

• THE SOLUTION
The city worked with Geo

Marketing to deploy and
configure the solution. Now,
Spectrum Spatial collects both
internal data and regional
information from external
sources that have been
properly certified. MapInfo
Professional integrates these
data and creates maps for
visual analysis. A total of 128
layers of location-based data
can be visible at the same
time on the same map, which enables Brindisi’s users to create unique views to serve a wide variety
of needs and applications.
As an example, one map view reflects building restrictions. “Among many other factors, it shows
which properties have a stream nearby and where structures cannot exceed a certain height
because of their proximity to the airport,” Indini explains
Brindisi provides different levels of access to the mapping information. Some data is available to the
general public (see it at brindisiwebgis.it), some to internal employees only, and some to city
contractors such as architects, engineers and geologists.
“Through MapInfo, users can query our Spectrum Spatial database to learn who owns a particular
property, what can be built there, and applicable standards or laws that apply,” Indini says. “They
can attach a printout of this information to building-permit applications.” They can also save and
then digitally annotate their personalized versions of the maps.
• THE RESULTS
Feedback from users has been overwhelmingly positive. “We’ve heard, from Brindisi residents and
the city contractors who use our mapping services, that they are very pleased with the new Pitney
Bowes solution,” Indini reports. That’s partly because performance of the system is much faster. “It’s
80 to 90 percent faster than our legacy system,” he says.
The solution’s user-friendly interface enables employees throughout the city to update maps
themselves. “The person who is actually working on the problem can determine how it will be
displayed,” Indini says. “And updates go out much faster. As an example, I drew a gas pipeline on a
map in Spectrum Spatial, and it was available to all our map users within one minute.”
This means residents, employees and contractors are accessing up-to-date maps. At the same time,
the new solution has reduced the amount of time Indini’s team spends on mapping by 20 to 25
percent.
Visualizing data in to meet the needs of users helps improve our understanding of people, places
and things. Sometimes, it helps us appreciate and preserve the past, while creating a strong
foundation for the future.

CITY INFORMATION SYSTEM
(CIS)
Urban information systems are powerful means for governments in meeting long-term strategic
planning and management challenges. For example the information from a geographic
information database helps in planning, zoning, transportation, utilities, flood management,
urbanisation and its impact on the environment and the use of demographics in making public
policy. It provides a heightened awareness of the interdependency among environmental, social
and economic health and the impact of decisions made by neighbouring jurisdictions, state and
federal agencies and private business.
Urban information system provides various information on urban (facilities, urban planning,
environment, disaster prevention, water supply, transportation, etc.) for municipalities to perform
effective administration and decision-making. In order to establish security system for
municipalities, effective management of infrastructure should be preceded and the
maintenance of the facilities by urban information system is very effective. Maps, statistics, and all
the data that can be components of urban information system are produced and managed by
each department (transportation, urban planning, water supply and drainage, environmental
protection, etc.) Introduction of urban information system can integrate all the information
related to each other and make the use of information easier and more efficient.

LITERATURE
URBAN SYSTEMS DESIGN CASE STUDY: TOKYO’S SUMIDA WARD
• INTRODUCTION
In 2018, urban areas accounted for 55% of the world’s population, and these are expected to grow
to 68% by 2050. This growth will shift 2.5 billion people into urbanized areas [1,2]. Cities and their
urbanized surroundings consume 60–80% of the world’s energy and produce 70% of all greenhouse
gas emissions, based on 2012 estimates [3,4]. Public and private awareness of the potential effects
of climate change has been steadily increasing globally prior to and since the signing of the Paris
agreement in 2016 by nearly every nation globally, as evident by cities reducing their total carbon
emissions by 2020 [4,5]. In response to this agreement, developers, communities, cities,
governments, and others have set goals to decarbonize cities and local areas. These endeavors
may focus on the creation or implementation of smart buildings and cities, focusing on the role that
technology and innovative systems must have in alleviating carbon dependency [6]. Conceptual
design and smart city-oriented processes are employed as a means of metric objectification to
inform designers and stakeholders about the intended effects a plan may have. Both terms—
conceptual design and smart cities—have wide global definitions that change depending on
locality, but all share common themes: the integration of new technologies, innovative design
process, systematic approaches, and a community-centric design [7].
However, both of these methods are still fundamentally tied to traditional planning and
development methods due to the common approach of approaching each individual project,
aspect, or condition in a separate and disconnected way. Traditionalist planning and design
approaches examine projects and urban innovations on a project-by-project basis, not as segments
of a larger, emergent system [8,9]. This approach results in less efficient urban systems and places a
lower priority on collective humanistic driven planning and design.
Urban environments are constructed out of a nexus of complex and interconnected systems that
use a mixture of objective and subjective means to make decisions [10,11]. Through technological
and experiential methods, Urban Systems Design (USD) seeks to merge the objective (analysis) with
the subjective (sensory) to create better long-term resilient communities and systems. It is possible to
connect systems together to study their combined effects when System-of-System (SoS) integrated
planning is employed [12]. There are examples of models which have been already developed and
are in use that integrate the management of urban systems under one framework, generally
referred to as Planning Support Systems (PSS), but these systems are used only to support future
decisions based on current conditions and information available from data in the PSS, not on
evidence of the positive (and negative) impacts that will come from a current decision under future
conditions [13]. There is a need to build upon this model by integrating more smaller-scale decision-
making with the greater goals of the community—the early steps of this integration are shown in this
case study using the proposed USD framework.
AD115 – ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 5 – SPACE PLANNING 2 33

The USD Conceptual Framework arose from the convergent expansion of technological methods
in planning and design, the increased complexity of urban systems and the need to investigate
them using an interconnected methodology, and the role citizens must have in shaping the
development of their cities. Additionally, since the role and importance of citizens in shaping
urban space has been discussed in the literature (e.g., McFarlane, 2011), planners must
investigate how to make or cultivate urban communities using developing technological
innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT) [14].
Challenges to traditional planning theories and methods have been growing since the 1970s, with
McLoughlin’s book “Urban and Regional Planning: A Systems Approach”, which expresses the
need to consider cities as a set of systems and controls, not as a series of one-off iterative designs
[15]. One of the first pioneers in the realm of planning, Geddes, struggled with these concepts
and questioned how cities were as much an emergent property of humanity as an organism in
and of itself [16]. Earlier pioneers’ work in planning would be hampered and hamstrung by the
failures and over-reliance on data and rational methods, specifically inside the United States of
America. The group’s concerns led to the rise of alternative, more human-focused design and
development strategies found in advocacy planning and community development theories [17].
Despite these early failings and a now divergent and mixed field of wildly disparate
methodologies, system complexity has begun to attract additional attention. As new
technologies offer new insights and capabilities to planners and designers, researchers such as
Michael Batty, Juval Portugali, and others are attempting to tackle these challenges [6,18,19].
Central to these new attempts is that contemporary theories need not be considered in
complete contrast or opposition but as ends of a multi-layered spectrum. Through careful and
sensitive applications of data, systematic approaches, and community involvement, a
humanistic complex system can be developed. This consideration yields the four pillars which are
the cornerstones of the proposed USD model: resilience (social and ecological), economics,
sustainability, and human well-being. Combing these aspects requires not only the use of big
data and sensor technology, but also a change in the way planners view information and data.
Shifting from solitary interventions to a model of continuous design requires planners and
communities to employ computer-aided design techniques; however, ultimately, citizens are the
basis of design and decisions.
Design is an important part of urban planning as it involves the interaction of humans with their
respective systems—a discipline and set of theories which have changed dramatically since the
19th century. Peter Hall’s book, “Cities of Tomorrow”, serves to demonstrate this evolution and the
role new technologies and design theories have had. Designs have risen from cultural bedrock
and have become merged with technological innovations in the 20th to 21st century [20]. Design
serves as the link between what are often cold and tactless data with the sensory world that
human beings inhabit. The failures of design in planning and data-driven solutions can be seen in
the open-application and singular focus to use only data-driven solutions, without also taking a
humanist approach. Humans do not conceive of space and systems in the same calculating
manner that models often depict. They are stochastic when compared against others, or even at
times themselves. Examples of the early failures of singular-focused data application can be seen
in the planning profession’s early phases in the United States of America, during the 1950–1970s,
when rational planning created objects that failed to account for humanity [17]. Much of these
failures were due to bad, incomplete, or unknown consequences that we are more aware of
now; however, some focus areas of the profession, such as transportation planning, still overuse
these methods today and display the results in a simple objective [21.

Looking toward the future, it is important that we use technology effectively and continue to
prioritize humane design in planning our future cities, as models do not give answers to complex
problems of urban planning but to the questions asked that are used to inform designs and plans
constructed for humans.
The combination of design with critical and metric-based evaluation is the point at which the theory
and technical objective qualities of the strategy meet the subjective and flexible unknowns of
reality. It is in this combination when the data science and expertise of models are used with the
intuitions and design sense of those regularly working on subjective qualities. With the given
knowledge and the importance of flexible design, this process seeks to apply the iterative qualities
of modeling and design to develop the “best” plan. It is the role of modeling results and metrics to
inform the design and act as a design window, or bounding box, for the purposes of creating equal
solutions which meet the statistical and humanistic quality needs of the study area.
Prior to exploring the methodologies and content of this initial case study, it is important to clarify
three core assumptions upon which the entire framework hinges: urban systems, community-level
design, and abstractions.
2.1. Urban Systems
Urban Systems Design is constructed around the nexus of individual urban systems’ relationships to
each other and the mutually exclusive decisions that are involved in creating designs. “Urban
systems” is defined as a nested term in and of itself, as the systems are the building blocks upon
which more complex systems are constructed or upon which they are constructed on their own
complex systems. In this way, an urban system can parcel out from larger wholes or can be
aggregated together to form larger, more complex urban systems. In their simplest state, as a result
of human or natural processes, the systems (social, spatial, physical, aspatial, etc.) are actively, or
passively, involved in the function of cities and urban environments. Urban systems can be further
aggregated and subdivided amongst themselves depending on the level of granularity required for
the specific study or context of the inquiry. Urban systems design is the process by which urban
systems are planned and developed in concert with analytical and design-orientated principles to
facilitate the creation and maintenance of resilient smart communities. These smart communities
meet and exceed human and natural needs through the application of technological and
humanistic interventions, utilizing the four pillars of needs (R.E.S.H) that are proposed in the USD
Conceptual Framework believed to be required for smart communities and cities (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The four pillars of urban systems design and trade-off matrix of scenario planning: resilience, economics,
sustainability, and human well-being (R.E.S.H).

2.2. Community-Level Design
The foci of community-level designs, core to urban systems design, are to seek to create smart
communities and to solve problems with humanistic solutions. Simply, a smart city is defined by
following one or all three of these perspectives: technological, people, or community [7]. The
technological perspective is defined through its implementation of ICT technologies [22]. These
technological strategies must also be conjoined with a focused expression of related terms such
as “digital, intelligent, virtual, and ubiquitous” [7]. The foci of the people perspective revolve
around the understanding that individuals are the key driver of cities and must be its fundamental
focus. Finally, communities form the last perspective and are most associated with the concept
of Smart Communities [7].
Based on these understandings and existing literature, we define a Smart Community as an

integrated synthesis of humanistic qualities, data collection, and monitoring, technological
integration and contextualization which seeks to balance human experience with technical
models. Smart Communities employ the use of technological innovations as the means of
improving system responsiveness (i.e., wayfinding, power supply, warnings, etc.) to humans
interacting within its confines. The inclusion of humanistic qualities into planning was a
phenomenon that grew out of the first backlash against rational planning in the 1950s and is a
quality that must be maintained in the new era of data science and systems understanding [23].
Thus, by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT), it is possible to better understand and respond to
quantitative problems in qualitative ways through systematic planning and design. Core to these
principles are that computers are to serve as a tool in aiding in the design and problem
identification and that humans are the fundamental element in the design of cities.
2.3. Abstraction
Two layers of abstraction are employed in the USD model: typologies (buildings and
neighborhoods) and scale. Typologies refer to both the classification of buildings and of
neighborhood elements placed into discrete bins. Scale notes the granularity or resolution of the
data or study that is being employed for the purposes of aggregation, complexity, and defining
specific typological elements.
Typologies concerning buildings and neighborhoods have four key components: form, context,
use, and structure (FoCUS). Form—or urban form at larger scales—is defined by its delineation of
external physical properties that are tied to a building, block, or neighborhood. In buildings, this
often refers to the height, shape, and window-to-wall ratio present from external properties.
Neighborhoods and blocks rely on the density of buildings, the bounding edge, and the
morphology of the area. Context pertains to all aspects outside of the object of study that
provide insight into the role, meaning, and patterns affecting it. Contextualized information often
refers to surrounding buildings, zoning, transit lines, forest, parks, or major attractions that modify
people and building behaviors. Use, or land use, investigates the interior use and occupancy of
the building or space and is most commonly divided into specific use categories: residential,
office, mixed-use, governmental, commercial, or sports facilities [24]. Structure, expressed as
materials, products, or specific characteristics (U/R-Values, transmission, specific heat, etc.),
denotes the physical interior composition of a building.

Abstraction of scale concerns the granularity of the object being examined and the resolution to
which each element is being studied. These scales in the USD Conceptual Framework are divided
into eight levels: individual agents, households, buildings, blocks, districts (superblocks),
neighborhoods, communities, and cities. Individual agents are the principal agent in all analysis
and the basis of all upper scales of study. Households are the agglomeration of individual agents
into households generating the supply and demands in urban demand modeling. Buildings range
from single household units (or offices) to hundreds of aggregated households (offices), while the
fundamental unit of modeling stems from individual agents and households and buildings
(parcels), and are generally the lowest scale that is modeled in changing designs. Blocks are
composed of one or more buildings in a coherent bounded area, either by nature or
infrastructure. Districts (superblocks) are the collection of similar blocks, often defined using
administrative boundaries. Neighborhoods are the community or administrative-based grouping
of districts. Communities are currently the largest scale of design intervention. Cities and larger
scales are abstracted and act as an umbrella over which other scales are associated.
In studying problems and applying metrics, boundaries serve the purpose of focusing and
providing restrictions to what otherwise can be edgeless systems. Boundaries can be categorized
into five types to be imposed or used: study-based, infrastructure, administrative,
community/social, and procedural. Study-based boundaries focus on studying the area based
upon the restraints of a study or system itself. Infrastructure boundaries use the infrastructure or
nature to form the boundaries of areas, such as roads, rivers, railroads, etc. Administrative
boundaries use the bounds set by administrative agencies to segment space, census tracks, or
districts. Community/social boundaries use the criteria by which communities and social areas
self-identify to set conditions of the study. Procedural boundaries automate the above method(s)
to generate more localized conditions of boundaries (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Different approaches to establishing the boundaries of a study: (a) based upon infrastructure and study goals,
(b) defined by administrative boarders, and (c) how communities self-identify.
• METHODS
Figure 3. Urban System Design study methodology. GIA:

gross interior area; IoT: Internet of Things.

Our study methodology is separated into four components: data, aggregation,
evaluation/design, and an iterative loop. Data concerns the type and nature of data to be
included in the urban system evaluation. Segmented into basic building, transportation, or mixed
metrics and modeling, they serve as the big data sets upon which all analysis is constructed.
Contained within each subset are a myriad number of data points, not all of which were
pertinent to this study. Aggregation joins these datasets together based upon IoT measurements
and quantifications and/or catalogues them into discrete typology-based aggregations. It
applies binned data up to a scale (building to block) or directly to the study boundary
(superblocks). The three key objectives of evaluation/design are to understand the present
conditions, the development of future scenarios, and the real-time evaluation of site conditions.
Evaluation for all of these scenarios is conducted using ArcGIS, Rhino, Grasshopper, and statistical
modeling software. Designs are then created and tested to note how human-driven choices
would impact the system. The iterative loop denotes two forms of iteration: internal and external.
Internal loops refer to the process of changing, redesigning, and evaluating scenarios while the
planning process is underway. External loops manage the process once implemented and prior
to new problem detection—a part of the methodology that was not examined during this phase.
Data availability in the study area, the northern section of the Sumida Ward, is prevalent using
several buildings attached with IoT sensors, detailed road link information, and a high resolution of
building and use characteristics. (Table 1) Within the study area, a total of 32 districts, 1395 blocks,
5672 road links, and 31,676 individual buildings are observed. Studying each individual element,
with respect to all adjoining neighbors across the conjoined transportation and building modeling
methodologies, was too intensive for the exploratory nature of this study. Further, not all
characteristics were important for studying the interdependent effect of energy on these systems.
Examining urban issues at the district-scale, or larger, required the use of a system boundary for
which data can be aggregated together for the purposes of district-scale metrics. As previously
mentioned, system boundaries are set by the nature of the project and follow one or more
boundary categories. Originally, the scope of the project was a gradient approach, using super
block typologies (study defined) and district (administrative defined) system boundaries (Figure
4). However, due to constraints placed on this initial study, the district-based boundary model
was pushed back until the generic and general superblock analysis was completed.
Figure 4. Different resolutions of boundary definition and

the pros and cons of each.
Evaluations of existing conditions and the new designs were run through the standardized
analytical methodology (Figure 5) and segmented into five components: setup, modeling,
typology, iteration, and final design. Setup contains two parts, related to the Urban Systems
Design Conceptual Framework: background information (context), and the scaler system
(change). Background information concerns initial data acquisition, community engagement,
and developing an understanding of the history and context of the study area.

The scaler system examines the study area, the type of boundary to be employed, the analysis
objectives (energy consumption and decarbonization, for this study), and the metrics to be
considered. These data are used for the two-step modeling purpose of ArcGIS and Rhino
modeling. ArcGIS, along with statistical methods, is used to evaluate spatial information and
creating typologies. These typical study areas (master typologies) are transformed into 3D models
in Rhino and run through EnergyPlus modeling for current conditions and future scenarios.
Modeled typologies are modified according to four categories—no change, minor material
change, material and building changes, and a complete redesign. Changes are iteratively
looped back through the methodological process of modeling again. Final designs are chosen
from the selected list of scenarios using further engagement with the community.
Figure 5. Sumida study methodology separated into five stages:

(1) background and study definition, (2) three-dimensional
modeling and current condition analysis, (3) typology
generation, (4) scenario interventions, and (5) retesting,
acceptance, and iterations.
he external iterative loop was not included in this initial testing of the USD methodological process
with North Sumida as the test case. Due to the current theoretical nature of this project, an
external iteration process was undertaken later.
• CASE STUDY: NORTH SUMIDA
The study area was set as the northern half, as defined by the canal, of the Sumida Ward located
in Tokyo, Japan (Figure 6). Surrounded on all sides by the Sumida and Arakawa rivers, and with
various canals internal to the area, there is a high risk of flooding. The narrow streets formed by
the organic transformation from agrarian farmland to the dense urban core bring the risks of
disasters to the area. Barring the characteristics of an older urban fabric, most of the buildings
located in this area are low-rise and single-story structures. These risks leave questions about the
neighborhood’s sustainability; however, there is still a tight community life with high social capital.
Figure 6. Sumida Tokyo study area.

The demographics tend to include older couples and a younger, single working-class, and many
of the current residential condominium units are vacant. Based on 2015 and 2018 building data
acquired from AW3D and Zenrin, Co. Ltd., 80% of all buildings located in the area are under three
stories, while the majority of the residential stock (55%) is contained in mid-rise buildings (6 to 15
story) that are 75% vacant. The area is a prime candidate to examine as a typical Japanese
neighborhood that is suffering from depopulation and other context-sensitive issues. Contending
with context-sensitive issues, while examining global challenges (decarbonization), makes the
northern sections of Sumida an excellent initial test case for the Urban System Design Conceptual
Framework.
According to the nature of the study, North Sumida was segmented into 400 m × 400 m squares,
representing a superblock structure for the purposes of testing. In total, there were 76 individual
study areas arrayed throughout the site, using the Fishnet command in ArcGIS, and aligned along
the major urban axes (Figure 7). Of the 76 interior study boundaries, half were smaller than 160,000
m2 due to the irregular shape of the study area. Thus, all metric-based analysis was conducted on
a relative scale, controlled by area size, to allow for normalized and direct comparison between
study areas. Along the northeastern edge of the site, several squares contained nothing except
water of the Arakawa River and thus were excluded from the study, reducing the total number of
used squares to 67.
Figure7. Segmented study area (400 m × 400 m).
The project developed a sliding boundary scale for the purposes of classification and data
agglomeration. These distinctions were created by analyzing the size, shape, and restriction of
the entire North Sumida study area. Districts, the basis of the super block typology, ranged in size
from 78,153 m2 to 464,347 m2, with the 42 districts averaging approximately 160,000 m 2. However,
the administrative shapes and boundaries were irregular and based upon historic pathways, land
uses, and ownership. Thus, for the purposes of initial testing, a regularized space was chosen and
400 m × 400 m (160,000 m2) regular blocks were used as the study boundaries (Figure 8). This grid
size was selected based on the averaging of all districts (CCM: cho-cho-moku, 町丁目, similar to a
US Census Tract) in the study area and using 160,000 m 2 as the basis for the super block typology.
These gridded study areas were arranged in line with the two major urban axes that dominate
the space: Meiji Street (明治通り) and National Route No. 6 (国道6号線). In total, the fish-net block
development produced 76 (partial and complete) superblock study areas. A more fine-grained
(specific) level of analysis boundaries was also created based on the number of major blocks in a
district (two at about 80,000 m2 each) and the average size of the smallest organic blocks from
which everything is constructed. These ranged in size from 12 m2 to 184,451 m2 over 1395
individual blocks and an average size of approximately 2500 m 2.

Figure 8. North Sumida super block study (400 m × 400 m).
Road type, granularity, and gross interior area were the three primary urban form-based
characteristics employed to develop study area typologies. Road type was originally divided into a
total of 16 unique road groupings based upon width, number of lanes, purpose, speed, and
location. However, given the compact nature of the study area and the relatively large scale of the
interior superblocks, a coarser system was employed. Road type (road index) marked the weighting
of the major road groupings based on one of seven categories: market street (highest weight),
heavy transit corridor, mid transit corridor, new development, gridded streets, historic pattern, and
super block waterfront (lowest weight). Market streets (Kira Kira streets) were given the maximum
weight due to their impact on the district and special importance to the area. Excluding these
streets, the rest were arranged in order of traffic impact and impact on the built environment.
Gross interior area (GIA) denotes the total amount of built floor area constructed in the area. This
metric is similar to floor area ratio (FAR) but is not limited to a parcel, as no parcel data was present,
and includes study area roads. The GIA was determined via Equation (1):
GIA is equal to the sum of all building area multiplied by its height divided by the total area of the
study area. Every study area was then given a GIA ranging from 0.00 to over 2.0, segmented into
five categorizations based on normal distribution: very low density (0.00–0.35), low density (0.35–
0.80), average density (0.80–1.30), high density (1.30–2.00), and very high density (2.00+). The cut-offs
for these five categories were selected based on three main criteria: 1) a normal distribution of the
function; 2) cities’ internal density when accounting for all space (roads, alleys, buildings, yards,
etc.), with the average close to 1.00; and 3) visual correction based on the local surroundings.
Gross interior area describes the amount of built space in any given area but does not measure
how it is distributed. This granularity is necessary for describing the total amount of objects in any
given area. A GIA of 1.00 could be arranged into several large buildings, indicating low granularity;
numerous small ones, indicating high granularity; or one large building and a massive park,
indicating very low granularity. Granularity was calculated using Equation (2):
Granularity is equal to the sum of all objects in an area, which includes the total number of
individual buildings plus the total number of intersections plus the total number of blocks. These are
then divided by the total area. Granularity was subdivided into four levels: extremely fine grain
(0.956+), fine grain (0.616–0.956), coarse (0.277–0.616), and monolithic (0.00–0.277). The range of
values for the four categories were selected based on three main components: 1) a normal
distribution of the data, 2) a reflection of the number of objects present in each area, and 3) visual
correction based on GIS and on the ground truthing of the experience of the area during site visits
and urban reconnaissance.

Figure 9. Three typology grouping indices based
on area granularity, road types, and density.
The 67 superblocks were not evenly distributed among the 12 typological groupings. Each grouping
contained between three and eight superblocks, averaging at around six superblocks per
typological grouping (Figure 10). Visually, each of the automatically associated superblocks were
checked, and raw metrics were compared to ensure that they were statistically within a standard
deviation of each other. Checking the standard deviation was performed to guarantee that results
from one would be similar enough to the results from another. Typological grouping was the first step
towards testing and evaluation, as not all buildings and current conditions could be tested given
the many buildings, area, and general details. For this, a master typology would be necessary to
undergo testing and design changes for each grouping. For ward-level changes at the district-
scale, the focus was primarily given to large-scale changes concerning a complete system analysis
rather than immediately concerning small-scale changes.
Figure 10. Visual analysis of a type 1 typological grouping.
The master typology was determined by analyzing all the properties of the typology group
superblocks in combination with visual analysis. Priority was given to two superblock characteristics:
the road index, controlling for it to match most blocks contained in the group; and the size of the
individual superblock, making sure it was as close to 160,000 m 2 as possible. Both granularity and GIA
were then used in determining the mean values and to select the superblock closest to the mean
(Figure 11). This master typology would then be used for the purposes of energy analysis, design,
and testing. Key aspects of these typological groupings, road typologies and the floor area ratio of
buildings are displayed in Figure 11 and apply to Figure 12 and Figure 13. Road types 1 to 5 are
major roads, road types 6 and 7 are general roads, and road types 8 and 9 are residential/other
shopping streets.
Figure 11. Master typology methodology

generation example.

Figure 12. North Sumida 12 master typologies.
Figure 13. Three-dimensional modeling and energy testing in Rhino with Grasshopper.
The master typology development process was repeated for all 12 typology groups, resulting in the
12 master typologies for the North Sumida area (Figure 12). Initial testing was accelerated by
reducing the number of testable elements from 67 (excluding individual interior elements) to 12.
Each of the 12 master typologies were then processed, and the results were applied backward,
adjusting the results for each individual superblock based on its deviation from the master template.
Each of the 12 master typologies were exported from ArcGIS into Rhino, using Grasshopper for the
purposes of 3D modeling and energy testing. For testing, five properties were attached to the
building: height, shape, number of stories, land use, and occupancy. Buildings were created as 2D
surfaces, geolocated and arrayed vertically based on the number of floors and average height per
floor. Each floor was extruded to the average height and individual floors were treated as a room,
while no internal walls were used per floor (each floor is a thermal zone). Buildings were then tagged
with their simple zoning land use, as determined by Tokyo’s zoning code [25]. These properties were
then imported into EnergyPlus and Ladybug for the purposes of energy analysis and current
condition analysis (Figure 13).
Two forms of modeling were then conducted for the entirety of North Sumida: a complete 3D
current conditions base model and super district energy simulations (Figure 14). For an
understandable visual aid for community engagement and to track design changes, a 3D base
model was created. The super district created the benchmark for energy consumption and, by
extension, the current carbon emissions. Each master typology then had its corrected energy value,
based on deviation from the mean, applied back to all 67 superblocks. Two change-model tests
were then conducted: in-depth (on a select superblock) and district-wide (several superblocks).
These simulated the types of changes and plans undertaken by urban planners with both a focused
specific development design and a general long-term planning process.

Figure 14. North Sumida 3D model.
Based on the evaluative model creating a current conditions evaluation, a specific super block
typology was selected for an in-depth redesign. The site, located near the main transit station,
was altered to reduce total energy consumption, increase density, and repurpose underutilized
spaces (from vacant buildings) into parks and urban farmland (Figure 15). Large-scale changes
are possible in the Sumida Ward area, and in many Japanese cities in general, due to high rates
of vacant units and buildings—over 20% of all units are vacant. As expected, the evaluative
model showed that an increased total utilization of the area resulted in a reduction in total
carbon emissions.
Figure 15. Current condition (Left) and change design (Right).
Larger, multiple district-level plans were implemented based on the modifications done to a
single master typology (Figure 16). Building modifications and design concentrated on material
changes and focused development along primary streets. Generalized modeling was employed
to compare initial energy consumption with the new alterations. The results showed a general
decrease in energy consumption; however, certain superblock typologies had deviations which
were too large from the master typology, making exact prediction or a change model, at this
scale and resolution, difficult and inconclusive.
Figure 16. Multiple district-wide changes.

• CONCLUSIONS
The Urban Systems Design Conceptual Framework developed by our team, was tested by
examining an initial application of the framework within the North Sumida Ward in Tokyo, Japan.
North Sumida Ward was selected due to its unique qualities as a historic neighborhood, the
prevalence of the present issues facing much of Japan, and the level of data availability.
Although not all stages of the developed framework were conducted during this initial testing, as
the system is still under development, the steps undertaken in this case study serve as a guide for
future research endeavors. The next stage of the methodology development is the expansion of
metrics, the development of the four pillars (R.E.S.H.), and finer-grain testing that relies on actual
organic district areas, not 400 m × 400 m superblocks. The 400 m × 400 m super block typology
may be better for studying city-wide changes rather than ward-focused redevelopments which
already contain clear delineations of space.
The initial study of the proposed framework has implications for what researchers can achieve
when combining quantitative and qualitative measures of analysis towards achieving broad
community goals in planning. This initial study shows the significance that this new framework
could have on near and long-term planning and the future of the world’s growing urban cores
and how we might achieve the global goals of resilience, sustainability, economic success, and
human well-being. Building from this initial case study, there is great potential in continuing to
evaluate and finesse this methodology.
To make the Urban Systems Design Conceptual Framework useful at a grander scale as an
enhanced Planning Support System (PSS), it should be calibrated with simulations including
mobility, building energy, and human behavior and ideally with actual implementation to check
the robustness, transferability, and generalization of the modeling efforts. This process only
touched on energy modeling, and future iterations will expand upon this, connecting it to further
transportation modeling using mesoscopic simulation and modeling platforms such as MATSIM.
These next steps will expand on what has been proposed and tested in North Sumida to further
prove the usefulness of combining Urban Systems Design, Smart Community-Level Design, and
Abstraction under one framework driven by the goals of resilience, economics, sustainability, and
human well-being.

INTEGRATED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR DECISION-MAKING AND
URBAN PLANNING IN SMART CITIES
• INTRODUCTION
Cities are symbols of the development of human civilisation. Cities play a central role in the
politics, economy and culture of countries and regions and provide guarantees for the survival
and reproduction of humanity [1]. Modern times are associated with expanding digitalisation,
creating new concepts for implementing new technologies. The concept of Smart Cities
represents the biggest development in innovative trends and technologies in cities and
municipalities worldwide. The implemented innovative technologies are often diverse and unique
to a given location (region, city, or municipality), as the size of cities and municipalities differs
mainly in populations, financial budgets, or size. The aspects mentioned above mostly limit the
possibilities of implementing innovative technologies within the Smart City concept.
The use of innovative technologies to modernise urban infrastructure and improve citizens’ overall
quality of life is undoubtedly a current trend. This trend is evidenced by several efforts by scientific
teams, companies and city governments at local, national and international levels [2]. The
concept of smart cities and innovative technologies has many advantages. The main
improvements include quality of life, savings in energy consumption, faster and safer
transportation, expansion of green spaces in populated areas of cities and towns, smart
infrastructure solutions, fast communication with authorities, solving problematic issues in cities,
ecological environment and space for future generations to live. Smart governance is also a
frequently used term, understood as the intelligent use of information technology to improve
decision-making through collaboration between stakeholders, including governments, regions,
municipalities and citizens [2]. The concept of Smart Cities applies technology and data to
improve efficiency, economic development, sustainability and quality of life for citizens in urban
areas [3]. It is also associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) since IoT represents the convergence
of interdisciplinary parts—networks, embedded hardware, radio spectrum, mobile computing,
communication technologies, software architectures, sensing technologies, energy consumption,
information management and data analytics [3,4]. Smart Cities also provide technologies that
enable observation of urban systems at the micro level to enhance public safety and ensure the
security of public order and spaces [5].
Progressively integrating innovative technologies in cities and municipalities requires

implementing information technology elements from hardware to software applications.
Implementation is also linked to the crucial need for information and cyber security. This applies
not only to implemented IoT technologies but also to complex information systems that can be
integrated into the smart city concept that is gradually being put into practice. It is, therefore,
imperative to ensure that the information communicated by the management of cities,
municipalities and regions is accessible to citizens online within the information systems operated
by a relevant and competent public body. At the same time, the information provided must be
usable by citizens in their daily lives and during emergencies or crises.

Research that has been conducted on these topics has focused on the characterisation of
electronic sensors/devices (things) that can be used with public health and environmental
surveillance and emergency management applications [6,7].
Based on European Union (EU) priorities [8], the Innovation Strategy of the Czech Republic was
developed, emphasising that an essential factor in Smart Cities is efficient services for reliable sources
of integrated planning and management, not only in crisis management. In the COVID-19
pandemic, shortcomings in the form of inconsistencies in the information provided to citizens in crisis
management by cities, municipalities and regions became apparent. The inconsistency of
information provided through information systems resulted in a lack of information for citizens about
the restrictions and measures issued during the COVID-19 pandemic; and this was due to the
insufficient information provided through information systems operated by cities, municipalities and
regions.
Rahouti, Xiong and Xin [9] compared relevant literature that analysed findings from existing research
in information systems for Smart Cities. Their investigation proved and stressed, that research in this
area is very topical, as emergencies and crises can occur in the context of environmental or other
global changes. This area is a topical and popular topic for citizens, for example, in the context of the
ongoing war in Ukraine and increased refugee emigration. The unified concept of information
systems for Smart Cities was addressed in the case study. However, it analysed the Smart City
information systems used for everyday use by the residents. However, this study did not conduct
research on the content that focused on crisis management [8].
Another study proposed a methodological framework for implementation and elaborated on

effective suggestions for implementing the Smart City concept in cities. However, this study also did
not include a research investigation on crisis management [10].
Smart cities support the effective integration of conventional urban infrastructure and information
technology to improve the quality of life in cities and towns, including sustainable urban transport
infrastructure [11]. In India, more than 100 smart cities have been created to improve the quality of
life with the support of IoT and digital connectivity with the unified government [12]. In order to
create information systems usable for Smart Cities, research has been conducted in India to identify
factors along with IoT and artificial intelligence. These factors enabled the effective design and
implementation of information systems in Smart Cities of India [12]. In another study, comprehensive
characteristics for creating Smart Cities in the 21st century using information technology and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been addressed and proposed [13]. GIS represents an
effective use of cloud services with the possibility of integrating extension modules for Smart Cities
[14]. A study [15] elaborated on the use of artificial intelligence in Smart Cities in the context of
information dissemination and data collection.
However, current trends include the introduction of artificial intelligence, IoT and machine learning
elements with an emphasis on automation [16]. Anudeep and Krishna Prakash addressed the design
of information systems for specialised areas in the transport sector or mandatory disclosure of
information in the context of legislation [17]. Transportation systems and related information
transmitted to citizens are an essential part of the information systems implemented within the Smart
City concept, whose primary goal is to provide fast and efficient information about the traffic
situation in a specific city or municipality [17].
The development of teams and companies in Smart Cities was addressed in a study based on the
primary, adaptive and information society models [18].

In a large and modern city, a security system is not a single-layered, single-module system.
Instead, it consists of many layers with autonomous subsystems capable of interconnecting
efficiently and coordinating horizontally and vertically [19]. Components of information systems
aimed at providing information in the field of crisis management, such as accidental
emergencies or other crises related to the safety of citizens and the safety in public spaces, are
mostly provided to the population minimally or not at all. This strategic part, used in everyday life
by all inhabitants of towns and villages, should not be neglected. The analysis of the problems of
the urban information system in crisis management highlights the requirements for developing
innovations in this area [20]. Social networks and media are also important in crisis management
[21].
Regarding territorial division and strategic importance, this component should be coordinated by
the higher territorial self-government unit (region) in the form of a unified approach to the shared
information content. Within the framework of the state-legal division of the Czech Republic,
higher territorial self-government units coordinate and support cities and municipalities [22].
Therefore, the regions should support municipalities and cities in transmitting and publishing
information related to crisis management. Because of the minimal availability of information
published through information systems operated by regions, cities and municipalities in the field of
crisis management, it is necessary to include this sub-section and extend the existing information
systems. The inhabitants of towns and municipalities will obtain important information in crises and
emergencies using digital technologies they use daily [23]. At the same time, preventive activities
in educational training for all age groups in crises will be increased.
This study aims to design a generic scheme or model of content components and structure of the
Smart City information systems that would provide relevant information related to crisis
management to residents, cities and municipalities when dealing with emergencies and
accidental events.
The article is structured into the following sections. In the first section, the introduction to the
problem is elaborated and a broader context is provided. The concept of Smart Cities is
introduced from various perspectives. The next section outlines the applied methodological
approach. Then, the acquired results of the analysis are presented. The synthesis leading to a
model of structure and content of Smart City information systems is formulated in the discussion
section. The final section concludes the paper.
• METHODOLOGY
Exploring the current state-of-the-art representation of an essential starting point for consequent
synthesis and design is based on the European Union’s recommendations distinguishing and
prioritising the following areas [17]:
• Sustainable urban mobility;

• Sustainable construction and housing;
• Integrated infrastructures and processes in energy, ICT and transport;
• Citizen-centric;
• Policy and regulation;
• Integrated planning and management;
• Knowledge sharing;
• Baselines, performance indicators and metrics;
• Open data management;
• Standardisation and business models, procurement and financing.

These areas were selected as they represent relevant parts for this analysis and comparison and
are the components for integrated planning and management, knowledge sharing, open data
management, integrated ICT and transport infrastructure and processes. Based on these relevant
parts, a methodological approach was established to analyse and compare the problem to be
addressed.
The methodological procedure was divided into the following steps:
1. Analysis of national strategic documents dealing with Smart Cities.

2. Determination of criteria for analysis and comparison of information systems.
3. Selection of an evaluation framework containing an appropriate set of criteria for analysis and
comparison.
4. Identification and selection of suitable cities and regions operating information systems for
Smart Cities.
5. In-depth analysis of available documentation and content of information systems for Smart
Cities in selected cities and regions based on established criteria.
6. Comparison and synthesis of the information obtained.
7. Conclusion and recommendations.
The first part of the research analysed existing strategies and methodologies for smart cities.
Several national documents were identified. The documents refer to each other; the most
relevant ones were selected and used as resources for most of them. The primary sources were
the Smart Cities Methodology for the preparation and implementation of the Smart City concept
at the level of cities, municipalities and regions from 2018 [8] and the current concept approved
by the Government of the Czech Republic entitled “Resilience of the Smart Cities concept
through Smart solutions for municipalities, cities and regions” from 2021 [24]. Furthermore, the
analysed documents from the area of Smart Cities in the Czech Republic included a document
entitled Analysis of the Current Level of the Czech Republic’s Involvement in the Smart Cities and
Smart Region Concept on New Trends, including proposals for measures [10], which was
commissioned by the Czech Republic as an output of a specific research project and is
considered a critical strategic document. Based on the analysed strategic documents and
considering the year of the document’s publication, a document entitled Resilience of Smart
Cities through Smart Solutions for Municipalities, Cities and Region from 2021 was chosen as the
starting point. The document Smart Cities—Resilience through Smart Solutions for Municipalities,
Cities and Regions defines the main objective in the introduction of new technological tools and
innovative solutions in municipalities, cities and regions to achieve quality living conditions for
citizens, a good environment and strengthening the competitiveness of the Czech Republic in
international competition [25]. The document contains a framework used as a first source for the
criteria.
The framework comprises three pillars: people and communities, the local economy and the
environment. The first pillar is entitled “People and Communities (Resilient Cities, Communities and
Regions)” and comprises four sub-pillars: 1. Education as a foundation for quality of life; 2.
Affordable social and health services; 3. Social resilience, 4. Rapid response. The second pillar is
entitled “Local Economy (Competitive Cities, Towns and Regions)” and comprises four sub-pillars:
1. Entrepreneurship is a natural part of a municipality, town and region; 2. Citizens and
municipalities as partners of energy suppliers; 3. Raw materials and recyclates in the circular
economy, development of the bio-economy; 4. ICT infrastructure is a prerequisite for the success
of digitalisation. The third pillar is entitled “Environment for Life (Green Cities, Municipalities and
Regions)” and comprises four sub-pillars

1. Environment for quality of life in cities, municipalities and regions; 2. Nature and landscape
supporting resilience; 3. Green and blue infrastructure for the cities and municipalities of the
future; 4. Infrastructure for transport and human mobility. A graphical representation of these
three pillars is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Basic pillars of the Smart City concept and their structure.
Intelligent solutions are based on the conceptual approach of regional and municipal
governments. These approaches include innovations to existing technological tools, processes,
products and services. The document Smart Cities—Resilience through Smart Solutions for
Municipalities, Cities and Regions also defines key cross-cutting themes for effective use, which
were used as a second source for setting the criteria.
The main cross-cutting themes are:
• Digital public administration as a service to people and communities—transparent local
government.
• Innovative solutions contribute to belonging in the territory—cohesion within communities
to create different types of communities and transparency of processes as an element for
future communities.
• Shared solutions as a tool for cohesion without digital exclusion of localities in cooperation
between people and communities, non-profit advisory services and territorial
development.
• Partners at home and abroad in sharing smart solutions that support the interests of
municipalities, cities and regions.
As already mentioned, the main criteria according to the established methodological procedure
were the basic pillars and their cross-cutting themes and sub-cross-cutting themes focused on
crisis management. This cross-cutting theme is part of the first pillar, under the fourth sub-pillar,
“Rapid Response”.

2.1. Evaluation Framework
Given the inconsistencies in the published information for the selected cities and regions, the
analysis and subsequent comparison were conducted in a broader and narrower context based
on inference. In the broader context, the analysis was based on the listed fundamental pillars and
cross-cutting themes. In comparison, in the narrower context of the problem, the analysis was
carried out based on the fourth part of the first pillar, rapid response.
The evaluation criteria for analysis and comparison were established based on the selected sub-
objectives of the three pillars and their cross-cutting themes shown in Figure 1. The criteria were
chosen based on a logical deduction in the form of an inference from all the objectives listed for
the fundamental pillars and their cross-cutting themes [26]. The selected criteria align with the
research question, which focuses on analysing and comparing information disclosed to citizens in
the context of information systems for Smart Cities.
Evaluation criteria:
Pillar 1
• Information providing educational opportunities for all ages.
• Cooperation of universities with business entities.
• Information providing residents with information on sports activity opportunities.
• Information providing health and social services.
• Cybercrime prevention, crime map.
• Housing information.
Pillar 2
• Information providing opportunities for support and cooperation between businesses,
universities and public administration organisations.
• Information providing opportunities for energy savings in the context of efficient use of
natural resources.
• Smart waste management.
• Digitisation and development of ICT infrastructure, including Industry 4.0.
Pillar 3
• Information supporting the protection of the environment from pollution.
• We are promoting and developing the ecosystem in towns and cities.
• Information on how to use shared mobility in cities and towns.
The evaluation criterion in a narrower context focused on crisis management, which is contained
in the first pillar, under its fourth part. This part was omitted from the analysis and comparison in
the broader context, as it was examined in detail in this section.
Evaluation criteria
• Information on sufficient coordination from higher self-government units during

emergencies and crises, e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Notification and reporting system for residents.
• Information from the CCTV systems of towns and villages.
• Information on contacts for police, fire and first aid services.
• Information on contingency plans.

Within the framework of the problem under study, the following research questions were
established:
• RQ1 Do Smart City information systems of all statutory cities and regions contain all
relevant information for citizens?
• RQ2 Is information related to crisis management included in all Smart City information
systems operated by the regions?
• RQ3 Do information systems for Smart Cities in statutory cities and regions contain all
relevant information for citizens in crisis management?
2.2. Selection of Suitable Cities and Regions
According to the Act on Regions [27], the Czech Republic is divided into 14 higher territorial self-
government units (regions). A region is an independent territorial unit with its financial budget. It
comprises a regional town, statutory towns, municipalities with extended competence (from here
on referred to as ORP) and municipalities. The division of county governments is shown in Figure 2,
in which the results of the examination of the information systems operated by the counties is
shown.
Figure 2. Regions in the Czech Republic with analysed cities.
• RESULTS
The analysis of existing Smart City information systems was performed in two steps. The first step
consisted of searching for existing information systems in all 14 regions in the Czech Republic, and
the second step consisted of searching for existing information systems in selected cities in the
Czech Republic. The search was conducted via the Internet, where it was possible to find freely
available information on the issue under study.
The information systems found operating in the context of the selected cities and regions are
shown in Table 1. Based on the established criteria in a broader and narrower context, an analysis
and comparison of the individual Smart City information systems, which were searched for in
selected cities and regions, were conducted. The descriptive characteristics of the outcomes for
all statutory cities are presented below.

Brno
In the south of Moravia is the statutory city of Brno. This city is one of the leading cities in the
Czech Republic dealing with the issue of Smart Cities. In Brno, Smart Cities refer to smart urban
transport networks, modern water supply and waste management, or more efficient lighting and
heating methods for buildings. The modern element of implementing this concept is interactive
and more responsive city management, safer public space and meeting the needs of an ageing
population [29]. The Commission of the Brno City Council deals with developing and
implementing the Smart City concept. The city of Brno does not operate any information system
(web presence for Smart Cities). The only available information about Smart Cities is a web
presentation called Czech Smart City Cluster [30]. This web presentation contains general
information, e.g., memories, methodologies and working groups, but does not provide clear
information for citizens, business entities or institutions (municipalities and cities). Another web
presentation that can be found in the context of Smart Cities in Brno is the website operated by
Brno Communications, which contains information about cleaning the city’s roads or an online
system for smart parking called “Domini Park”. After analysing and comparing the current state of
the City of Brno and the information systems operated in the form of web presentations within
Smart Cities, it can be concluded that almost no information is provided to citizens or private
entities.
České Budějovice
České Budějovice is a regional town and the statutory town of the South Bohemian Region. In
České Budějovice, the Smart City concept focuses primarily on sustainable urban mobility. Urban
mobility includes the promotion of low-emission, non-motorised transport, shared transport,
increasing the safety of road users, traffic education and the creation of safe routes for cyclists
and pedestrians. In addition to transport, the development of public spaces is also important.
České Budějovice does not operate an IS for Smart Cities. The information system dealing with
Smart Cities is the Czech Smart City Cluster, and the city’s official website only lists the Smart City
analysis for České Budějovice.
Ústí nad Labem

The Smart City information system does not exist and cannot be found online. The Smart City
concept only contains information in the form of innovation restarting the region using projects
and information about the innovation ecosystem of the Ústí nad Labem Region.
Decin
IS for Smart Cities for the city of Decin is available on the city’s official website. Seven projects
(articles) are available on the website, mainly focussing on transport, smart waste management
and improving the quality of life in the city. The Smart City concept for Decin was approved in
June 2020. Although more than two years have passed since the approval of the concept,
implementation has not yet taken place, and there is no IS for Smart Cities.
Chomutov
The city of Chomutov has implemented the Smart City concept within the Urban Mobility project,
including an IS containing public transport information, a camera system, etc. However, the
information displayed is very brief and insufficient.
Most
There is no IS for Smart Cities in the city Most. Currently, this city has no plans to implement the
Smart City concept.

Teplice
There is no IS for Smart Cities on the territory of the city of Teplice. This city does not plan to
implement the Smart City concept at present.
Frýdek-Místek
The city of Frýdek-Místek has not shown interest in implementing the Smart City concept. The
official website provides only basic information and recommendations.
Havířov
There is no IS for Smart Cities in Havířov, and nothing can be found online. The possibilities of
implementing Smart Cities in Havířov are only vaguely elaborated.
Karviná
The IS for Smart Cities in Karviná contains the topics in brief form. The topics are focused on
entrepreneurship, Coworking (a space where people can run a home office), tourist tours of
Karviná and sustainable mobility.
Opava
The city of Opava has prepared the analytical part of the Smart City concept, which deals
mainly with mobility, transport, energy, environment, e-government and ICT. Information systems
for Smart Cities do not exist in Opava.
Trinec
The city of Trinec has agreed to develop the Smart City concept, which is only reported on the
official website. An overview of related investments and projects is prepared on the official
website under city administration, mobility, environment and IT categories.
Hradec Kralove
At its seventh meeting on 2 May 2017, the Hradec Králové City Council approved the conceptual
documents of the Smart City Hradec Králové project and the output documents of three areas—
connectivity, intelligent transport system and energy. The documents aim to assess the baseline,
define needs and determine the city’s potential for the Smart City strategy. The documents assess
the priority areas for development and vision, including creating a methodology for Smart City
Hradec Králové implementation processes. The sub-sections on connectivity, transport and
energy can become the basis for decision making by the Statutory City of Hradec Kralove
authorities on the direction of projects in these areas. There is no IS for Smart Cities in Hradec
Kralove. The Hradec Králové Region operates the IS focused on innovation and the possibilities of
implementing the Smart City concept.
Liberec
The City of Liberec does not operate an IS for Smart Cities. However, the Smart City concept is
implemented. Central control of technical infrastructure, smart lighting, traffic lights, weather
forecasts and parking systems are used in Liberec. In the future, full automation of central control
of technical infrastructure and parking, total camera surveillance of intersections, road
occupancy and the introduction of business intelligence (BI) are planned. Currently, plans are
underway to create a district packed with modern technology.
Jablonec nad Nisou

There is no IS for Smart Cities in Jablonec nad Nisou. This city does not plan to implement the
Smart City concept.

Jihlava
The city of Jihlava operates Smart Cities focused mainly on mobility, specifically on car transport,
parking policy, public and intermodal transport, cycling, pedestrian transport, basic
communication network, urban logistics and goods transport. Mobility is closely related to
ecology, within which Jihlava is concerned with the cleanliness of vehicles and public spaces.
These measures should be implemented by the end of 2030. Implementing these measures will
make a functioning transport system accessible to all residents and safe while creating a healthier
and more liveable environment in the city.
Karlovy Vary
Karlovy Vary operates an information system for Smart Cities. This website mainly focuses on
mobility, specifically car transport, parking policy, public transport, cycling, pedestrian transport,
basic communication network, urban logistics and freight transport. Mobility is closely related to
ecology, within which Jihlava deals with clean vehicles and public space. The city’s website with
a suitable address is almost identical to the Jihlava city website.
Kladno
Kladno has become a smart city for the future in 2020 and operates an IS called Safe Kladno. It
entered two of its projects in the prestigious competition. The city presented its vision of a Positive
Energy District (PED) to an expert jury as part of the international SPARCS project and the Invipo
Smart Cities platform. The Smart City platform, which combines data from city systems, won in its
category. Other projects implemented in the city include the incorporation of cameras and
sensors in parking spaces that send information about parking spaces, sensors that check if
containers are full, as well as a tracking device that displays the route that is currently being
cleaned, smart bus stops equipped with LEDs and access to free Wi-Fi on public transport.
Mladá Boleslav
The city of Mladá Boleslav has a strategic plan. The strategic plan deals mainly with the issues of
spatial planning, environment, leisure activities, traffic situation and changes in the population
composition. The general objective of Mladá Boleslav is to create an industrial centre with quality
conditions and an environment for permanent housing.
Olomouc
There are no IS Smart Cities for the city of Olomouc. According to the information provided,
Olomouc lags in the possibilities of implementing Smart Cities. It is assumed that the University of
Olomouc will help with this issue. Examples include price map analysis, parking mapping, cultural
and creative industries mapping, botanical garden mapping portals and sports hall visualisation.
Prostejov
The city of Prostejov has an official website but no IS for Smart Cities. The official website displays
information in the form of a smart city manual, which presents the implemented innovative
measures and projects that will be addressed in the future. Examples are green building, quality
architecture (aesthetic), smart green and water management, smart urban planning, smart
management and transport systems, electromobility and alternative drives, green and efficient
waste management, security and e-Government.

Přerov
The city of Přerov addresses mobility issues on its official website. As part of implementing the
Smart City concept, projects aimed at eliminating noise and vibration from traffic, reducing
accidents and improving safety, infrastructure and vehicle fleet, mobility and traffic behaviour,
and emissions and transport emissions are planned. In addition to mobility, health and active
mobility, space issues (housing) and improving satisfaction and quality of life are included. The
City of Přerov does not operate the IS for Smart Cities.
Pardubice
The implementation of the Smart City concept is at a high level. The City of Pardubice is a
statutory city of the Pardubice Region. There is no IS for Smart Cities for the city of Pardubice.
Partial information is displayed on the official website of the City of Pardubice. The IS focused on
Smart Cities is operated by the Pardubice Region. The website is modern, regularly updated and
contains sufficient information.
Zlín
Zlín is a regional town of the Zlín Region. The city focuses mainly on sustainable urban mobility. The
city’s official website only publishes information about preparing the Smart Cities strategic plan.
Pilsen
The Regional City of Pilsen operates the IS for Smart Cities. The IS contains all the categories that a
Smart Cities website should contain. These classes are mobility, smart living, smart economy,
clean environment, smart people and smart public administration. In Pilsen, projects have been
implemented on air purifiers for schools and kindergartens, electromobility, shared scooters, smart
parking, the development of a custom drone for emergency services, etc. The approach to the
Smart City concept is modern, up-to-date and contains relevant information.
Prague
The City of Prague has a sophisticated and implemented Smart City concept and operates IS.
The IS contains all relevant categories aligned with the above cross-cutting themes and
fundamental pillars according to the selected criteria. The information is up-to-date and clear.
• DISCUSSION
Based on the acquired results, RQ1, RQ2 and RQ3 can be answered. It is apparent, that the
information systems of all statutory cities and regions do not contain relevant information.
Moreover, the information systems for Smart Cities do not contain information related to crisis
management in the vast majority. Last but not least, information systems for Smart Cities in
statutory cities and regions do not contain all relevant and comprehensive information for citizens
in crisis management [30]. Because of global weather changes, the increase in new diseases and
the increase in crises, it is imperative that citizens are informed in real-time so that they receive
the necessary information related to the occurrence of emergencies or crises. At the same time,
information systems for Smart Cities must contain comprehensive information for all residents in
cities and towns. Based on the research according to the established criteria and the results
found, the content sections for Smart City information systems were suitably designed through
graphical diagrams. These graphical designs are elaborated on in the next chapter.

Although the overall concept corresponds to generally accepted views on Smart Cities
associated with emergency management [31], social media [32] or selected issues related to the
protection of residents, such as privacy [33,34] or security [35], the provision of public order are
not included in any Smart City information systems operated at the regional level.
A partial mention of safety was addressed within the framework of a separate project of the
Police of the Czech Republic in the Central Bohemian Region entitled “Safe Central Bohemian
Region”, which included the preparation of a publication entitled “How to create a safe city”
and also the creation of a website that includes all relevant information focused on the safety of
residents by the Smart City concept.
One of the key technical attributes of smart cities is the deployment of many sensors for data
collection to enable intelligent real-time decision making for various city functions and citizen
needs. Much of the data has strict security requirements because it is private to citizens or
sensitive to critical infrastructure [36].
Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that information systems for Smart Cities
in the Czech Republic are gradually being introduced and expanded with relevant functionalities
in the form of additional modules containing information for cities, municipalities and residents.
The greatest emphasis is placed on information systems for Smart Cities operated at the regional
level, as the regions ensure mutual coordination of cities, municipalities and emergency services
in ensuring the protection of citizens and public order.
The design of the content part of the Smart City information system should focus on the
information that should be provided to citizens, cities and municipalities. It can be viewed from
different angles. Cities and municipalities vary in size, population, financial budget and strategic
location from region to region. Smaller municipalities with populations in the E2 or E1 categories
(up to 5000 inhabitants) will have different information than municipalities with higher populations
in the A or B categories (40–150,000 or over 150,000 inhabitants). Based on these principles and
the established criteria in the broader context according to which the research was carried out,
content areas (elements and modules) thematically focused on the field of information
technology were proposed, which should be part of the information systems for Smart Cities.
When developing the content of the information systems, it was necessary to divide the design
into a part consisting of technologies and information for cities and municipalities and a part
consisting of technologies and information for citizens. Furthermore, it is necessary to divide the
Smart Cities technologies that can be implemented in cities and municipalities into two parts: a
part aimed at all cities and municipalities and a part aimed at regional and larger cities with a
population of more than 10,000.
All municipalities and towns (including the smallest ones) in the region should have access to
information for the implementation of the following areas:
• Smart water management;

• Public safety;
• Smart lighting;
• Smart waste management;
• Education;
• Digitisation of public administration.

The technologies that cities are implementing are financially, staff-, and organisationally
demanding and smaller cities or municipalities cannot implement some technologies due to
insufficient financial budgets. Based on the lack of a financial budget, selected technologies
within the Smart City concept can be implemented mainly in cities with more than 10,000
inhabitants. These financially demanding investments include, in particular, technologies related
to:
• Smart parking;
• Camera system;
• Emission reduction technologies;
• Environmental insulation of buildings.
Below are examples of information that could provide thematic information to citizens, towns and
cities:
• A complete overview of smart projects implemented in the city.

• Up-to-date information from each city.
• News about smart solutions in cities—examples of implemented projects.
• The ability to quickly communicate important information to citizens.
• City Plans.
• Information about transport in each city.
• An indicator of the use of individual roads and intersections in the city.
• Weather information for cities.
• Important links to the city administration.
• Possibility to visit the office electronically.
• Opportunity for citizens to submit their ideas for a smart city project.
A proposal for the content of the information that should be provided to cities, municipalities and
residents is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Information for cities, municipalities and citizens.

An integral part of the information provided through the information systems should be a section
that provides citizens with up-to-date information on emergency or crisis events or current safety
and public order.
To cope with unexpected and potentially dangerous emergencies, several Smart city initiatives
that address various aspects of emergency detection, warning and mitigation have been
established. During emergencies or crises, information for citizens is fragmented through different
communication channels or official websites of counties, cities and municipalities.

Citizens do not have up-to-date access to this important information. Information related to crisis
management should be implemented and supported in all information systems for Smart Cities
because, as the global pandemic COVID-19 has shown, this information was most important for
citizens during unexpected and unusual circumstances.
The proposal for the content part of the Smart City Information System, following Pillar 1 of the
Smart City concept, and its fourth part, “Rapid Response—An Integrated Approach to
Resilience”, includes five sub-objectives. These objectives are further elaborated into sub-type
measures that introduce innovative elements into Smart Cities to enhance public safety and
public space security in crisis management.
The sub-objectives of the first pillar and its fourth part have been defined:
• Developing the concept of integrated security at horizontal and vertical levels.

• Preparedness of cities, municipalities and regions for emergencies (floods, fires, and
droughts).
• Systematic and efficient integration and sharing of collected data between
municipalities, cities and counties, including testing innovative security technologies.
• Mutual coordination of municipalities, cities and regions with emergency services to
reduce risks in the event of disruption of critical infrastructure elements (interruption of
energy, water or raw material supplies, etc.).
• We are increasing the technical level of IT interconnectivity for the operational
management of natural disasters and accidental high-impact events (environmental
safety, terrorist acts, etc.).
Based on the conducted research and the findings, the following areas of information were
proposed for the Smart City information system with a focus on crisis management. A schematic
representation is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Rapid Response—graphical diagram for the content part of the information system with a focus on crisis
management.

• A single platform for informing the public in the event of emergencies.
• Online information from cameras placed around the town and village.
• Crime prevention map.
• Information on crisis management for citizens.
• Crisis management information from the county for cities and towns.
• Citizen comments to improve safety in the city.
• Statistical data—data from the regional data portal.
• Digital technical maps.
• Crisis management education.
• Current police information—accidents, etc.
• Current information about the fire brigade—fires and events.
• Freely available police information system for citizens.
• Important contacts for the police, fire and ambulance services.
• Strategic documents of the region related to crisis management.
• More information on crisis management.
The implementation strategy, which has been applied in several cities for several years, is
insufficient. This is closely correlated with the natural spread of innovation from cities to their
suburbs and rural areas. The use of smart elements in rural development is now called a Smart
Village, and the conceptual development of a coherent region is called a Smart Region. The
Smart Village concept combines different technologies to reduce negative environmental
impacts and offer citizens a better quality of life. Creating a Smart Village is a multidisciplinary
solution that engages village administrators, innovative suppliers, policymakers at the national
and EU levels, academia and civil society [37]. Rural issues are also mentioned in Smart City
concepts [25,38]. As municipalities and cities belong to regions in terms of the state structure, this
issue is included in the overall Smart City concept.
The expansion of information systems for Smart Cities by implementing new modules and
functionalities has the potential to improve the quality of living of inhabitants in cities and
municipalities. There are recommendations at hand which suggest modules that should be
available for users or decision-makers [39]. Moreover, with innovative IoT elements and next-
generation networks (e.g., 5G), the comfort of services provided in towns and cities gradually
increases. These technical elements represent an important component which residents can use
when searching for publicly available information via mobile devices in real-time. As IoT
applications are mostly used without human involvement, different IoT devices are
interconnected and communicate with each other for different tasks in the Smart City concept
[40]. However, many municipalities, cities and counties currently do not have sufficient funds for
upgrading and developing innovative technologies. The concept of Smart Cities is very broad
and includes many topics suitable for further professional research and discussion. It always
depends on the problem currently being addressed in this area; related to the proliferation of
cloud systems, the issue of security management, which includes process components related to
information accuracy and completeness, is closely associated [41].
With the increase in population, problems related to transportation systems, such as limited
parking facilities, congestion, traffic rules and road safety, are increasing daily [42].
Similarly, Smart City concepts and their information systems are used in a Building Information
Modeling environment with smart buildings and structures. Building Information Modeling
performance describes how to measure the capability and maturity of a building project or entity
in terms of development, use and evaluation [43].

However, in the context of this paper, research was conducted on information systems for Smart
Cities in selected cities and all regions in the Czech Republic to map the information provided to
residents of all ages with a focus on crisis management. Based on the conducted research, it was
found that the information systems for Smart Cities in statutory cities and regions contain mostly
irrelevant and incomplete information. At the same time, an analysis of strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats (SWOT) was performed, which considers other possible issues for
discussion and further research that could be focused on another sub-component of the
research in the information systems for Smart Cities. The results are presented in Table 6. In order to
effectively inform residents of all age groups, Smart City information systems need to be
appropriately updated in terms of information content.
• CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the research carried out in this article was to analyse and compare existing
information systems for Smart Cities in selected cities and regions in the Czech Republic. The study
revealed that in the sample of selected cities, up to one-third of the statutory cities do not meet
the set criteria, and the remaining cities have partially implemented the Smart City concept but
do not operate any information system for Smart Cities. If they exist, the information systems for
Smart Cities contain inhomogeneous information irrelevant to the inhabitants, cities and
municipalities. Information systems in web presentations contain and display fragmented and
inconsistent information, often on an unsupported solution from an application point of view. That
is why, based on the conducted research and according to suitably defined criteria, a generic
scheme was created to supplement the existing information systems for Smart Cities with relevant
information related to crisis management and modern technologies. This study proposes content
for both the existing and prospective information systems for Smart Cities so that residents can be
effectively and easily informed about current issues by cities, municipalities and regions’
representatives.
While applying the scheme at the regional level, all but two regions operate a Smart City
information system even though the information displayed is insufficient for residents. The
information systems operated by only four regions can be considered well-designed information
systems for Smart Cities. However, even these cities and regions do not provide the necessary
information for residents related to crisis management.
The Integrated Rescue System coordinates with municipalities and towns within the regions to
protect the population and ensure public order. The development and gradual expansion and
supplementation of information in information systems for Smart Cities is recommended from the
national level through strategic and development documents or other concepts. Due to the
development of information technology, mobile applications and the Internet of Things, it can be
expected that information systems for Smart Cities will gradually be expanded and suitably
updated with missing information. More emphasis will be placed on crisis management, as the
global COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted major shortcomings in information technology and
systems related to citizen information.
The research and comparisons bring additional issues to the area under study that must be
addressed in the following years. The results of the conducted research focused on analysing and
comparing information systems for Smart Cities in cities and regions in the Czech Republic based
on the established criteria elaborated on this minimally unresolved and very topical issue. The
applied methodology is described in detail, hence the replication on a sample of other cities or in
different countries would be beneficial and contribute to improvement of the generic models
which resulted from this study.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, remote site analysis tools have emerged as indispensable assets in the field of
architecture, offering architects a powerful means to gather, analyze, and interpret data about
sites with greater efficiency and precision. These tools, encompassing a variety of technologies
such as satellite imagery, LiDAR, thermal imaging, and drones, have revolutionized the traditional
approaches to site analysis.
The ability to remotely assess topography, land use patterns, environmental conditions, and other
critical factors allows architects to make well-informed decisions at the earliest stages of a
project. This enhanced understanding of the site contributes to the development of more
contextually responsive and sustainable designs.
Moreover, the integration of remote sensing technologies into architectural workflows enables
architects to explore and visualize sites in three dimensions, providing a comprehensive view that
was previously challenging to achieve. This newfound perspective allows for more accurate site
modeling, improved spatial planning, and optimized building placement.
Remote site analysis tools also play a pivotal role in addressing contemporary challenges such as
climate change, urbanization, and environmental sustainability. Architects can leverage these
tools to assess the impact of these factors on a site, helping to design structures and spaces that
are resilient and adaptive to changing conditions.
However, as with any technological advancement, challenges remain, including data

interpretation, accuracy, and the need for continuous updates. Overcoming these challenges
will require ongoing collaboration between architects, remote sensing experts, and technology
developers.
In the future, the evolution of remote site analysis tools is likely to be marked by advancements in
artificial intelligence and machine learning, further automating data processing and analysis. This,
in turn, will empower architects to delve deeper into complex datasets and extract valuable
insights that can inform innovative and sustainable design solutions.
In essence, remote site analysis tools have become integral components of the modern
architect's toolkit, providing a gateway to a more holistic and data-driven approach to design.
As technology continues to progress, architects should embrace these tools as catalysts for
creativity, efficiency, and the creation of environments that harmonize with their natural and built
surroundings.

RECOMMENDATION
Establishing a comprehensive remote site analysis toolkit for architecture involves selecting a
combination of tools and technologies that align with your project's goals and constraints. Here
are recommendations to help you establish an effective set of remote site analysis tools:
1. Define Project Goals and Requirements: Clearly define the objectives of your project and the
specific requirements for remote site analysis. Understand the key factors that need to be
analyzed, such as topography, land use, environmental conditions, and community dynamics.
2. Select Remote Sensing Platforms: Choose appropriate remote sensing platforms based on the
scale and nature of your project. First, Satellite Imagery Platforms, Google Earth Pro, Sentinel Hub,
or commercial satellite data providers for high-resolution satellite imagery. Second, Aerial
Imagery Drones: DJI, Parrot, or other drones equipped with cameras for capturing detailed aerial
imagery and lastly Lidar Technology: Consider using Lidar data for accurate terrain modeling,
especially for projects requiring precise elevation information.
GIS Software Integration:
3. Weather and Climate Data Sources: Access historical weather and climate data. Incorporate
historical weather and climate data to understand seasonal variations and potential
environmental challenges affecting the site.
4. Develop a Systematic Workflow: Establish a systematic workflow for data acquisition,

processing, and analysis. Clearly define roles and responsibilities within your team to ensure a
smooth and organized process.
5. Documentation and Reporting: Establish a clear documentation process for the tools used,
methodologies applied, and analysis results. This documentation will be valuable for project
records and future reference.

REFERENCES
Dibs, H., Al-Ansari, N., Laue, J. (2023, May) Analysis of Remotely Sensed Imagery and Architecture
Environment for Modelling 3D Detailed Buildings Using Geospatial Techniques.
Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=125401
Yazdi, H., Berenji, S., Ludwig, F., Moazen S. (2022, October 12) Deep Learning in Historical
Architecture Remote Sensing: Automated Historical Courtyard House Recognition in Yazd, Iran
Retrieved from
https://www.mdpi.com/25719408/5/4/159?fbclid=IwAR1y8Ua2rsIyiizSPEGTVUmfpNadWUM6BPAWi
S9XBeT796knpbZ-3-i7SFE
Ergen, Y. and Ergen, M. (2013, July 01) Application of Geographical Information System to the
Analysis of Urban Green Areas in Urban Development Plans – A Case Study of Zonguldak, Turkey
Retrieved from https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45432
Bowes, P. (2019, May 1) CASE STUDY: HOW BRINDISI, ITALY IS USING GIS TO HELP PRESERVE ITS
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
Retrieved from https://www.geographyrealm.com/case-study-how-brindisi-italy-is-using-gis-to-
help-preserve-its-ancient-architecture/
Tobey, M., Binder, R., Yoshida, T., Yamagata, Y. (2019, October 11) Urban Systems Design Case
Study: Tokyo’s Sumida Ward
Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6511/2/4/28
Bůbravová, H., and Bureš, V. (2023, Octotber 23)

Smart City Information Systems: Research on Information Published for Citizens and Design of
Effective Content in the Czech Republic
Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6511/6/5/133


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Republic of the Philippines

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

TITLE: REMOTE SITE ANALYSIS TOOLS

DATE GIVEN: 01-31-2024

SUBMITTED ON TIME LATE SUBMITTED

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1.2. The Historical Architecture of Iran

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Figure 3. The central courtyard of a historical house in Iran (Sajad Moazen).

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1.4. Research Goals

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2.1. Airborne and Satellite Data

2.2. Deep Learning Workflow

2.3. Data Gathering and Annotation

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Figure 7. Some samples of the labeled dataset; (a) historical labeled

2.4. Convolutional Neural Networks

Figure 8. One of the earliest convolutional neural networks

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Figure 9. Nine layers, which are used in our CNN

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2.6. Network Architecture

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• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 11. Training accuracy and validation accuracy for 100

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ANALYSIS OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY AND ARCHITECTURE

1.1. Generating Digital Surface Models

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1.2. DSM with Computer Vision

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Figure 1. The flow chart of 3D mode and DSM methodology.

2.1. Study Area Description

2.2. The Used Datasets

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Figure 2. Faculty of engineering location.

Figure 3. The faculty of engineering’s worldview-3 satellite image.

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• SATELLITE IMAGE CORRECTIONS

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Figure 5. The corrected satellite image.

Figure 6. Faculty of engineering digitizing processing.

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Figure 7. The DSM Faculty of engineering .

Figure 8. The detailed 3D buildings model of engineering

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A geographic information system (GIS) is a

GIS can use any information that includes

With GIS technology, people can compare the

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APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TO THE

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This part of article is developed from Mustafa ERGEN`s PhD dissertation