Nov 18,2024 Parishrama Basic Model Answers

Parishrama Basic-2024
NOV 18-2024
Q1) Discuss the various factors resulting in tribal unrest in various parts of India. (15m)(2018)
A) Tribal unrest in India is a complex phenomenon that stems from a range of factors that are political,
economic, social, and cultural in nature. According to S. C. Sinha, Tribal movements arise our of
Ecological-Cultural isolation, Economic Backwardness and a feel8ng of frustration vis-a-vis advanced
sections.
Factors resulting in tribal unrest in various parts of India
 Land Disputes: Land acquisition for development projects like dams, mining, and highways has led to
displacement of these communities and also have resulted in loss of livelihoods. For example, the
displacement of the Adivasi communities in the Narmada Valley due to the construction of the Sardar
Sarovar Dam resulted in protests.
 Inadequate representation: Tribal communities feel excluded from mainstream politics and are
underrepresented in decision-making bodies. For example, the proposed construction of a dam on the
Subansiri River in Assam has faced protests from tribal communities such as Mising community who
were not consulted in the decision-making process.
Ethnic conflict: Tension between tribal and non-tribal communities due to resource competition,
political representation, and cultural differences can lead to tribal unrest. For example, the Bodo-
Santali clashes in Assam were sparked by tensions over land and political representation, resulting in
violence and displacement.
 Cultural Identity: The imposition of mainstream culture and values has often been seen as a threat to
the cultural identity of tribal communities, resulting in resistance and protests. For example, the
banning of the traditional buffalo race, Kambala, in Karnataka led to protests by the local community
who viewed it as an attack on their cultural identity.
The Xaxa Committee Report (2014) recommended several measures to address these challenges, such
as recognizing community forest rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006), promoting traditional
livelihoods, improving access to basic services like healthcare and education, and safeguarding tribal
cultures and languages to ensure their preservation and growth.
Conclusion: The recommendations of the Xaxa Committee highlight the importance of recognizing and
addressing the root causes of tribal unrest in India. A comprehensive approach that takes into account
the political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of the issue is necessary to ensure the
protection of the rights and interests of tribal populations. Implementation of the Xaxa Committee's
recommendations can help address the historical injustices faced by tribal communities in India and
promote their development and well-being.
Q2) Relevance of tribal Panchsheel today. (10m) (2015)
A) The Tribal Panchsheel, enunciated by India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, is a set of
guiding principles aimed at ensuring the welfare and development of tribal communities while
preserving their identity and autonomy. Despite being introduced decades ago, these principles
remain relevant as they address key aspects of inclusive and culturally sensitive development.
Principles of Tribal Panchsheel and Their Modern Relevance:
1. Respect for Tribal Culture and Traditions:
Relevance Today: The principle of respecting tribal culture and traditions is vital in the face of
globalization and homogenization. Today, efforts to preserve indigenous knowledge, practices, and
heritage are increasingly recognized as crucial for maintaining cultural diversity.
Initiatives such as the Forest Rights Act (2006) align with this principle by acknowledging the traditional
rights of tribal communities over their land and resources.
2. Non-imposition of Alien Values:
Relevance Today: This principal advocates against imposing external cultural or economic models on
tribal societies. It is relevant as developmental programs and industrial projects continue to be
launched in tribal areas. Respecting this principle ensures that development projects are adapted to
meet the unique socio-cultural context of tribal communities, thereby reducing conflicts and
promoting sustainable growth.
3. Development Through Tribal Participation:
Relevance Today: Participatory development is a crucial aspect of modern governance and aligns with
the Panchsheel's emphasis on involving tribal communities in decision-making processes. This principle
is echoed in contemporary policies that stress the importance of community involvement for
successful implementation. For instance, the PESA Act (1996) empowers Gram Sabhas to take
decisions about local governance, making development more inclusive and aligned with tribal
interests.
4. Safeguarding Land Rights:
Relevance Today: Land continues to be a central issue for tribal communities, with land acquisition for
industrial and developmental projects often leading to displacement. The Tribal Panchsheel’s principle
of safeguarding tribal land rights is highly relevant today, emphasizing the need to balance
development with the rights and welfare of indigenous people. The Forest Rights Act (2006) has been a
significant step in this direction, recognizing the rights of tribes to live and cultivate in forest areas.
5. Protection Against Economic Exploitation:
Relevance Today: Economic exploitation through practices such as unfair wages and unsustainable
resource extraction remains a significant issue for tribal communities. The Tribal Panchsheel calls for
safeguarding tribal interests against exploitation, a principle reflected in the push for ethical and
sustainable practices in industries operating in tribal regions.
Conclusion: The Tribal Panchsheel principles are not only historical artifacts but continue to be guiding
values for contemporary tribal policies and development frameworks. By adhering to these principles,
modern governance can ensure that tribal communities are empowered, their rights protected, and
their cultural identity preserved amidst changing socio-economic landscapes.

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Parishrama Basic-2024

Factors resulting in tribal unrest in various parts of India

Q2) Relevance of tribal Panchsheel today. (10m) (2015)

Principles of Tribal Panchsheel and Their Modern Relevance:

1. Respect for Tribal Culture and Traditions:

2. Non-imposition of Alien Values:

4. Safeguarding Land Rights:

5. Protection Against Economic Exploitation:

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