This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E164 − 19

Standard Practice for

Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonic A-scan 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
examination of specific weld configurations joining wrought E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
ferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld disconti- Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
nuities (see Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed waves without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
is specified. Manual techniques are described employing con- E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
tact of the search unit through a couplant film or water column. Testing
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
1.2 This practice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, or E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
both, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Prac-
tices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot welds 2.2 ASNT Document:3
are not included. The practice is intended to be used on Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
iTeh Standards
thicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm).
NOTE 1—This practice is based on experience with ferrous and
2.3 ANSI/ASNT Standard:3
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
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aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this
practice provided reference standards can be developed that demonstrate
that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.4 ISO Standards:4
ultrasonic beam.
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NOTE 2—For additional pertinent information see Practice E317,
Terminology E1316, and Practice E587.
ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipment
for Ultrasonic Examination
ISO 9712 Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
ASTM E164-19 2.5 AIA Standard:5
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
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conversions to SI units that are provided for information only Testing Personnel
and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of welds
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- described in this practice are intended to provide a means of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- weld examination for both internal and surface discontinuities
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. within the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice is
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- limited to the examination of specific weld geometries in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- wrought or forged material.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Ultrasonic Method. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
5
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published March 2019. Originally Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E164 – 13. DOI: Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
10.1520/E0164-19.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 E164 − 19
3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weld standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in
examination for internal and surface discontinuities and are the contractual agreement between the using parties.
well suited to the task of in-process quality control. The 4.1.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
practice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuities in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
that present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam. and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-
Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porosity cable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the
and slag inclusions must be critically evaluated. contractual agreement.
3.3 When ultrasonic examination is used as a basis of 4.1.3 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and
acceptance of welds, there should be agreement between the techniques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractual
manufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific reference agreement.
standards and limits to be used. Examples of reference stan- 4.1.4 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination surface
dards are given in Section 7. A detailed procedure for weld preparation criteria shall be in accordance with 8.1.2 unless
examination describing allowable discontinuity limits should otherwise specified.
be written and agreed upon.
4.1.5 Timing of Examination—The timing of examination
4. Basis of Application shall be after weld completion and surface preparation and
when the surface temperature has reached ambient temperature
4.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
unless otherwise specified.
ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.
4.1.1 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contrac- 4.1.6 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination
tual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this shall be in accordance with Table 1 unless otherwise specified.
standard shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or 4.1.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting
internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification prac- criteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with
tice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, 12.1 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are
ISO 9712, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the not specified in this standard, they shall be specified in the

iTeh Standards
employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or contractual agreement.

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TABLE 1 Procedures Recommended for Common Weld Configurations

Less than 1⁄2 in. ⁄ to 11⁄2 in.

12
Weld Throat Thickness
11⁄2 to 21⁄2 in. 21⁄2 to 5 in. 5 to 8 in.
Weld Type
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(12 mm)
Primary
Top
1⁄ 4
(12 to 38 mm)
Primary Top 1⁄4
(38 to 63 mm)
Primary Top 1⁄4
(63 to 127 mm)
Primary Top 1⁄4
(127 to 200 mm)
Primary Top 1⁄4
Butt:
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 70 or 60 45 or 60 70, 60, or 45 45 or 60 60 or 45 45 or 60 60 or 45 45
Suggested techniqueA 1, (2 or 3) ASTM E164-19
11 1, (2 or 3)
1, (2 or 3) 1 1, (2 or 3), 4 1 1, (2 or 3), 4 1

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Tee:
B
Face A :
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 or 60 70, 60, or 45 60 or 45 45
Suggested technique 5 5 5 5, 4 5, 4
Face BB :
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 or 60 70, 60, or 45 60 or 45 45
Suggested technique 5 5 5 5, 4 5, 4
Face CB :
Recommended angle, deg straight, 70 straight (70 or 45) straight, 45 straight, 45 straight, 45
Suggested technique 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7
Corner:
Face AC :
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 or 60 70, 60, or 45 60 or 45 45
Suggested technique 8 8 8 8 8
Face BC :
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 or 60 70, 60, or 45 60 or 45 45
Suggested technique 8 8 8 8 8
Face CC :
Recommended angle, deg straight straight straight straight straight
Suggested technique 9 9 9 9 9
Double Fillet Corner Weld:
Face AD :
Recommended angle, deg 45 45 45 45 45
Suggested technique 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11
Face BD :
Recommended angle, deg 45 45 45 45 45
Suggested technique 10,11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11
A
See Figs. Figs. 2-11 for illustration of the techniques listed below.
B
Faces A, B, and C for tee welds are shown in Fig. 6.
C
Faces A, B, and C for corner welds are shown in Fig. 9.
D
Faces A and B for double fillet corner welds are shown in Fig. 11.

2
 E164 − 19
4.1.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items— an extensive bibliography can be found in a published reference.6
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in 7.1.1 Only blocks fully meeting all the requirements of
this standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac- ISO 2400 should be referred to as IIW reference blocks.
tual agreement. 7.1.2 Blocks qualified to certain other national standards
may also satisfy all the requirements of ISO 2400 but have
5. Search Units additional features.
5.1 Angle-Beam requirements for angle-beam search units 7.1.3 The term IIW Block Type I should be used only to
are determined by the examination variables. The examination describe blocks meeting the standard cited. The term IIW Block
procedure should be established by taking into consideration Type II is reserved for the miniature angle-beam block recog-
variables such as weld thickness, available surface, maximum nized by ISO.
allowable flaw size, flaw orientation, and the acoustic proper- 7.1.4 All other blocks derived from the basic ISO 2400
ties of the material. Consideration should also be given to the configuration, but not fully meeting all its requirements should
desirability of using comparable wave lengths within the be referred to as IIW-Type blocks.
materials where both a longitudinal-wave examination and an 7.1.5 Suppliers and users of such blocks should identify the
angle-beam shear-wave examination are employed. This can be specifications which are met, or provide detailed documenta-
accomplished by conducting the straight-beam (longitudinal- tion.
wave) examination at approximately two times the frequency 7.1.6 Because of the possible differences noted, not all
of the angle-beam (shear-wave) examination. IIW-type blocks may be suited for every application for which
5.2 Frequencies of 1.0 to 5 MHz are generally employed for qualified ISO 2400 blocks may be acceptable.
angle-beam (shear-wave) and for straight-beam (longitudinal- 7.1.7 Unless the blocks have also been checked by pre-
wave) examination. scribed ultrasonic procedures, they may also produce non-
uniform or misleading results.
5.3 Transducer sizes recommended for weld examination
range from a minimum of 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) diameter or 1⁄4 in. 7.2 Distance Standardization:
square to 1 in. (25.4 mm) square or 11⁄8 in. (28.6 mm) diameter. 7.2.1 An equal-radius reflecting surface subtending an arc

iTeh Standards
of 90° is recommended for distance standardization because it
6. Standardization is equally responsive to all beam angles. Other reflector
configurations may be used. Equal-radius reflecting surfaces
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6.1 Two methods of angle-beam standardization are in
are incorporated into IIW-Type Blocks and several other
general use: the polar, and the rectangular, coordinate methods.
reference blocks (see Annex A1) (Note 3). Distance standard-
6.1.1 The polar coordinate method requires measurements
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of the beam centerline at the search unit/work interface and the
beam angle in a reference block, and the instrument sweep is
ization on a square-notch corner reflector with a depth of 1 to
3 % of thickness may be used. However, full beam reflections
from the square corner of the block will produce erroneous
standardized along the beam line. Examination information is
results when standardizing angle beams near 60°, due to mode
graphically converted into position and depth coordinates ASTMfor E164-19
conversion. The square corner of the block should not be used
reflector location. The polar method is detailed in Annex A1.
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6.1.2 The rectangular coordinate method requires measure-
for distance standardization.
ment of the position of the reflector from the front of the search NOTE 4—Small errors of beam index location are indigenous to the
unit, and the instrument sweep is standardized for depth to the standardization procedure using the an IIW-Type Block. Where extremely
accurate standardization is necessary, a procedure such as that outlined in
reflector as it is moved to different positions in the beam
7.2.2 should be used.
providing a distance-amplitude curve. Examination informa-
tion is read directly for position and depth to the reflector. The 7.2.2 For examination of welds, a side-drilled hole may be
rectangular coordinate method is detailed in Annex A2. used for distance, amplitude, position, and depth standardiza-
tion. An example is shown in Fig. 1. Move the reflector through
7. Reference Standards the beam to 1⁄8, 3⁄8, 5⁄8, 7⁄8, and 9⁄8 of the Vee path. Adjust the
delay to place indication 1 at sweep division 1. Adjust the
7.1 IIW-type reference blocks are a class of reference blocks
range to place indication 9 at sweep division 9. Since these
for checking and standardizing ultrasonic instrumentation,
controls interact, repeat the delay and range adjustments until
which meet the basic geometrical configuration described in
indications 1 and 9 are placed at sweep divisions 1 and 9.
ISO 2400 but which may deviate in such aspects as non-metric
Adjust sensitivity to provide an 80 % screen height signal from
dimensioning, alternate materials, additional reflectors, and
the highest of the 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 indications. At this sensitivity,
differences of scale details. IIW-type blocks are primarily
mark the maximum amplitudes on the screen from the reflector
intended for characterizing and calibrating angle-beam
at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Connect these points for the distance
systems, but also provide features for such uses as straight-
amplitude curve (DA Curve). Corner reflections from the hole
beam resolution and sensitivity checks.
to the surface may be observed at 4 and 8 divisions on the
NOTE 3—Discussion of the differences among various versions of sweep; these indications will not be used in the DA Curve.
“IIW-Type” reference blocks, illustrations of typical configurations, and Measure the position of the reflector on the surface from the

6
Hotchkiss, F. H. C., “Guide to designs of IIW-type blocks,” NDT International,
Vol 23, No. 6, December 1990, pp. 319-331.

3
 E164 − 19
ground to provide a flat scanning surface. It is important to
produce a surface that is as flat as possible. Generally, the
surfaces do not require polishing; light sanding with a disk or
belt sander will usually provide a satisfactory surface for
examination.
8.1.3 The area of the base material through which the sound
will travel in the angle-beam examination should be com-
pletely scanned with a straight-beam search unit to detect
reflectors that might affect the interpretation of angle-beam
results by obstructing the sound beam. Consideration must be
given to these reflectors during interpretation of weld exami-
nation results, but their detection is not necessarily a basis for
rejection of the base material.
FIG. 1 Side-Drilled Hole 8.2 Couplant:
8.2.1 A couplant, usually a liquid or semi-liquid, is required
front of the search unit to the surface projection of the hole between the face of the search unit and the surface to permit
centerline. Since the depth to the hole is known, the standard- transmission of the acoustic energy from the search unit to the
ization provides means for estimating the position, depth, and material under examination. The couplant should wet the
relative size of an unknown reflector. surfaces of the search unit and the piece, and eliminate any air
7.3 Sensitivity-Amplitude Standardization: space between the two. Typical couplants include water, oil,
7.3.1 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude stan- grease, glycerin, and cellulose gum. The couplant used should
dardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not vary not be injurious to the material to be examined, should form a
with beam angle when angle-beam examination is used. thin film, and, with the exception of water, should be used
Sensitivity-amplitude reference standards that accomplish this sparingly. When glycerin is used, a small amount of wetting

iTeh Standards
end are side-drilled holes parallel to the major surfaces of the agent is often added to improve the coupling properties. When
plate and perpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holes water is used, it should be clean and de-aerated if possible.
drilled at the examination angle, and equal-radius reflectors. Inhibitors or wetting agents, or both, may be used.
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Surface notches can also accomplish this end under some
circumstances. These reference reflectors are described in
8.2.2 The coupling medium should be selected so that its
viscosity is appropriate for the surface finish of the material to

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Table 2. be examined. The following list is presented as a guide:
7.3.2 Under certain circumstances, sensitivity-amplitude Roughness Average Equivalent Couplant
standardization must be corrected for coupling variations (Ra µin.) Viscosity

(Section 8) and distance amplitude effects (Section 9). 5 to 100 SAE 10 wt. motor oil
ASTM E164-19 50 to 200 SAE 20 wt. motor oil
8. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/2395399c-429d-4663-a254-00719c53f84f/astm-e164-19
Coupling Conditions 80 to 600 glycerin
100 to 400 SAE 30 wt. motor oil
8.1 Preparation:
8.1.1 Where accessible, prepare the surface of the deposited 8.2.3 In performing the examination, it is important that the
weld metal so that it merges into the surfaces of the adjacent same couplant, at the same temperature, be used for comparing
base materials; however, the weld may be examined in the the responses between the standardization blocks and the
as-welded condition, provided the surface condition does not production material. Attenuation in couplants and wedge ma-
interfere with valid interpretation of indications. terials varies with temperature so that a standardization per-
8.1.2 Ensure the scanning surfaces on the base material are formed in a comfortable room is not valid for examination of
free of weld spatter, scale, dirt, rust, and any extreme rough- either hotter or colder materials.
ness on each side of the weld for a distance equal to several
times the thickness of the production material, this distance to 9. Distance-Amplitude Correction
be governed by the size of the search unit and refracted angle 9.1 Use standardization blocks of similar surface finish,
of the sound beam. Where scanning is to be performed along nominal thickness, and metallurgically similar in terms of alloy
the top or across this weld, the weld reinforcement may be and thermal treatment to the weldment.

TABLE 2 Reference Reflectors and Their Attributes

Reference Reflector Attributes and Limitations
Side-drilled holes Easily manufactured and reproducible. Equally reflective to different beam angles.
However, they bear negligible size relationship to most critical flaws.

Flat-bottom hole at examination angle Difficult to manufacture and requires good angular agreement of drilled hole with
examination angle.

Surface notches Square notches simulate cracks at surface. V-notch half-angle should complement beam
angle for maximum response.

4
 E164 − 19
9.2 Alternative techniques of correction may be used pro-
vided the results are as reliable as those obtained by the
acceptable method. In addition, the alternative technique and
its equipment shall meet all the performance requirements of
this standard.
9.3 Reference Reflectors:
9.3.1 Straight-Beam Standardization—Correction for
straight-beam examination may be determined by means of a
side-drilled hole reflector at 1⁄4 and 3⁄4 of the thickness. For
thickness less than 2 in. (51 mm), the 1⁄4-thickness reflector FIG. 3 Supplementary Technique 2, for Examining Butt Welds for
Suspected Cross-Cracking when the Weld Bead is Ground Flush
may not be resolved. If this is the case, drill another hole at 1⁄2
thickness and use the 1⁄2 and 3⁄4-thickness reflectors for correc-
tion.
9.3.2 Angle-Beam Standardization—Correction for angle-
beam examination may be determined by means of side-drilled
hole reflectors at 1⁄4 and 3⁄4 of the thickness. The 1⁄2-thickness
depth to a side-drilled hole may be added to the standardization
or used alone at thicknesses less than 1 in. (25.4 mm).
9.4 Acceptable Techniques:
9.4.1 Distance-Amplitude Curve—This method makes use
of standardization blocks representing the minimum and maxi-
FIG. 4 Supplementary Technique 3, for Examining Butt Welds for
mum thickness to be examined. Additional standardization Suspected Cross-Cracking when the Weld Bead is not Ground
blocks of intermediate thicknesses can be used to obtain Flush
additional data points. The ultrasonic instrument, search unit,

iTeh Standards
angle beam wedge, and couplant used for the distance-
amplitude standardization must also be used for the weld
examination.
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9.4.1.1 Adjust the instrument to give an 80 % screen height
signal on the A-scan display from the highest amplitude

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obtained from the reference reflectors. Peak response from the
other reference reflectors with the same instrument settings,
and either record or mark on the screen the percent of screen
FIG. 5 Two-Search-Unit Technique 4, for Use with Thick Weld-
height of the indication.
ASTM
9.4.1.2 Then use these recorded percentages to draw a E164-19 ments

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distance-amplitude curve of percent screen height versus depth
or thickness on a chart or on the screen. During examination

FIG. 6 Technique 5, for Examining the Weld Volume of T-Welds

the distance amplitude curve may be used to estimate indica-

tion amplitude in percent of the DA Curve.
9.4.2 Electronic Distance Amplitude Correction or Time-
Corrected Gain—This method can be used only if the instru-
ment is provided with electronic distance amplitude compen-
sation circuitry. Use is made of all reflectors in the
standardization range. The equipment, search unit, couplant,
etc., to be used in the ultrasonic examination are to be used for
this attenuation adjustment.
9.4.2.1 Set the instrument to give a 50 % screen height
signal on the A-scan display from the reference reflector that
FIG. 2 Technique 1, for Examining Butt Welds with Angle Beams gives the highest amplitude.

5
 E164 − 19

FIG. 9 Technique 8, for Examining the Weld Volume of Double-

FIG. 7 Technique 6, for Examining the Fusion Zone of T-Welds Vee Corner Welds

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8(a) Technique 7, for
Searching T-Welds for Discontinuities

ASTM E164-19FIG. 10 Technique 9, for Examining the Fusion Zone of Double-

Vee Corner Welds
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10.1.1 Special attention should be given to curved or

contoured surfaces to ensure consistent ultrasonic beam entry
angle and adequate coupling. Examine circumferential welds
using Techniques 12 and 13 (Fig. 12 and Fig. 13); examine
longitudinal welds using Techniques 14 and 15 (Fig. 14 and
Fig. 15). Base choice of angle both on the radius of curvature
FIG. 8 (b) Alternative Technique 7, for Searching T-Welds for
Discontinuities
and the thickness of the material in order to provide a beam that
will travel through the material and reflect from the opposite
surface.
9.4.2.2 Peak the response from each reference reflector at 10.1.2 When more than one technique is given for a
other distances with the same instrument settings, adjusting the particular weld geometry or thickness, or both, the first
electronic distance amplitude correction controls to establish a technique is considered primary, while the additional tech-
50 % screen height signal from the reference reflector at each niques are supplementary and may be added to the examination
successive thickness. Means of accomplishing the equalization procedure.
of amplitude from equal-size reflectors over the distance range
11. Reflector Evaluation
is best described for each instrument in the operating manual
for that instrument. 11.1 Reflector Location—When distance standardization
has been achieved in accordance with 7.1, approximate reflec-
10. Examination Procedures tor location can be accomplished using the method of 7.1.2 or
10.1 Examination procedures recommended for common a chart of the type shown in Fig. 16.
weld configurations are detailed in Table 1. 11.2 Reflector Size and Orientation:

6
 E164 − 19

FIG. 11 Techniques 10 and 11, for Examining Full-Penetration

Double-Fillet Corner Welds NOTE 1—Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the
work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm).
FIG. 13 Supplementary Technique 13, for Examining Circumferen-
tial Welds, for Welds Ground Flush

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ASTM E164-19
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NOTE 1—Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the

work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm).
FIG. 12 Technique 12, for Examining Circumferential Welds
NOTE 1—Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the
work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm).
11.2.1 Geometrical Methods—Reflector length (L) 1⁄4 in. FIG. 14 Technique 14, for Examining Longitudinal Welds
(6.4 mm) minimum can be measured by determining the points
at which half (6 dB) of the amplitude is lost at the extremities
of the reflector and measuring between them. Reflector height
1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) minimum can be measured by determining based upon experience with actual flaws since artificially
∆ SR (the change in sweep reading) at which half (6 dB) of the produced reflectors are not always directly relatable to real flaw
amplitude is lost as the search unit (SU) is moved to and from shapes or sizes. For adversely oriented planar flaws, the
the reflector. The ∆ SR × 100 divided by tSR (through thick- amplitude may not indicate flaw severity.
ness sweep reading) approximates the reflector height in 11.3 Reflector Type—In addition to the evaluation of loca-
percent of thickness. Only the area of the reflector that reflects tion and size of reflectors, there are several other attributes
energy to the search unit is measured. See Fig. 17. This method which can be used to identify other types of reflectors. It must
is appropriate for reflectors with dimensions greater than the be emphasized that these methods are dependent on operator
beam diameter. For reflectors smaller than the beam, significant skill to such a degree that acceptance of welds based upon this
errors may occur. type of information alone is not recommended.
11.2.2 Amplitude Methods—Signal amplitude can be used 11.3.1 Reflector Orientation—Reflector orientation can be
as a measure of flaw severity. Amplitude evaluation should be deduced from relative signal amplitudes obtained from the

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 E164 − 19
11.3.2 Reflector Shape—Reflector shape and roughness will
result in a characteristic degree of sharpness of the A-scan
display deflection depending upon the nature of the flaw, the
instrument, and search-unit combination used.
12. Report
12.1 The contracting parties should determine the pertinent
items to be recorded. This may include the following informa-
tion:
12.1.1 Weld types and configurations examined, including
thickness dimensions. Descriptive sketches are usually recom-
mended.
12.1.2 Automatic flaw alarm or recording equipment, or
both, if used.
12.1.3 Special search units, wedges, shoes, or saddles, if
used.
12.1.4 Rotating, revolving scanning mechanisms, if used.
12.1.5 Stage of manufacture at which examination was
NOTE 1—Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the
work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm). made.
FIG. 15 Supplementary Technique 15, for Examining Longitudinal 12.1.6 Surface or surfaces from which the examination was
Welds, for Welds Ground Flush performed.
12.1.7 Surface finish.
12.1.8 Couplant.
12.1.9 Method used.
12.1.10 Technique used.
iTeh Standards 12.1.11 Description of the standardization method and
method of correlating indications with flaws.

(https://standards.iteh.ai) 12.1.12 Scanning parameters such as raster pitch and direc-

tion of beam.
12.1.13 Mode of transmission including longitudinal or
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12.1.14 Type and size of transducer.
12.1.15 Examination frequency.
ASTM E164-19 12.1.16 Instrument identification information.
12.1.17 Flaw description (depth, location, length, height,
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amplitude, and character).
12.1.18 Name of operator.
FIG. 16 Flaw Location Chart 12.1.19 Date of examination.
13. Keywords
reflector with the search unit placed at various locations on the 13.1 NDT of weldments; nondestructive testing; ultrasonic
weldment. An example is shown in Fig. 18. contact examination; ultrasonic NDT of weldments; weldments

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ASTM E164-19
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FIG. 18 Determination of Reflector Orientation

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WELDING (IIW) TYPE REFERENCE BLOCKS AND
OTHER REFERENCE BLOCKS FOR ULTRASONIC TESTING

A1.1 Purpose A1.1.1.3 Confirm the stability and proper operation of the
A1.1.1 IIW Type Reference Blocks—To facilitate the adjust- equipment, or
ment and standardization of ultrasonic flaw-detecting equip- A1.1.1.4 Determine probe characteristics, such as their
ment. The blocks can also be used to: sensitivity, and in the case of angle-beam search units, the
A1.1.1.1 Standardize the sweep length, location of the beam exit point (beam index), the path length in
A1.1.1.2 Adjust the pulse energy and amplification, the wedge, and the angle of refraction.

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A1.1.2 Supplementary Blocks—Blocks other than those de- caused by shear waves generated by the mode conversion of
rived from the IIW Reference Block 1, can be used for distance the longitudinal waves and other reflections.
and sensitivity standardization. For details, see A1.5. A1.3.2 Using an Angle-Beam Search Unit for a Sweep
A1.2 Description Length from 4 to 10 in. (100 to 250 mm):
A1.3.2.1 Place the search unit in the position indicated in
A1.2.1 The recommended configuration for an IIW-Type Fig. A1.5 and use the echoes obtained from the curved surface
reference block for use in this practice is shown in Fig. A1.1. with a radius of 4 in. (100 mm) and the groove with a radius of
Dimensions are given for a version in U.S. customary units, 1 in. (25 mm). The sweep-length setting most commonly used
and for a metric version based on IIW, ISO, and some national is 10 in. (250 mm), whereby the screen pattern must be
standards. Material must be selected by the using parties. standardized in such a way that the indication of the curved
Unless otherwise specified, a low carbon-steel such as UNS surface appears at 4 in. and the pulse indication of the groove
G10180 is suggested. An optional cylindrical acrylic plastic appears at 9 in. (225 mm). The indication from the curved
disk may be permanently mounted in the 2 in. (50 mm) surface will be at its maximum amplitude when the beam index
diameter hole; it is not required for this practice. coincides with the center point of the curvature; verify this by
NOTE A1.1—If the disk is provided it shall meet these requirements:
moving the search unit back and forth, parallel to the sides of
material—polymethylmethacrylate resin the reference block. In this case, the groove echo can be
thickness—0.920 6 0.005 in. (23 6 0.1 mm) received by slightly rotating the search unit. In most instances,
surfaces—polished, flat within 0.002 in. (0.5 mm) the initial pulse indication will appear to the left of the scale
one surface to be mounted flush with a block face zeropoint, caused by the delay in the wedge.
A1.3 Distance Standardization A1.3.2.2 It is also possible to standardize the time base for
shear waves for any material whose shear to longitudinal
A1.3.1 Straight-Beam Longitudinal Wave: velocity ratio is 0.55 by placing a straight-beam longitudinal-
A1.3.1.1 When standardizing the horizontal distance or wave search unit in the position indicated in Fig. A1.6. The
sweep-length scale, adjust the multiple echoes obtained from a multiple echoes obtained in this way will appear at distances

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known length of the reference block in such a way that the that coincide with a sound path of 2 in. (50 mm) for shear
leading edges of the echoes (the left-hand side) coincide with waves. If the sweep length is standardized in this manner, it is
the required divisions of the horizontal scale. In most instances, essential that subsequently the zeropoint be corrected if angle-
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utilization of the highest possible frequency is recommended to
produce sharp indications, thereby improving the accuracy of
beam search units are used, because of the time delay caused
by the wedge. The above method can be used, for example, for
the distance standardization.
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A1.3.1.2 As previously mentioned, the standardization is
standardizing a distance of 4 in. (100 mm), whereby the two
multiple echoes obtained from the 3.64 in. (91 mm) distance
only valid if the materials to be examined are fabricated from are positioned at respectively 2 in. (50 mm) and 4 in. (100 mm)
a material with the same or approximately the same velocity of on the scale. After the angle beam shear wave search unit has
sound as the reference block; for instance, a carbon ASTM E164-19
steel been connected, correct the zeropoint by adjusting the sweep-
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reference block should not be used when examining certain delay control to position echo from 4 in. (100 mm) radius
stainless steels. Furthermore, it should be realized that the reflector, at position of second back reflections of the straight
initial pulse indication may not be a true representation of the beam.
entrant surface. When using the double search unit technique, A1.3.3 Using an Angle-Beam Search Unit for a Sweep
it should be realized that the distances between the multiple Length Larger than 10 in. (250 mm)—The same method can be
echoes are not completely equal because of the different path used as described in A1.3.2; position a straight-beam
lengths, which are inherent to this technique. When using the longitudinal-wave search unit as illustrated in Fig. A1.6 and
double search unit technique combined with another medium thereafter correct the zeropoint in a manner similar to A1.3.2.2.
between probe and specimen, an even larger distance between
the initial pulse indication and the first echo, compared to the A1.3.4 Distance Standardization for the Sound Path, Pro-
distance between the multiple echoes, will be observed. The jected on the Surface to be Scanned—Place the search unit on
two screen images for a 4 in. (100 mm) range setting, obtained the reference block as indicated in Fig. A1.7 and correct the
when using the single search unit and the double search unit signal obtained from the edge of the block to coincide with the
techniques are illustrated in Fig. A1.2. distance between the beam index and the edge of the block. A
A1.3.1.3 Single Search Unit Technique—To standardize the standard ruler may be used to measure the skip distances. For
sweep length when using a straight-beam longitudinal-wave inch-dimensioned blocks, the ruler should be a minimum of
search unit for a distance less than 10 in. (250 mm), place the 12 in. long with 0.1 in. or smaller divisions; for SI unit blocks,
search unit as indicated in Fig. A1.3 and adjust the distance the ruler should be a minimum of 300 mm long with 2 mm or
between the multiple echoes to 4 in. (100 mm). To standardize smaller divisions. Make adjustments for the skip distance and
the sweep length when using a straight-beam longitudinal wave half of the skip distance. It should be noted that when utilizing
search unit for a distance greater than 10 in. (250 mm), place angle-beam search units of approximately 60°, this standard-
the search unit in the position indicated in Fig. A1.3. For the ization may be erroneous due to mode conversion.
20 in. (500 mm) range, a screen pattern will appear as shown in A1.3.5 Adjustment of Sensitivity—When adjusting the
Fig. A1.4. This screen pattern also shows the indications sensitivity, take into consideration the following points:

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