Week 7 IMs For GEED 20033 Lesson 2 Unit 2

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND CAMPUSES
MARAGONDON BRANCH
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
FOR
GEED 20033
GENDER AND SOCIETY
THE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
VISION
PUP: The National Polytechnic University
MISSION
Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning
opportunities through a re-engineered polytechnic university by committing to:
● provide democratized access to educational opportunities for the holistic

development of individuals with global perspective
● offer industry-oriented curricula that produce highly-skilled professionals with
managerial and technical capabilities and a strong sense of public service for
nation building
● embed a culture of research and innovation
● continuously develop faculty and employees with the highest level of
professionalism
● engage public and private institutions and other stakeholders for the
attainment of social development goal
● establish a strong presence and impact in the international academic
community
PHILOSOPHY
As a state university, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines believes that:
● Education is an instrument for the development of the citizenry and for the
enhancement of nation building; and
● That meaningful growth and transmission of the country are best achieved in an
atmosphere of brotherhood, peace, freedom, justice and nationalist-oriented
education imbued with the spirit of humanist internationalism.
TEN PILLARS
Pillar 1: Dynamic, Transformational, and Responsible Leadership

Pillar 2: Responsive and Innovative Curricula and Instruction
Pillar 3: Enabling and Productive Learning Environment
Pillar 4: Holistic Student Development and Engagement
Pillar 5: Empowered Faculty Members and Employees
Pillar 6: Vigorous Research Production and Utilization
Pillar 7: Global Academic Standards and Excellence
Pillar 8: Synergistic, Productive, Strategic Networks and Partnerships
Pillar 9: Active and Sustained Stakeholders’ Engagement
Pillar 10: Sustainable Social Development Programs and Projects
SHARED VALUES AND PRINCIPLES
● Integrity and Accountability

● Nationalism
● Spirituality
● Passion for Learning and Innovation
● Inclusivity
● Respect for Human Rights and The Environment
● Excellence
● Democracy
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

MARAGONDON BRANCH
GOALS
● Quality and excellent graduates

● Empowered faculty members
● Relevant curricula
● Efficient administration
● Development – oriented researches
● State-of-the-art physical facilities and laboratories
● Profitable income – generating programs
● Innovative instruction
● ICT – driven library
● Strong local and international linkage
GEED 20033 – GENDER AND SOCIETY

COURSE DESCRIPTION
COURSE TITLE : GENDER AND SOCIETY

COURSE CODE : GEED 20033
COURSE CREDIT : 3 units
PRE-REQUISITE : None
This course critically examines the ways gender informs the social world in which we live.
This course exposes the "common-sense" world of gender around us; considers how we
develop our gendered identities; explores the workings of the institutions that shape our
gendered lives; and leads to an understanding of the relationship between gender and the
social structure.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
After completing this course, you must be able to:

1. Develop an understanding of gender as something that is socially constructed.
2. Examine how gender relations are fundamentally relations of inequality.
3. Draw attention to how gender inequality remains structurally embedded in a systemic
patriarchy.
4. Explore how gender inequality intersects with other bases of inequality such as: race,
ethnicity, class, sexuality, disability, age, etc.
5. Describe how gendered inequalities as social exclusions are differently expressed
across different institutional domains.
GEED 20033 – GENDER AND SOCIETY
LESSON 2 ORDAINED BY NATURE: BIOLOGY CONSTRUCTS

THE SEXES
Unit 2 THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPERATIVE: FROM SOCIAL

DARWINISM TO SOCIOBIOLOGY
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define what is meant by evolutionary strategy
2. Discuss the different evolutionary arguments and imperative
Course Materials:
DISCUSSION:
The Evolutionary Imperative: From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology
Evolutionary biologists since Darwin have abandoned the more obviously political
intentions of the Social Darwinists, but the development of a new field of sociobiology in the
1970s revived evolutionary arguments again.
Edward Wilson, a professor of entomology at Harvard, helped to found this school

of thought, expanding his original field of expertise to include human behavior as well as
bugs. All creatures, Wilson argued, "obey" the "biological principle," and all temperamental
differences (personalities, cultures) derive from the biological development of creatures
undergoing the pressure of evolutionary selection. The natural differences that result is the
source of the social and political arrangements we observe today. As Wilson and fellow
psycho-biologist Richard Dawkins put it, "Female exploitation begins here." Culture has
little to do with it, as Wilson argues, for "the genes hold culture on a leash."
One of the major areas that socio-biologists have stressed is the differences in male
and female sexuality, which they believe to be the natural outgrowth of centuries of
evolutionary development. Evolutionary success requires that all members of a species
consciously or unconsciously desire to pass on their genes. Thus, males and females
develop reproductive "strategies" to ensure that our own genetic code passes on to the next
generation. Socio-biologists often use a language of intention and choice, referring to
"strategies" that makes it sound as if our genes were endowed with instrumental rationality,
and each of our cells acted in a feminine or masculine way. Thus, they seem to suggest that
the differences we observe between women and men today have come from centuries of
advantageous evolutionary choices.
The differences between male and female sexual behavior “
1. "He" produces billions of tiny sperm;

● For the male, reproductive success depends upon his ability to fertilize large
numbers of eggs. Toward this end, he tries to fertilize as many eggs as he
can.
● Males have a "natural" propensity toward promiscuity. men should be less
discriminating, more aggressive and have a greater taste for variety of
partners because they're less at risk.
● Males are hardwired genetically to be promiscuous sexual predators, ever on
the prowl for new potential sexual conquests, while females have a built-in
biological tendency toward monogamy, fantasies of romantic love and
commitment coupled with sexual behavior, and a certain sexual reticence that
can only be activated by chivalric male promises of fealty and fidelity.
2. “She" produces one relatively gigantic ovum.
● By contrast, females require only one successful mating before their egg
can be fertilized, and therefore they tend to be extremely choosy about
which male will be the lucky fellow. What's more, females must invest a
far greater amount of energy in gestation and lactation, and have a much
higher reproductive "cost," which their reproductive strategies would
reflect.
● Females, therefore, tend to be monogamous, choosing the male who will
make the best parent. Women should be choosier and more hesitant,
because they're more at risk from the consequences of a bad choice.
● Her strategy is to "hold out" for emotional, and therefore parental,
commitment before engaging in sexual relations.
● Thus, women are not only predetermined to be monogamous, but they
also link sexual behavior to emotional commitment, extracting from those
promiscuous males all manner of promises of love and devotion before
they will finally "put out."
EVOLUTIONARY ARGUMENTS
Anthony Layng. - "A woman seeks marriage to monopolize not a man's sexuality, but,
rather, his political and economic resources, to ensure that her children (her genes) will be
well provided for," writes journalist.
Donald Symons as psycho-biologist puts it, women and men have different "sexual
psychologies":.
Edward Wilson - “My own guess is that the genetic bias is intense enough to cause a
substantial division of labor in the freest and most egalitarian of future societies."
Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox emphasize the social requirements for the evolutionary
transition to a hunting and gathering society.
● The hunting band must have solidarity and cooperation, which requires bonding
among the hunters.
● Women's biology—especially their menstrual cycle—puts them at a significant
disadvantage for such consistent cooperation, while the presence of women would
disrupt the cooperation necessary among the men and insinuate competition and
aggression. They also are possessed of a "maternal instinct."
● Thus, it would make sense for men to hunt, and for women to remain back home
raising the children.
"Evolutionary psychology," the newest incarnation of sociobiology which declares an

ability to explain psychological differences between women and men through their
evolutionary trajectories.
● Men are understood to be more aggressive, controlling, and managing—skills that
were honed over centuries of evolution as hunters and fighters. After an equal
amount of time raising children and performing domestic tasks.
● Women are said to be more reactive, more emotional, and more passive.
David Barash a psycho-biologist combines sociobiology with New Age platitudes when he
writes that "genes help themselves by being nice to themselves." Unfortunately, this doesn't
necessarily mean being nice to others. Selfish genes do not know the golden rule.
Barash explains rape as a reproductive adaptation by men who otherwise couldn't get a
date. Following their study of scorpion flies and mallard ducks, Barash, Thornhill, and other
evolutionists argue that men who rape are fulfilling their genetic drive to reproduce in the
only way they know how. "Perhaps human rapists, in their own criminally misguided way, are
doing the best they can to maximize their fitness," writes Barash. Rape, for men, is simply an
"adaptive" reproductive strategy for the less successful male—sex by other means. If you
can't pass on your genetic material by seduction, then pass it on by rape.
Richard Alexander and K. M. Noonan - write “Don't blame the men, though—or even their
genetic imperatives. It's really women's fault. "As females evolved to deny males the
opportunity to compete at ovulation time, copulation with unwilling females became a
feasible strategy for achieving copulation," If women were only a bit more compliant, it would
seem, men wouldn't be forced to resort to rape as a reproductive tactic.
References:
The Gendered Society by Michael S. Kimmel OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Copyright ©

2000 Michael S. Kimmel. All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-19-512587-8

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Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PUP: The National Polytechnic University

● provide democratized access to educational opportunities for the holistic

As a state university, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines believes that:

Pillar 1: Dynamic, Transformational, and Responsible Leadership

● Integrity and Accountability

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

● Quality and excellent graduates

GEED 20033 – GENDER AND SOCIETY

COURSE TITLE : GENDER AND SOCIETY

After completing this course, you must be able to:

LESSON 2 ORDAINED BY NATURE: BIOLOGY CONSTRUCTS

Unit 2 THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPERATIVE: FROM SOCIAL

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

The Evolutionary Imperative: From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology

Edward Wilson, a professor of entomology at Harvard, helped to found this school

The differences between male and female sexual behavior “

1. "He" produces billions of tiny sperm;

"Evolutionary psychology," the newest incarnation of sociobiology which declares an

The Gendered Society by Michael S. Kimmel OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Copyright ©

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