LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

School of Graduate and Professional Studies

Tapuac, Dagupan City, Pangasinan Philipphine

Methods
In
research

Name: LICHELLE C. ALCANTARA

Program: MASTER’S IN EDUCATION MAJOR IN MATHEMATICS

Prof: DOC. MARGARITA LAYSON

 LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
Tapuac, Dagupan City, Pangasinan Philipphines
School of Graduate and Professional Studies

Foundations
of
Education

Name: LICHELLE C. ALCANTARA

Program: MASTER’S IN EDUCATION MAJOR IN MATHEMATICS

Prof: DOC. MARGARITA LAYSON

LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

TAPUAC, DAGUPAN, PANGASINAN

Name: LICHELLE C. ALCANTARA Prof: DOC. MARGARITA LAYSON

Program: MED Mathematics Subject: Foundations of

Education

EDUCATION

Education is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that make man do
better. It is not only a preparation for life but it is life itself. This is so because
throughout life man learns many things in and out of school that change his life for
the better.

FOUNDATION

Foundation is a base upon which any structure or system stands. A strong

foundation makes the structure or system firmly established and strong enough to
be able to serve its purpose and to survive calamitous events. The structure or
system is like a house with a strong foundation which cannot be blown down by a
typhoon nor wrecked by an earthquake no matter how strong these natural
disasters are.

FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

Foundations of education are those systems or sciences upon which education

stands and has its roots, origins, or bases. Foundations of education are those from
which education arose and came into being. They are the factors that affected
education so much, particularly, curriculum content.
 There are six foundations of education:
1. Psychological
2. Sociological
3. Anthropological
4. Historical
5. Philosophical
6. Legal

SOCIOLOGY
It is the study of human beings living in groups, of how people act and interact
under different social situations, and how they relate themselves to one another.
Terms that indicate group action are used here such as cooperate, team work,
sociable, conflict, etc.

SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

The sociological foundation of education refers to the study of how society and its
various structures, institutions, and dynamics influence and are influenced by the
educational system. It involves examining the interconnections between education
and the broader social context. Several key sociological perspectives contribute to
understanding the foundation of education:

1. Functionalism:
o Functionalists view education as a social institution that serves specific
functions in society.
o It emphasizes the role of education in socializing individuals,
transmitting cultural values, and preparing students for the workforce.
o Education is seen as contributing to social stability and cohesion by
providing a shared set of norms and values.
2. Conflict Theory:
o Conflict theorists, such as Karl Marx, focus on the power dynamics and
social inequalities within the educational system.
o Education is seen as a tool that perpetuates social stratification and
reinforces existing class structures.
o The curriculum, school policies, and access to resources can be
analyzed in terms of how they perpetuate or challenge social
inequalities.
3. Symbolic Interactionism:
 o Symbolic interactionists examine how individuals and groups within
the educational setting create and interpret symbols, meanings, and
interactions.
o The focus is on the micro-level interactions and the role of teachers,
students, and administrators in shaping the educational experience.
o Labels and self-fulfilling prophecies are explored to understand how
they impact student achievement.
4. Socialization:
o Education is a primary agent of socialization, helping individuals learn
the norms, values, and behaviors expected in society.
o Through formal and informal processes, education contributes to the
development of social identity and citizenship.
5. Cultural Capital:
o Pierre Bourdieu introduced the concept of cultural capital, which
refers to the cultural knowledge, skills, and education that individuals
possess and that can be used to gain social advantages.
o Differences in cultural capital contribute to social inequalities in
education and can influence academic success.
6. Globalization and Education:
o Sociologists also examine how globalization impacts education,
influencing curriculum, teaching methods, and the transmission of
cultural values in a globalized world.
7. Social Change:
o Education can be a catalyst for social change by challenging existing
norms, fostering critical thinking, and promoting social justice.

Understanding the sociological foundation of education is crucial for educators,

policymakers, and researchers to address issues of inequality, access, and the
broader societal implications of the educational system.

PSYCHOLOGY
It is the study of human behavior, of how a person acts and reacts under
different situations, consciously or unconsciously, mentally, physiologically,
physically, overtly, or covertly. It is the study of man’s reactions to life stimulations.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

 Refers to the understanding and application of psychological principles in the
field of education. It involves the study of how individuals learn, develop, and
interact in educational settings. Here are some key aspects of the psychological
foundation of education:

1. Learning Theories:
* Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement. Pavlov’s
classical conditioning and Skinner’s operant conditioning are examples.
* Cognitivism: Emphasizes mental processes, such as memory, problem-solving,
and information processing. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is is a notable
example.
* Constructivism: Highlights the role of active engagement and the construction
of knowledge by learner’s. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory is a prominent
constructivist approach.
2. Developmental Psychology:
* Understanding the stages of human development, both physical and
psychological, is crucial for educators. This involves theories like Erikson’s
psychosocial stages and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
3. Motivation
* Examining factors that drive and sustain behavior in educational settings.
Motivational theories, such as Maslow’s hierarchy, self determination theory, and
achievement motivation, provide insights into understanding learner’s motivation.
4. Cultural and Social Influences:
* Recognizing the impact of culture, social context, and diversity on learning.
Sociocultural theories, such as Vygotsky’s, underscore the importance of social
interactions and cultural influences on cognitive development.
5. Individual Differences:
* Recognizing and addressing the diversity among learners, including differences
in abilities, learning styles, and background experiences.
6. Educational Psychology:
* This field specially applies psychological principles to educational settings.
Topics include instructional design, assessment, classroom management, and
understanding individual differences.
7. Memory and Information Processing:
 * Examining how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Strategies for
enhancing memory and learning are important consideration for educators.
8. Mental Health and Well-being:
* Recognizing the psychological well-being of students and educators. Addressing
mental health concerns and creating supportive environments are essential for
effective teaching and learning.
9. Effective Teaching Strategies:
* Applying psychological principles to design and implement effective teaching
strategies. This involves considering factors like motivation, attention, and memory
in instructional planning.

Understanding the psychological foundation of education helps educators tailor

their teaching methods to the needs of individual learners, create supportive and
inclusive environments, and promote optimal learning outcomes. It also provides a
framework for educational policies and practices that align with psychological
principles.

ANTHROPOLOGY
It is the study of civilizations and cultures of people: their origins, customs,
traditions, beliefs, mores, folkways, and practices. Also included are languages,
forms of writing, tools and weapons, buildings and other physical structures.

ANTHROPOLOGY FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies, cultures, and development
over time. When considering the foundations of education from an anthropological
perspective, it involves examining the ways in which education systems are shaped
by and shape the cultures and societies in which they exist. Here are some key
aspects of the anthropology foundations of education:

1. Cultural Context:
o Anthropology emphasizes the importance of understanding the
cultural context in which education occurs. Different societies have
unique values, beliefs, and practices that influence their approach to
education.
 o The cultural context shapes what knowledge is considered essential,
how it is transmitted, and the roles of educators and learners in the
process.
2. Cultural Relativism:
o Anthropology promotes cultural relativism, the idea that one should
understand and judge another culture based on its own values and
norms rather than imposing external standards.
o In education, this means recognizing and respecting diverse
educational practices and systems across cultures, avoiding
ethnocentrism, and appreciating the validity of different ways of
learning and teaching.
3. Social Structures and Inequality:
o Anthropologists explore how social structures and power dynamics
influence educational systems. Education can either reinforce or
challenge existing social inequalities.
o The examination of class, gender, race, and other social categories
helps to understand how access to education, quality of education,
and educational outcomes are distributed within a society.
4. Cultural Transmission and Pedagogy:
o Anthropology examines how cultures transmit knowledge and skills
across generations. This includes studying various forms of pedagogy,
such as formal schooling, apprenticeships, storytelling, and
experiential learning.
o Different societies may have unique approaches to teaching and
learning, and anthropologists investigate how these methods
contribute to the preservation and transmission of cultural values.
5. Globalization and Education:
o Globalization has a significant impact on education, as ideas,
technologies, and educational practices cross national boundaries.
Anthropologists explore how globalization influences local educational
systems and how communities adapt to these changes.
o Issues related to cultural identity, language preservation, and the
integration of global knowledge into local educational contexts are
critical considerations.
6. Cultural Change and Adaptation:
o Anthropology recognizes that cultures are dynamic and subject to
change. Similarly, education systems evolve over time in response to
cultural, economic, and political shifts.
 o Studying cultural change and adaptation in education helps
understand how societies navigate challenges and incorporate new
ideas while maintaining their cultural identity.

In summary, the anthropology foundations of education provide a holistic and

culturally sensitive lens through which to analyze, understand, and improve
educational systems. This approach encourages educators, policymakers, and
researchers to consider the cultural diversity and social dynamics that shape the
educational experiences of individuals and communities.

Summary
HISTORY
It is the study of past events that makes us understand the present situation,
and to enable us to predict future events.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

The historical foundation of education is a complex and multifaceted subject that

has evolved over centuries and varies across different cultures and societies. Here's
a broad overview of key historical developments in education:

1. Ancient Civilizations:
o Mesopotamia and Egypt: In ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt,
education was primarily reserved for the elite class, focusing on
practical skills, religious instruction, and preparing individuals for
administrative roles.
o Greece: Ancient Greece placed a significant emphasis on education,
with philosophers like Plato and Aristotle contributing to educational
philosophy. The Gymnasium and the Academy were institutions that
focused on physical and intellectual development.
o Rome: Roman education was initially influenced by Greek traditions. It
emphasized training in rhetoric, oratory, and practical skills necessary
for governance.
2. Medieval Period:
o Monastic and Cathedral Schools: During the medieval period,
education was often centered around religious institutions.
 Monasteries and cathedral schools provided education primarily for
the clergy, with a focus on Latin, theology, and philosophy.
o Islamic Golden Age: In the Islamic world during the medieval period,
there was a flourishing of learning in areas such as mathematics,
science, medicine, and philosophy. Scholars like Al-Kindi, Al-Razi, and
Ibn Sina made significant contributions.
3. Renaissance and Enlightenment:
o The Renaissance brought a revival of interest in classical learning and
humanism. Education expanded beyond religious institutions, with an
increased focus on the humanities, arts, and sciences.
o The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and individual rights.
Educational thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
influenced ideas about the nature of education and the importance of
child development.
4. Industrial Revolution and Modern Education:
o The Industrial Revolution led to significant societal changes, including
the need for a more standardized and mass education system.
Compulsory education laws were introduced in many countries,
establishing the foundation for modern educational systems.
o The 19th and 20th centuries saw the development of public education
systems, with the spread of formal schooling and the establishment of
teacher training institutions.
5. 20th Century to Present:
o The mid-20th century witnessed the expansion of education globally,
with a focus on achieving universal primary education. The advent of
technology has transformed educational methods, introducing
innovations like online learning and digital resources.
o Educational philosophies have evolved, encompassing diverse
approaches such as progressive education, constructivism, and critical
pedagogy.

Understanding the historical foundation of education provides insights into the

shaping of contemporary educational systems, philosophies, and practices. It also
highlights the ongoing challenges and debates surrounding education in various
societies.

PHILOSOPHY
 It is a systematized truth or principle that serves as a guide for conduct or
thinking. Philosophy is a fixed idea or principle arrived at after a very rigid scrutiny
or study of the state of things, situations, or events.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

The philosophical foundation of education refers to the underlying beliefs, values,

and principles that guide and shape the educational system. It provides a
framework for understanding the purpose of education, the nature of knowledge,
the role of teachers and students, and the desired outcomes of the educational
process. Different philosophical perspectives have influenced educational thought
throughout history. Here are some key philosophical foundations of education:

1. Idealism: Idealism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the

importance of ideas and the mind. In education, idealists believe that the
purpose of education is to discover and develop each individual's intellectual
and moral potential. They often advocate for a curriculum that includes
classical literature, philosophy, and the arts.
2. Realism: Realism, in contrast to idealism, focuses on the external world and
the importance of practical knowledge. Realists believe that education
should prepare students for the realities of life, and they often support a
curriculum that includes subjects like science, mathematics, and vocational
training.
3. Pragmatism: Pragmatism is a philosophy that emphasizes practical
experience and problem-solving. Pragmatists believe that education should
be relevant to the needs of society and that learning should be an active,
hands-on process. They often advocate for an interdisciplinary approach and
experiential learning.
4. Existentialism: Existentialism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes
individual freedom and choice. In education, existentialists argue for a
student-centered approach that allows individuals to explore their own
interests and values. They often reject rigid curricula and standardized
testing in favor of more personalized and flexible learning experiences.
5. Constructivism: Constructivism is a modern educational philosophy that
suggests learners actively construct their own understanding of the world. It
emphasizes hands-on, inquiry-based learning and believes that education
should focus on developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
6. Progressivism: Progressivism is a philosophy that emphasizes the
importance of progress and social reform. In education, progressives
 advocate for student-centered, experiential learning that is responsive to the
needs of a changing society. They often support active engagement, group
work, and project-based learning.
7. Perennialism: Perennialism is an educational philosophy that emphasizes
the enduring ideas and knowledge that have stood the test of time.
Advocates of perennialism believe in a strong, content-focused curriculum
that includes classical literature, history, and the arts.

It's important to note that many educators and educational systems integrate
elements from multiple philosophical perspectives, creating a more eclectic or
pragmatic approach to education. The choice of a philosophical foundation can
significantly impact the goals, methods, and outcomes of an educational system.

LEGALITY
Refers to the conformity to the laws passed by the state to establish and guide
the conduct of an educational system. The constitution is the most important legal
document that establishes and guides the conduct of an educational system. It
contains the philosophy of education of the country.

LEGALITY FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

The legality foundation of education refers to the legal framework and principles
that govern the education system in a particular jurisdiction. These legal
foundations vary from country to country and even within regions, as education is
primarily a matter of national or local jurisdiction. Here are some common
elements that contribute to the legality foundation of education:

1. Constitutional Provisions:
o Many countries have constitutional provisions that address the right to
education. These provisions may outline the fundamental principles
and goals of education, ensuring that citizens have access to education
as a fundamental right.
2. Legislation and Statutes:
o Education is often regulated by specific laws and statutes at the
national and regional levels. These laws may cover various aspects of
education, including the establishment and governance of educational
 institutions, curriculum development, teacher qualifications, and
student rights.
3. Education Acts:
o Some jurisdictions have comprehensive education acts or codes that
consolidate the legal framework for education. These acts provide a
detailed set of rules and regulations governing all aspects of the
education system.
4. Education Policies:
o Governments typically develop education policies to guide the overall
direction of the education system. These policies may cover areas such
as curriculum standards, assessment methods, and the inclusion of
special education.
5. Regulatory Bodies:
o Educational systems often have regulatory bodies responsible for
overseeing and enforcing the laws and policies related to education.
These bodies may have the authority to grant accreditation to
institutions, set standards, and ensure compliance.
6. Inclusive and Anti-Discrimination Laws:
o Many legal frameworks emphasize the principles of inclusivity and
nondiscrimination in education. Laws may prohibit discrimination
based on factors such as gender, race, religion, or disability, ensuring
equal access and opportunities for all students.
7. Funding and Resource Allocation:
o Laws may address the allocation of resources and funding for
education. These provisions ensure that the government provides
adequate financial support to maintain a quality education system.
8. Compulsory Education Laws:
o Many countries have laws mandating a certain level of education for
children, often requiring them to attend school up to a certain age.
These compulsory education laws are crucial for ensuring that all
children have access to basic education.
9. Intellectual Property and Copyright Laws:
o Legal frameworks also address issues related to intellectual property,
copyright, and fair use in educational materials, ensuring that
educators and institutions comply with these regulations.

Understanding and complying with the legality foundation of education is essential

for educators, administrators, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a
fair, inclusive, and effective education system. It is crucial to stay updated on any
changes or amendments to the legal framework to maintain compliance and
uphold the rights of all individuals involved in the education process.