6.1 Reproduction QP

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.
com
Potato blight is a disease of potato plants.
Potato blight is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans.

-
(a) What is the genus of the fungus that causes potato blight?
Tick (✓) box.
Infestans
Phytophthora -
Phytophthora infestans
(b) The fungus grows near the surface of the potato.
How does growing near the surface help the fungus to respire?
-
Tick (✓) box.
The fungus can get nitrogen from the

soil.
The fungus can get oxygen from the -

air.
The fungus can get water from the

potato.
A farmer sprays his potato plants with a pesticide.
The pesticide kills the fungus that causes potato blight.
Spraying the crop with a pesticide could decrease biodiversity in a river flowing
through his farm.
(c) What does ‘biodiversity in a river’ mean?
Tick (✓) box.

organisms/
The variety of species of animals in the
river.
"plants
Page 1 of 55
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The variety of species of organisms in

the river.
~
The variety of species of plants in the
river.
(d) The farmer sprayed pesticide on his potato plants. The next day it rained
heavily.
Explain why the biodiversity in the river decreased.
+
pesticide would wash into
___________________________________________________________
the river
___________________________________________________________
+
pesticide would kill
___________________________________________________________
in the
organisms winer
___________________________________________________________
Another method of preventing potato blight is to breed potatoes that are resistant
to blight.
Resistance to potato blight is controlled by two alleles:
= a dominant allele for having resistance to blight.

- -
= a recessive allele for having resistance to blight.
A scientist crosses two potato plants. Each plant has the genotype .
(e) Complete the diagram below to show the possible genotypes of the
offspring produced.
Ru
(f) Draw a ring around of the homozygous genotypes in the diagram
above.
(g) What percentage of the offspring in the diagram will be resistant to potato
blight?
75%B
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Tick (✓) box.
25% 50% 75% ~ 100%
(h) Potatoes can also reproduce asexually. mitosis

-
Potatoes from one plant can be planted in the ground to produce new
-
potato plants.
the new plants from a parent plant that is resistant to blight will also be
resistant to blight.
Explain why.
One that is resistant to

plant blight
___________________________________________________________
will reproduce asexually causing

___________________________________________________________
mitosis The will then

offspring one
___________________________________________________________
.
be genetically identical and

___________________________________________________________
resistant to .
blight
The nucleus of a cell contains DNA.
(a) Name the structures inside the cell nucleus that contain DNA.
chromosomes
___________________________________________________________
shows part of a DNA molecule.
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(b) Name the part of the DNA molecule labelled .
___________________________________________________________
(c) What type of substances are labelled , , and in ?
___________________________________________________________
shows another section of a DNA molecule.
(d) Four of the substances you named in part (c) are labelled in part of
.
Label each of these substances with the correct letter, , , or .
Use information from other parts of to help you.
(e) What is happening to the DNA in part of ?
Tick (✓) box.
Differentiation
Evolution
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Fertilisation
Replication
(f) A gene is a length of DNA.
What type of substance does a gene code for?
___________________________________________________________
(g) Most human body cells contain 6 × 10–12 grams of DNA.
What mass of DNA will a human sperm cell contain?
Tick (✓) box.
6 × 10–6 grams
6 × 10–12 grams
3 × 10–6 grams
3 × 10–12 grams
(h) What is the name of the type of cell division that produces sperm cells?
Tick (✓) box.
Binary fission
Differentiation
Meiosis ~
Mitosis
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Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited condition that affects red blood cells.
Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene for haemoglobin.

Haemoglobin is the red pigment found in red blood cells.
A person who is homozygous for the normal haemoglobin allele ( ) produces

normal red blood cells.
A person who is homozygous for the mutated allele ( ):

• produces red blood cells with abnormal haemoglobin
• has red blood cells that can form an altered shape
• has sickle cell anaemia and becomes ill.
A person who is heterozygous:

• has both normal and abnormal haemoglobin in the red blood cells
• has sickle cell trait laerobic)
• is generally healthy but can become ill in certain circumstances.
Grespiration
(a) Give the reason why a mutation in the gene coding for haemoglobin could
be harmful.
-
the mutation means there is less

___________________________________________________________
for respiration
___________________________________________________________
oxygen
(b) shows some red blood cells from the blood of a person with sickle
cell trait.
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23
1134s
6
97
10284
Il 12 13
Calculate the proportion of cells in that have an altered shape.
# 1 0 235
___________________________________________________________
=
= .
4 + 13 17 X 100
___________________________________________________________
= 23 5
___________________________________________________________
0 . %
___________________________________________________________
24 %
Proportion = ____________________
shows the inheritance of sickle cell anaemia in one family.
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W
-
= ↑
Person 8 : HA + HA
- -
9 : HA + US
Person
·
>
-
(c) Persons
-
and in are expecting a second child.
-
Determine the probability that the child will be a girl with sickle cell trait.
-
You should:
• draw a Punnett square diagram
HAUS
• identify the phenotype of each offspring genotype
• use the symbols:
= normal haemoglobin allele
= mutated haemoglobin allele.
# 50 %
Probability of a girl with sickle cell trait = _______________
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(d) Without medical treatment, people with sickle cell anaemia are frequently ill
and have a reduced life expectancy.
-
The malarial parasite cannot live in the red blood cells of a person who has
the allele.
A scientist stated:
‘It is an advantage for people to have the allele in countries where

malaria occurs.’
Evaluate the scientist’s statement.
I
For :
Against
___________________________________________________________ S
HAHS do not get HAHA die

___________________________________________________________
·
=> may
natura
___________________________________________________________
halaria
·
HAHS also survive HSHS become
___________________________________________________________
=
=>
way
sele cell crania severly ill
___________________________________________________________
from
sickle all anemia
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Conclusion : Yes HAMS can

___________________________________________________________
as
,
survive both
___________________________________________________________
Sperm cells and egg cells are formed by meiosis.
(a) During meiosis a cell divides twice.
How many sperm cells are formed when a cell divides by meiosis?
4
___________________________________________________________
(b) Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are in each human egg cell?

23
___________________________________________________________
Dupuytren’s is a disorder that affects the hands.
One form of Dupuytren’s is caused by a dominant allele ( ).
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The allele for having Dupuytren’s is recessive ( ).
(c) What is an allele?
Tick (✓) box.
A different form of a chromosome
A different form of a gamete
A different form of a gene -

-
(d) A man with Dupuytren’s has the genotype .
Which word describes the man’s genotype?
Tick (✓) box.
Heterozygous -
Homozygous
Phenotype
The man with Dupuytren’s ( ) and a woman who does have Dupuytren’s
( ) plan to have a child.
(e) Complete the genetic diagram in the figure below to show the possible
genotypes of the child.
O Da
ad ad
(f) Draw a ring around the genotype of a child in the figure above who will
have Dupuytren’s.
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(g) What is the chance of the child having Dupuytren’s?
Tick (✓) box.
25%
50% -
75%
100%
(h) A genetic disorder develops as a result of a change in a gene.
What scientific term describes a change in a gene?
mutation
___________________________________________________________
(i) People with a family history of some genetic disorders are offered embryo
screening.
Suggest way embryo screening can help people with a family history
of a genetic disorder.
help them for

___________________________________________________________
prepare
treatment
___________________________________________________________
This question is about DNA.
(a) Describe the shape of a DNA molecule.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The below diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.
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(b) DNA codes for a sequence of amino acids.
Which part of DNA forms the code for a particular amino acid?
Tick (✓) box.
Bases
Phosphates
Sugars
(c) Which substance is produced when amino acids are joined together?
Tick (✓) box.
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
(d) DNA is made of repeating units. One of the units is labelled in the
diagram above.
What is the name of the repeating unit labelled ?
Tick (✓) box.
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Chromosome
Enzyme
Nucleotide
(e) The DNA in one human body cell is the length of 6 000 million repeating
units (part ).
Each repeating unit is 0.34 nanometres (nm) long.
Calculate the length of the DNA in the cell in millions of nanometres.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Length = _______________ million nm
(f) Give your answer to question (e) in metres.
1 metre = 1 × 109 nanometres
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Length = m
(g) DNA analysis can show people which alleles they have.
Patients who have certain types of cancer can be offered DNA analysis.
The family of the patient can also be offered DNA analysis.
Suggest advantage of having DNA analysis.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
(a) Why is DNA described as a polymer?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule.
(b) Describe the structure of a nucleotide.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(c) The length of a DNA double helix increases by 0.34 nm for every pair of
nucleotides.
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The total number of nucleotides in a human body cell is 1.2 × 1010.
Calculate the total length of double helix in a human body cell.
Give your answer in metres. Use information from the diagram.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Total length = ______________________ m
(d) Some parts of DNA do code for proteins.
Describe how non-coding parts of DNA can affect the expression of genes.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
(a) Describe differences between the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

-
two cells but

mitosis produces
1 _________________________________________________________
produces for cells

___________________________________________________________
nerosis
___________________________________________________________
one division
mitosis
produces cells
2 _________________________________________________________
from
neiss
-
two divisions
___________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________
identical
genetically
3 _________________________________________________________
mitosis produces
cells merors produces
___________________________________________________________
·
genetically
different cells
___________________________________________________________
(b) Describe similarity between the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
ANA doubles
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Dupuytren’s is a disorder that affects the hands.
The diagram below shows the inheritance of Dupuytren’s in one family.

d d
Dd , DD
=> -
da
-
=>
=>
-
=>
DD d
>
Person 7 : Dd Person 8 : dd da
#
-
(c) Give the genotype of person . a

Explain your answer.
Da
Genotype ______________
has D becauses Dupuytres

and has
___________________________________________________________
d they have a child

___________________________________________________________
because
who is
homozygous necessive.
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(d) Person and person in the diagram above are expecting a fourth child.
What is the probability of the child having Dupuytren’s?
You should:
-Person) : Da
• draw a Punnett square diagram
• identify which offspring have Dupuytren’s 8 : de
-a
50 %
Probability = _______________
(e) Explain how the diagram above shows the allele for Dupuytren’s is on
the Y chromosome.
Females . Y
chromosome
don't have
___________________________________________________________
but and 12
female 3 , 11
___________________________________________________________
it is not
have Dupuydes
___________________________________________________________
so
the Y chromosome
.
___________________________________________________________
on
The shape of a person’s earlobes is controlled by a gene.
shows two types of earlobe.
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A dominant allele codes for free earlobes.

-
(a) What is a dominant allele?

-
Tick (✓) box.
An allele expressed even if a person only has one copy

of the allele
-
An allele expressed only if a person has two copies of
the allele
An allele expressed only if a person has no recessive

* allele
An allele expressed only if it is inherited from the male

parent
(b) A man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes have
children together.
Complete to show the possible genotypes of the children.
Use the symbols:
= allele for free earlobes

= allele for attached earlobes
El
ee le
(c) What is the probability that one of the children would have attached
earlobes?
Use .
Tick (✓) box.
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0.125 0.25 0.5 - 0.75
(d) shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes, and .
Complete to show the sex chromosomes in the gametes of the

man and the woman.
XX
(e) Calculate the probability that the man and the woman’s next child will be a
girl with attached earlobes.
Use the equation:
probability of a girl with attached earlobes
= probability of attached earlobes × probability of being a girl
probably 0 5X0 S
= .
= 0 25
___________________________________________________________
. .
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
25 %
Probability of a girl with attached earlobes =___________________________
shows the production of sperm cells in humans.
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(a) Cell is a normal body cell.
How many chromosomes are there in cell ?
Tick (✓) box.
23 46
- 48 92
(b) What is the mass of DNA in cell ?
Tick (✓) box.
A quarter of the mass of the DNA in cell
Half the mass of the DNA in cell -
The same mass as the DNA in cell
Twice the mass of the DNA in cell
(c) What type of cell division produces sperm cells?
Tick (✓) box.
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Binary fission
Differentiation
Meiosis
-
(d) Sometimes there are errors in copying the genetic material.
What term describes an error in the genetic material?
Tick (✓) box.
Absorption
Fertilisation
Mitosis
Mutation -
(e) A woman has three children, aged 4, 6 and 9 years.
Why are the children genetically identical?
Each line have different

___________________________________________________________
we
,
and cells
___________________________________________________________
.
egg sperm
Each ganete different
___________________________________________________________
has
genetic information
___________________________________________________________
In sexual reproduction, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new single
cell.
·
An embryo develops from the single cell.
The cell divides three times to produce the embryo.

-
(f) How many cells are there in the embryo after three cell divisions?
Tick (✓) box.
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3 6 8 ↑ 9
shows a different human embryo.
(g) Measure image length on .
Give your answer in millimetres (mm).

40
= _____________________________ mm
(h) The image in has been magnified × 500
Calculate the real length of the embryo.
Use the equation:
Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

-
1 mm = 1000 µm
-
= 0 08 m
___________________________________________________________
.
* 1000
___________________________________________________________
80 mm
___________________________________________________________
=
___________________________________________________________
80
Real length of the embryo = _____________________________ µm
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(i) The embryo may implant in the lining of the uterus.
The embryo will then be lost from the woman’s body several days later.
Explain why the woman may notice this has happened.
Embryo small would

___________________________________________________________
is
very so
not be felt
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Genetic material is made of DNA.
(a) Which structures in the nucleus of a human cell contain DNA?
___________________________________________________________
shows part of one strand of a DNA molecule.
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(b) Label parts , and on .
Choose answers from the box.
(c) A complete DNA molecule is made of two strands twisted around each
other.
What scientific term describes this structure?
___________________________________________________________
(d) DNA codes for the production of proteins.
A protein molecule is a long chain of amino acids.
How many amino acids could be coded for by the piece of DNA shown in
?
Tick (✓) box.
2 3 9 18
(e) Scientists have now studied the whole human genome.
Give benefits of understanding the human genome.
1 _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The following table gives the classification of four plant species.
O G
Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta
Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae
Poales Fabales Poales Scrophulariales
Cyperaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Scrophulariaceae
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00
Eriophorum Pisum Poa Antirrhinum

angustifolium sativum annua majus
(a) Species and are the most closely related.
What information in the table above gives evidence for this?
Same kingdom
___________________________________________________________
.
same .
order
___________________________________________________________
shows the inheritance of flower colour in two species of plant.
ru
crcw
=
Ru
CWCR
• In pea plants and in snapdragon plants, flower colour is controlled by one

pair of alleles.
• In the parental generation plants are homozygous for flower

colour.
• In heterozygous -
plants, the allele for red flower colour is dominant.
-
• In heterozygous plants, the alleles for flower colour are both

expressed.
Use the following symbols for alleles in your answers to parts to :
= allele for red flowers = allele for red flowers

= allele for white flowers = allele for white flowers
-
(b) What is the genotype of the red-flowered pea plants in the F1 generation?
Pr
___________________________________
Page 25 of 55
(c) What is the genotype of a white-flowered snapdragon plant?
crcw
___________________________________
A gardener crossed two pink-flowered snapdragon plants. CMCR

(d) Draw a Punnett square diagram to show why only some of the next
generation plants had pink flowers.
-
Identify the phenotypes of all the offspring plants.
-
(e) What percentage of the offspring would you expect to have pink flowers?
So
Percentage = __________________________%
Commercially, hundreds of pink-flowered snapdragon plants can be produced

from one pink-flowered plant.
shows a tissue culture technique used for producing many plants from
one plant.
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(f) Give a reason for each of the following steps shown in .
groups of cells are scraped off the leaf:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
are added to the agar jelly: ____________________________
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___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
are added to the agar jelly: ___________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The plant cells are kept in conditions: _______________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The plant cells are kept at : _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(g) Explain why the method shown in produces pink-flowered

plants. -
Figure 2 shows asexual

___________________________________________________________
and mitosis which

___________________________________________________________
reproduction
it
produces genetically
___________________________________________________________
means
identical offspring.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
This question is about the cell cycle.
(a) Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle.
Where are chromosomes found?
Tick box.
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Page 28 of 55
Ribosomes
Vacuole
(b) What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a

characteristic?
___________________________________________________________
shows information about the cell cycle.
(c) Which stage of the cell cycle in takes the most time?
Tick box.
Cell growth
Copying of chromosomes
Mitosis
(d) During mitosis cells need extra energy.

Which cell structures provide most of this energy?
Tick box.
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Chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
(e) The cell cycle in takes two hours in total.

The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.
Calculate the time taken for mitosis.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Time = ____________________ minutes
shows some cells in different stages of the cell cycle.
(f) Which cell is dividing by mitosis
Tick box.
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(g) Cell in contains 8 chromosomes.

Cell divides by mitosis.
How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?
Tick box.
16
(h) Why is mitosis important in living organisms?
Tick box.
To produce gametes
To produce variation
To release energy
To repair tissues
In the mid-19th century, a scientist studied inheritance in pea plants.
The scientist’s work was the beginning of our modern understanding of genetics.
(a) What is the name of this scientist?
Tick box.
Page 31 of 55
Alfred Russel Wallace
Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
(b) In the mid-20th century, other scientists identified the chemical substance
that makes up genetic material.
What is the name of the chemical substance that makes up genetic

material?
Tick box.
Carbohydrate
DNA
Lipid
Protein
(c) A gene often has two alleles.
One allele is dominant and the other allele is recessive.
When is a recessive allele expressed as a characteristic?
Tick box.
When the dominant allele is not present
When the recessive allele is inherited from the female parent
When the recessive allele is inherited from the male parent
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When the recessive allele is present on only one of the

chromosomes
A scientist investigated the inheritance of height in pea plants.
The scientist crossed tall pea plants with short pea plants.
shows the scientist’s results.
All tall offspring
In questions and , use the following symbols to represent alleles:
= the dominant allele for tall.

= the recessive allele for short.
(d) In , the genotype of plant is .
Give the genotype of plant .
__________________________
(e) The scientist crossed plant with plant .
Complete to show the offspring produced from this cross.
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(f) Draw a circle around of the homozygous offspring in .
(g) What is the ratio of tall plants : short plants in the offspring in ?
Ratio of tall plants : short plants = _______________ : _______________
Cell division is needed for growth and for reproduction.
(a) The table below contains three statements about cell division.
Complete the table.
Tick box for each statement.
All cells produced are genetically

identical
In humans, at the end of cell division

each cell contains 23 chromosomes
Involves DNA replication
Bluebell plants grow in woodlands in the UK.
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• Bluebells can reproduce sexually by producing seeds.

• Bluebells can also reproduce asexually by making new bulbs.
(b) One advantage of asexual reproduction for bluebells is that only

parent is needed.
Suggest other advantages of asexual reproduction for bluebells.
1. _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(c) Explain why sexual reproduction is an advantage for bluebells.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Scientists want to breed cows that produce milk with a low concentration of fat.
shows information about the milk in one group of cows.
The cows were all the same type.
Page 35 of 55
(a) In the mean percentage of fat in the milk is equal to the modal
value.
Give the mean percentage of fat in the milk of these cows.
Mean percentage = _________________
(b) A student suggested:
‘The percentage of fat in milk is controlled by one dominant allele and one
recessive allele.’
How many different phenotypes would this produce?
Tick box.
(c) Give the evidence from which shows the percentage of fat in the
milk is controlled by several genes.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(d) One of the genes codes for an enzyme used in fat metabolism.
A mutation in this gene causes a reduction in milk fat.
The mutation changes one amino acid in the enzyme molecule.
Page 36 of 55
Explain how a change in one amino acid in an enzyme molecule could stop
the enzyme working.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The scientists found one cow with a mutation.
The cow’s milk contained only 2.9% fat.
shows the percentage of fat in the milk of cattle related to the cow with
the mutation.
The values for male cattle are the mean values of their female offspring.
Page 37 of 55
(e) Animal is homozygous.
The mutation in animal produced a dominant allele for making low-fat

milk.
Give evidence from that animal is heterozygous.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(f) Animals and produced 11 offspring. These offspring were produced by

in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
The embryos from IVF were transferred into 11 other cows.
Suggest why IVF and embryo transfer were used rather than allowing
animals and to mate naturally.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Page 38 of 55
(g) Draw a Punnett square diagram to show a cross between animals and .
Identify which offspring produce low-fat milk and which offspring produce
high-fat milk.
Use the following symbols:

= dominant allele for making low-fat milk
= recessive allele for making high-fat milk
(h) The scientists want to produce a type of cattle that makes large volumes of
low-fat milk.
The scientists will selectively breed some of the animals shown in

.
Describe how the scientists would do this.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Chromosomes carry genetic information.

Chromosomes are found in nearly all human cells.
(a) How many chromosomes are there in most human body cells?
Tick box.
23
24
46
48
(b) How many chromosomes are there in a human gamete cell?
____________________________
(c) Complete the sentences.
Choose the answers from the box.
The female gamete is called the ____________________________.
The male gamete is called the ____________________________.
The female gamete is produced in the ____________________________.
Gametes are produced by a type of cell division
called ____________________________ .
Male and female gametes join together in a process
called ____________________________ .
Page 40 of 55
In humans, the sex chromosomes are called and .
The diagram shows the inheritance of sex chromosomes.
(d) Complete the diagram above to show the sex chromosomes inherited by
the offspring.
(e) What is the chance that a child produced by these parents will be female?
Tick box.
1 in 2
1 in 3
1 in 4
3 in 4
(f) The parents shown in the diagram above have five children.
Give reasons why these children all look different from each other.
1. _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Page 41 of 55
In humans, chromosome and chromosome are the sex chromosomes.
(a) Most cells in the human body contain two sex chromosomes.
Which type of cell does have two sex chromosomes?
Tick box.
Liver cell
Muscle cell
Nerve cell
Red blood cell
(b) Apart from the sex chromosomes, how many chromosomes are
there in most human body cells?
Tick box.
21 23 44 46
Stickler syndrome is an inherited disorder that causes damage to the eye.
One of the symptoms of Stickler syndrome is that black spaces can appear
in the visual image.
(c) Which part of the eye is affected by Stickler syndrome?
Tick box.
Ciliary muscles
Iris
Retina
Page 42 of 55
Suspensory
ligaments
Stickler syndrome is caused by the inheritance of a dominant allele.
The diagram shows the inheritance of Stickler syndrome in two families.
Use the following symbols in your answers to (d) and (e):

= the dominant allele for Stickler syndrome
= the recessive allele for unaffected vision.
(d) Explain why none of the children of persons and have Stickler
syndrome.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(e) Person marries person .
Use a Punnett square diagram to find the probability that their first child will
be a female with Stickler syndrome.
Probability of a female child with Stickler syndrome = _________________
Page 43 of 55
shows a human body cell.
(a) Which part in contains chromosomes?
Tick box.
(b) Humans have pairs of chromosomes in their body cells.
Draw line from each type of cell to the number of chromosomes it

contains.
10
Human body cell 23
46
Sperm cell 60
92
(c) Humans have two different sex chromosomes, and .
shows the inheritance of sex in humans.
Page 44 of 55
a part of that shows an egg cell.
(d) Give the genotype of male offspring.
___________________________________________________________
(e) A man and a woman have two sons. The woman is pregnant with a third
child.
What is the chance that this child will also be a boy?
Tick box.
0%
25%
50%
100%
Page 45 of 55
Our understanding of genetics and inheritance has improved due to the work of
many scientists.
(a) Draw line from each scientist to the description of their significant
work.
Carried out breeding experiments

on pea plants.
Charles Darwin
Wrote 'On the origin of species'.
Alfred Russel
Wallance
Worked on plant defence systems.
Gregor Mendel
Worked on warning colouration in

animals.
(b) In the mid-20th century the structure of DNA was discovered.
What is a section of DNA which codes for one specific protein called?
___________________________________________________________
(c) shows one strand of DNA.
The strand has a sequence of bases (A, C, G and T).
How many amino acids does the strand of DNA in code for?
Tick box.
Page 46 of 55
(d) Mutations of DNA cause some inherited disorders.
One inherited disorder is cystic fibrosis (CF).
A recessive allele causes CF.
Complete the genetic diagram in .
• Identify any children with CF.
• Give the probability of any children having CF.
Each parent does not have CF.
The following symbols have been used:
= dominant allele for having CF
= recessive allele for having CF
Probability of a child with CF = _____________________
(e) What is the genotype of the mother shown in ?
Tick box.
Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant
Page 47 of 55
Homozygous recessive
shows an image of a small section of DNA.
shows the structure of a small section of DNA.
© Svisio/iStock/Thinkstock
(a) What is Part ?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(b) In the structure of DNA shows four different bases.
There are four different bases and they always pair up in the same pairs.
Which bases pair up together?
___________________________________________________________
(c) Syndrome H is an inherited condition.
People with syndrome H do produce the enzyme IDUA.
shows part of the gene coding for the enzyme IDUA.
Page 48 of 55
Strand shows a mutation in the DNA which has caused syndrome H.
The enzyme IDUA helps to break down a carbohydrate in the human body.
The enzyme IDUA produced from Strand will not work.
Explain how the mutation could cause the enzyme to work.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(d) A recessive allele causes syndrome H.
A heterozygous woman and a homozygous recessive man want to have a

child.
Draw a Punnett square diagram to determine the probability of the child

having syndrome H.
Identify any children with syndrome H.
Use the following symbols:
= dominant allele
= recessive allele
Probability = ___________________ %
Page 49 of 55
In humans, hair colour is an inherited characteristic.
Red hair is caused by a recessive allele.
(a) When does a recessive allele control the development of a characteristic?
Tick (✔) box.
When the allele is present on only one of the

chromosomes.
When the dominant allele is not present.
When the allele is inherited from the female parent.
(b) shows the inheritance of hair colour in one family.
(i) Brown hair is caused by a dominant allele, .
Red hair is caused by the recessive allele, .
What combination of alleles does person have?
Tick (✔) box.
Page 50 of 55
(ii) Person married a woman with brown hair.
shows how hair colour could be inherited by their children.
Complete to show the combination of alleles that the

children would inherit.
One has been done for you.
(iii) What is the probability that one of the children would have red hair?
Tick (✔) box.
1 in 2
1 in 3
1 in 4
Page 51 of 55
The diagram below shows the production of human sperm cells.
(a) Name the organ where the processes shown in the diagram above take
place.
______________________________
(b) (i) Not every cell in the diagram above contains the same amount of
DNA.
Cell contains 6.6 picograms of DNA (1 picogram = 10-12 grams).
How much DNA is there in each of the following cells?
Cell _____________ picograms
(ii) How much DNA would there be in a fertilised egg cell?
_____________________ picograms
(iii) A fertilised egg cell divides many times to form an embryo.
Name this type of cell division.
______________________________
Page 52 of 55
(c) After a baby is born, stem cells may be collected from the umbilical cord.
These can be frozen and stored for possible use in the future.
(i) What are stem cells?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest why it is ethically more acceptable to take stem cells from an
umbilical cord instead of using stem cells from a 4-day-old embryo
produced by In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF).
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
(iii) Stem cells taken from a child’s umbilical cord could be used to treat
a condition later in that child’s life.
Give advantage of using the child’s own umbilical cord stem

cells instead of using stem cells donated from another person.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
(iv) Why would it be possible to treat a genetic disorder in a child

using his own umbilical cord stem cells?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Polydactyly is an inherited condition caused by a dominant allele.
(a) The figure below shows the hand of a man with polydactyly. The man has
an extra finger on each hand.
The man’s mother also has polydactyly but his father does not.
Page 53 of 55
© Ifness/iStock
(i) The man is for polydactyly.
Explain how the information given above shows that the man is
for polydactyly.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
(ii) The man marries a woman who does have polydactyly.
What is the probability that their first child will have polydactyly?
______________________________________________________
Page 54 of 55
(b) The man has red hair. His sister has brown hair.
Both of their parents have brown hair.
Brown hair is caused by the dominant allele, .
Red hair is caused by a recessive allele, .
Complete the genetic diagram below to show how the man’s parents were
able to have some children with red hair and some with brown hair.
Parental phenotypes _________________ _________________

Parental Genotypes _________________ _________________
Gametes ________ ________ ________ ________
Offspring genotypes: ________________________________________
Offspring phenotypes: _______________________________________
Page 55 of 55

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

Potato blight is a disease of potato plants.

Potato blight is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans.

Tick (✓) box.

(b) The fungus grows near the surface of the potato.

Tick (✓) box.

The fungus can get nitrogen from the

The fungus can get oxygen from the -

The fungus can get water from the

A farmer sprays his potato plants with a pesticide.

The pesticide kills the fungus that causes potato blight.

(c) What does ‘biodiversity in a river’ mean?

Tick (✓) box.

The variety of species of organisms in

Explain why the biodiversity in the river decreased.

Resistance to potato blight is controlled by two alleles:

= a dominant allele for having resistance to blight.

= a recessive allele for having resistance to blight.

Tick (✓) box.

25% 50% 75% ~ 100%

(h) Potatoes can also reproduce asexually. mitosis

One that is resistant to

will reproduce asexually causing

mitosis The will then

be genetically identical and

The nucleus of a cell contains DNA.

shows part of a DNA molecule.

(b) Name the part of the DNA molecule labelled .

(c) What type of substances are labelled , , and in ?

shows another section of a DNA molecule.

Label each of these substances with the correct letter, , , or .

Use information from other parts of to help you.

(e) What is happening to the DNA in part of ?

Tick (✓) box.

(f) A gene is a length of DNA.

What type of substance does a gene code for?

(g) Most human body cells contain 6 × 10–12 grams of DNA.

What mass of DNA will a human sperm cell contain?

Tick (✓) box.

Tick (✓) box.

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene for haemoglobin.

A person who is homozygous for the normal haemoglobin allele ( ) produces

A person who is homozygous for the mutated allele ( ):

A person who is heterozygous:

the mutation means there is less

Calculate the proportion of cells in that have an altered shape.

shows the inheritance of sickle cell anaemia in one family.

‘It is an advantage for people to have the allele in countries where

Evaluate the scientist’s statement.

HAHS do not get HAHA die

Conclusion : Yes HAMS can

Sperm cells and egg cells are formed by meiosis.

(a) During meiosis a cell divides twice.

(b) Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes.

How many chromosomes are in each human egg cell?

Dupuytren’s is a disorder that affects the hands.

One form of Dupuytren’s is caused by a dominant allele ( ).

The allele for having Dupuytren’s is recessive ( ).

(c) What is an allele?