This question is about cell division.

1.
(a) Write the biological structures from the box in the correct order of size.

cell chromosome gene nucleus

Smallest _______________

_______________

_______________

Largest _______________

(1)

Figure 1 shows how a fertilised egg cell can produce specialised cells.

Figure 1

(b) Name Process A.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 1 of 32

(c) How many cell divisions are needed to form a 16-cell embryo from the original fertilised egg
cell?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of cell divisions = _______________

(1)

(d) In humans a fertilised egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

How many chromosomes will there be in each of the embryo cells?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Figure 2 represents a cell cycle for a human embryonic cell.

Figure 2

Describe one change in the cell that occurs during each of the stages of the cell cycle.

Stage 1 ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Stage 2 ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Stage 3 ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 2 of 32

Cell division is important in the growth of multicellular organisms.

(f) Figure 3 shows the mean height of boys and of girls from birth to age 18 years.

Figure 3

Compare the growth of boys with the growth of girls.

Use data from Figure 3 in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 3 of 32

 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(g) Give one way that cell division by mitosis is important in fully grown animals.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

2.
(a) What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

Both have a cell membrane.

Both have a cell wall.

Both have a nucleus.

Both have cytoplasm.

Both have plasmids.

(2)

(b) Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food.

Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning.

Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 4 of 32

(c) What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 1 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking
the course of antibiotics.

Figure 1

(d) The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course
of antibiotics.

Suggest one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(e) After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child s body.

Why did the child feel better?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Bacteria had become immune to the antibiotic.

The child had become resistant to the bacteria.

There were fewer toxins in the body than at day 0

(1)

(f) Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Figure 2 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

Figure 2

Blood viewed using a microscope © jarun011 / iStock

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 6 of 32

 (g) A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies.

Which part of the blood in Figure 2 produces antibodies?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

A B C D

(1)

(h) Which part of the blood in Figure 2 starts the clotting process?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

A B C D

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch.

3.
(a) Which organs in the human digestive system produce amylase?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Liver, small intestine and large intestine

Salivary glands, stomach and liver

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

Stomach, pancreas and large intestine

(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 7 of 32

A student investigated the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.

This is the method used.

1. Prepare amylase solution at pH 5

2. Mix the amylase solution with starch in a boiling tube.

3. Remove a drop of the amylase-starch mixture every 30 seconds and test it for the presence
of starch.

4. Record the time when all the starch has been digested.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using amylase solution prepared at pH 6, then at pH 7 and then at pH 8

(b) What was the independent variable in this investigation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Describe how the student would know when all the starch had been digested.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 8 of 32

(d) Figure 1 shows the student’s results.

Figure 1

What was the optimum pH for the amylase?

Use Figure 1.

Optimum pH = _______________
(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 9 of 32

A scientist did a different investigation.

This is the method used.

1. Prepare amylase solution at the optimum pH.

2. Mix the amylase solution with starch in a boiling tube.

3. Measure the concentration of sugar every 10 seconds for 2 minutes.

Figure 2 shows the scientist’s results.

Figure 2

(e) How much time did it take for the amylase to digest all the starch?

Use Figure 2.

Time to digest all the starch = _______________ seconds

(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 10 of 32

(f) Determine the rate of sugar production per minute at 40 seconds.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rate = _______________ arbitrary units per minute

(4)

(g) Explain how the structure of enzyme molecules is related to the effect of pH on the activity
of amylase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 11 of 32

 Photosynthesis is an important chemical reaction in plants.
4.
(a) Why is light needed for photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) What is the equation for photosynthesis?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

C6H12O6 + CO2 6 O2 + 6 H2O

CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 O2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 CO2

(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 12 of 32

(c) A student investigated the effect of different colours of light on the rate of photosynthesis at
room temperature.

The student used pondweed in water.

A piece of pondweed was placed in red light, then in blue light and then in green light.

Each colour of light was the same intensity.

Describe how the student should make accurate measurements to obtain valid results for
the rate of photosynthesis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 13 of 32

A scientist investigated the effect of different wavelengths of light on the rate of photosynthesis.

The wavelength of light determines the colour of the light.

Figure 1 shows the student’s results.

Figure 2 shows the scientist’s results.

Figure 1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 14 of 32

 Figure 2

(d) Why are the results for the two investigations presented differently?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Suggest the range in wavelength of green light.

Use Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Range in wavelength of green light = from _______ nm to _______ nm

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 15 of 32

 This question is about tumours.
5.
(a) Describe the similarities and differences between benign tumours and malignant tumours.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 16 of 32

The figure below shows data about skin cancer in males and females for different age groups in
the UK.

It shows:
• the number of new cases of skin cancer in 1 year
• the number of people with skin cancer per 100 000 population in 1 year.

(b) There are no new cases of skin cancer diagnosed in people younger than 15 years of age.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 17 of 32

(c) Give two conclusions about the number of new cases of skin cancer.

Use the figure above.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The data for the number of people with skin cancer is given per 100 000 population.

Suggest why the data is not given as the total number of people.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The figure above is repeated below.

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 18 of 32

 (e) Describe two trends shown in the figure above.

Use only the data for the number of people with skin cancer per 100 000 population.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) The estimated population of males aged 80 to 84 years was 694 000

Calculate the number of males aged 80 to 84 years with skin cancer in that year.

Use the figure above.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of males with skin cancer (3 significant figures) = _______________

(3)
(Total 14 marks)

This question is about the heart.

6.
(a) Why is the heart described as an organ?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 19 of 32

(b) Valves in the heart keep the blood flowing through the heart in one direction.

The diagram below shows the heart with one of the valves labelled.

Explain the effects on a person if the valve labelled in the figure above developed a leak.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.

The faulty valve is replaced during an operation.

Biological valves:
• are from animals or human donors
• allow blood to flow through them normally
• wear out and stiffen over time, so may need to be replaced.

Mechanical valves:
• are made from synthetic materials
• may cause blood clots on the surface of the valve
• require anti-clotting drugs to be taken for the rest of the patient s life
• can last for a very long time in ideal conditions.

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 20 of 32

A young woman enjoys extreme sports and would like to start a family.

The woman needs a heart valve replacing.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages for this young woman of having a biological
heart valve instead of a mechanical heart valve.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 21 of 32

Mark schemes
(a) gene
1.
chromosome

nucleus

cell
must be in this order
1

(b) differentiation
ignore specialisation
1

(c) 4
allow 15
1

(d) 46
allow 23 pairs (of chromosomes)
1

(e) Stage 1 any one from:

• (cell) growth
• increase in number of sub-cellular structures
allow increase in number of organelles / ribosomes / mitochondria

• DNA replicates
allow genetic material for DNA
allow DNA doubles / duplicates

• chromosomes double / duplicate / replicate

1

Stage 2 any one from:

ignore mitosis occurs

• (one set of) chromosomes is pulled to each end of cell

allow chromosomes line up
across the centre of the cell
allow chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

• two nuclei form

allow nucleus divides / splits (into two)
1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 22 of 32

 Stage 3 any one from:
• cytoplasm / membrane divides
allow cytokinesis

• two identical cells formed

1

(f) Level 2: Scientifically relevant features are identified; the way(s) in which they are
similar / different is made clear and (where appropriate) the magnitude of the
similarity / difference is noted.
4

Level 1: Relevant features are identified and differences noted.

1 3

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

General comparisons:
• boys height at birth (slightly) greater than girls height

• boys are (slightly) taller than girls up to age 11

• correct height comparisons eg boys are approximately 4 / 5 cm taller than girls

up to age 11

• girls and boys are the same height at age 11

• girls are taller than boys between age 11 and age 14

• girls and boys are the same height at age 14

• boys are taller than girls above age 14

• correct height comparisons eg boys are 5 to 18 cm taller than girls above age
14

• boys (eventually) grow taller than girls

• boys carry on growing for a longer time than girls

• girls stop growing age 13 / 14 / 15 and boys stop growing age 17 / 18

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 23 of 32

 Rate comparisons:
• rate of growth similar up to age 10 / 11

• girls grow faster than boys between 10 / 11 and 14

allow girls have a greater increase in height between 11 and 14

• growth spurt occurs at a younger age in girls

• growth spurt starts age 10 / 11 in girls and age 13 / 14 in boys

• increased rate of growth in girls aged 10 to 13 /14 and in boys aged 13 to 17 /

18

Key points for Level 2 are correct reference to 0-11 year period, 11-14 period and
after age 14, with at least one correct reference to rate of growth or use of correct
values of height and age to illustrate rate.

(g) repair of tissues

allow repair of organs
ignore repair of cells

or
replacement of cells
allow replacement of tissues
ignore replacement of organs

ignore growth
1
[14]

(a) both have a cell membrane

2. 1

both have cytoplasm

1

(b) any one from:

• fever
allow high temperature
allow sweating / chills

• abdominal / stomach cramps

ignore vomiting / sickness / diarrhoea
ignore feel unwell unqualified
ignore rashes
1

(c) penicillin
allow phonetic spelling
1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 24 of 32

 (d) any one from:
• only a few bacteria killed so live bacteria continued to reproduce
allow bacteria reproducing when course started

• time delay before antibiotic reached bacteria

allow takes time (for antibiotic) to travel through the body

• time delay before antibiotic could kill bacteria

allow takes time (for antibiotic) to work
1

(e) there were fewer toxins in the body than at day 0

1

(f) to reduce / prevent resistant strains / bacteria developing

ignore references to bacteria becoming immune

or

to reduce / prevent antibiotic resistance (in bacteria)

allow because they will get better without taking any antibiotics
ignore body will fight the infection unqualified
allow some infections are caused by viruses
allow because they have been told not to by NHS / NICE
1

(g) B
1

(h) D
1
[9]

(a) salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

3. 1

(b) pH (of amylase / solution / buffer)

ignore upper and lower case letters
allow hydrogen ion / H+ concentration
ignore acidity / alkalinity
1

(c) iodine (solution / reagent) would not turn black / blue-black

allow iodine (solution / reagent) would not turn dark blue / dark
purple
ignore iodine solution / reagent would not turn blue / purple

or

iodine solution / reagent would stay orange / brown

allow iodine (solution / reagent) would not change colour
1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 25 of 32

(d) 6.8
answer line takes precedence
allow answer in range 6.75 to 6.85
1

(e) 82 (seconds)
answer line takes precedence
allow answer in range 80 to 84 (seconds)
1

(f) View with Figure 2

tangent drawn at 40 seconds

1

eg
(rate =)
1

calculation of rate at 40 seconds

(rate =) 0.0375 (arbitrary units per second)
allow an answer in the range 0.035 to 0.042 (arbitrary units per
second)
1

(0.0375 × 60 =) 2.25 (arbitrary units per minute)

allow an answer in the range 2.1 to 2.5 (arbitrary units per minute)
if no other marks awarded allow 1 mark for

5.25 (arbitrary units per minute)

allow an answer in the range 5.175 to 5.25 (arbitrary units per
minute) for this mark only
1

(g) Level 3: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in detail and logically
linked to form a clear account.

Level 2: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there are attempts at
logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.
3 4

Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and
there is no attempt at logical linking.
1 2

No relevant content
0

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 26 of 32

 Indicative content

• enzymes are protein molecules

• (so) have a 3D structure
• lock and key theory
• have an active site
• (which) has a specific shape
• shape of active site will only match shape of substrate
• starch is substrate for amylase

• at pH values above or below the optimum the shape of active site is changed
(in some molecules)
• (so) substrate can no longer fit the active site
• at extreme pH values enzyme is denatured
• (so) shape of active site is changed

• (so) amylase can no longer digest starch

• (so) rate of digestion decreases

For Level 3 reference to enzyme structure and effect of pH on enzyme activity are
needed
[15]

(a) to transfer energy

4.
allow idea that light is the source of energy (for the reaction)
do not accept to produce / make / create / use energy

or

photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction

1

(b) 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 27 of 32

 (c) allow the pondweed to equilibrate in the light
allow leave the pondweed in the light (for a few minutes) before
taking measurements
allow use the same concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution
ignore control carbon dioxide concentration unless method
described
ignore use same intensity / distance of light
ignore control temperature
ignore use same pondweed
1

use a gas syringe

or

use a (measuring) cylinder to measure / collect the oxygen / gas produced

do not accept carbon dioxide
ignore references to counting bubbles
1

measure time oxygen / gas is collected for using a timer / stopwatch / stopclock
1

repeat the measurements and calculate a mean

allow repeat the measurements (several) and discard anomalies
1

(d) independent variable in student s investigation is categoric / discrete

allow colour of light is a categoric / discrete variable
ignore discontinuous
1

independent variable in scientist’s investigation is continuous

allow wavelength is a continuous variable
1
ignore answers relating to the scale on the y-axis

(e) 492 to 577 (nm)

allow answers in range 475 to 525 and 575 to 650 (nm)
1
[9]

(a) any four from:

5. Similarities:
• result from changes in the cell / DNA / genes
allow result from mutations

• uncontrolled cell growth / division

• can form a lump of cells
• made up of abnormal cells

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 28 of 32

 Differences:
Malignant tumours:
• are made of cancer cells, benign tumours are not
or
benign tumours are made up of cells that are more similar to normal cells
• (usually) grow faster than benign tumours
• invade neighbouring tissues, but benign tumours do not
• can spread (to other parts of the body) but benign tumours stay in one place
or
cells can travel in the blood, but benign tumours do not
• can form secondary tumours, benign tumours do not
max three marks if only similarities or differences given
allow benign tumours (often) have a layer of covering cells,
malignant tumours (usually) do not
ignore references to level of harm
4

(b) little exposure to ionising radiation

allow little exposure to UV (light)
allow little exposure to sunlight
ignore little exposure Sun unqualified
allow use sunscreen
allow do not use sunbeds
or
little exposure to carcinogens
allow named carcinogen e.g. smoking
1

(so) less cell / DNA / gene damage

allow (so) fewer mutations
allow older people’s (skin) cells are more susceptible to DNA
damage
if no other marks awarded allow 1 mark for skin cancer takes a long
time to develop
1

(c) any two from:

• more females than males diagnosed each year up to age 59 (years)

• more new cases in males than in females from 60 (years)

• greatest number of people / males / females diagnosed in age group 65-69

(years)

• number of new cases increases in males up to age group 65 69 (years) after

which they decrease / fall
ignore the number of cases of skin cancer increases with age
2

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 29 of 32

 (d) to account for the different group sizes
allow there are different numbers of people / males / females of
different ages
allow so the different group sizes can be compared
allow so it can be compared to populations in other countries
ignore to compare unqualified
1

(e) any two from:

• number (of males / female per 100 000 population) increases with age

• in females the number (per 100 000 population) increases at a steady rate

• number (per 100 000 population) in males increases at a similar or at a slightly

lower rate as in females up to age 55
allow number (per 100 000 population) in males increases at a
steady rate up to 55−59 (years)

• number (per 100 000 population) increases at a much higher rate in males than
females above age 59
allow number (per 100 000 population) in males increases more
rapidly above age 59
do not accept if referring to number of new cases
2

(f)

allow values in the range 114 to 118

1

= 805.04
1

= 805
allow an incorrectly calculated number of males correctly rounded
to 3 significant figures
if no other marks awarded allow 1 mark only for an answer of 5270
1
[14]

(a) it is made up of (different) tissues (that perform specific functions)

6. 1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 30 of 32

(b) some blood would flow back into the ventricle / heart
allow not all the blood would leave the ventricle / heart allow blood
clot (may form in the heart)
do not accept blood would flow back into the right ventricle
1

(so) less oxygenated blood would be pumped to the body

ignore references to glucose
1

cells require oxygen for respiration

or
less aerobic respiration
allow more anaerobic respiration
1

(so) person would become out of breath

(so) lactic acid will build up
or
(so) less energy transferred
allow the idea of lacking energy
do not accept less energy produced / made / created

or
(so) person would be tired
1

(c) any four from:

(advantages of biological valve):

• reduced risk of blood clots which could cause heart attack or stroke
• reduced risk of blood clots during pregnancy / birth
• reduced risk of bleeding during pregnancy / birth
• do not need to take anti (blood) clotting drugs
ignore do not need to take blood thinners
allow do not need to take drugs for life

• no risk to foetus / baby from drugs

• reduced risk of serious bleeds if in an accident
• do not need to carry (anti-blood clotting) drugs when travelling
allow problems related to losing / obtaining drugs abroad

• low risk of rejection / immune reaction

do not credit reference to rejection twice
allow no risk of side effects from drugs

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 31 of 32

(disadvantages of biological valve):
• may be rejected
do not credit reference to rejection twice

• may have to go through surgery more than once

ignore risks from surgery unqualified

• may have to take immunosuppressant drugs

allow an animal might be killed

• have to wait for (suitable) donor

max three marks if only advantages or disadvantages of biological
valve given
4
[9]

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