Amt PT-2 Answer Key

2 MARKS
1.Define Infiltration?
The infiltration process, in which the matrix in liquid form is caused to fill open pores of
a preform of the reinforcing phase
2 define a comprehensive explanation for sintering process
Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material
by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction
3. mention step in production metallurgy parts?
Powder production.
Mixing and blending.
Compacting.
Sintering.
4. Articulate rational behind the blending of metal powder
The mixing, or blending, of powder feedstocks for die pressing of Powder Metallurgy
parts is carried out for two reasons: To introduce alloying element additions in a
homogeneous form.
5. what occurs metal powder during sintering
Particles under pressure chemically bond to themselves in order to form a coherent

shape when exposed to a high temperature.
6 mention few application of ceramics?
Bearings, seals, armors, liners, nozzles, and cutting tools

7. examine and Eludicate Inherent the physical property of ceramics
Hard,
Wear-resistant,
Brittle,
Refractory,
Thermal insulators,
Electrical insulators,
8. list few characteristics of oxides ceramics
Low wear resistance, (b) High melting points, and (c) a variety of electrical
characteristics.
9. analyse the concept of glass?
The standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a non-crystalline solid formed by
rapid melt quenching
10. Design two of consideration of ceramics
When evaluating the suitability of a ceramic material for a particular application, it is

first necessary to understand the requirements of the application
PART B 15 MARKS
11(A) evaluate the economy of powder metallurgy?
Powder metallurgy (PM) is a manufacturing process where metal powders are

compacted and then sintered to create solid parts. The economics of powder
metallurgy can be highly favorable in specific applications, but understanding its cost
structure, benefits, and limitations is essential for evaluating its overall economic
impact. Here’s an overview of the economic factors involved in powder metallurgy.
Production Efficiency
PM allows for high-volume production with consistent quality, making it economically

viable for mass production of complex parts
Tooling Costs
Tooling for powder metallurgy can be relatively high due to the need for precise molds
and dies to compress the powder.
Energy Consumption
PM is typically less energy-intensive than processes like forging or casting because it

requires lower temperatures for sintering rather than full melting of metals.
Limitations and Application-Specific Economics
PM is best suited for small to medium-sized parts, often with simple geometries or
uniform cross-sections.
ADVANTAGES:
• High wear, heat, pressure, and chemical attack resistance (gas and liquids)
• Extreme hardness.
• Excellent electrical insulation.
DISADVANTAGES :
• Brittleness. ...
• Low Tensile Strength. ...
• Difficult and Costly Manufacturing Processes. ...
• Poor Thermal Shock Resistance. ...
• Limited Ductility and Plasticity.
DIAGRAM:
11(B) The sintering process in powder metallurgy
The sintering process in powder metallurgy is a heat treatment step that consolidates
metal powders into a solid, coherent structure. This process is essential in powder
metallurgy as it gives the compacted metal powder its final strength, density, and
microstructure. Here’s a detailed analysis of each stage and mechanism involved in the
sintering process in powder metallurgy.
Preparation and Compaction of Powder
Before sintering, metal powders are mixed with additives (e.g., lubricants or binders)
and compacted into a “green” part. This compacted form has enough shape and
cohesion
Sintering Stages
The sintering process typically involves several stages, each with distinct physical and
chemical changes:
Initial Stage: At lower temperatures, small contact areas (or “necks”) begin to form
between adjacent particles. These necks reduce the overall surface energy, initiating
the bonding process.
ADVANTAGES:
Limited by Size & Shape. While powder metallurgy efficiently creates precise parts,
producing complex, large parts is difficult. ...
DISADVANTAGES:
Liquid dosage forms have a shorter shelf life and less physicochemical stability than
powder dosage forms
12 (a)Aanalyse the techniques employed in strengthening and annealing process
Strengthening Techniques:
Strengthening techniques aim to increase the hardness and strength of metals by

restricting the movement of dislocations (defects in the crystal structure).
Working:
Work Hardening (Strain Hardening):
Process: Involves deforming the material plastically (e.g., by rolling, hammering, or

drawing).
Solid Solution Strengthening:
Process: Adding alloying elements (e.g., carbon in steel or zinc in brass) to the base
metal.
Grain Boundary Strengthening (Hall-Petch Strengthening):
Process: Refining the grain size of the metal through controlled cooling or
recrystallization.
Annealing Techniques
Annealing is a heat treatment process aimed at relieving internal stresses, increasing

ductility, and reducing hardness. This process usually involves heating, soaking, and
controlled cooling
Both strengthening and annealing techniques play essential roles in tailoring a

material’s properties to meet specific engineering needs. While strengthening methods
enhance the material’s hardness and resistance to deformation, annealing softens it
and increases ductility, making it more workable
Advantages:
Reduces hardness and increases ductility.
Enhances machinability.
Disadvantages:
Larger grains reduce material strength.
Excessive grain growth can lead to a weaker structure.
DIAGRAM:
12(B)PROVIDE DEPTH AN EXPLORATION OF THE FORMING AND SHAPING
PROCESS INVOLVED IN GLASS MANUFACTURING
Glass manufacturing is an intricate process that combines science, art, and precise
engineering. The forming and shaping process of glass manufacturing transforms raw
materials into a vast range of glass products, from windows and bottles to intricate
glassware and fiber optics. The key stages of forming and shaping glass involve melting,
molding, cooling, and finishing, each requiring exact control to achieve the desired
properties and shape.
Raw Materials and Melting
Glass is primarily made from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. These raw materials
are combined in specific proportions to create the glass batch.
Forming and Shaping Processes
The molten glass can then be formed and shaped through various methods, each suited
to different end products. Here are the main techniques:
Blowing
Blowing is one of the oldest glass-forming methods, commonly used for making hollow
objects like bottles, vases, and light bulbs.
In this process, a “gob” of molten glass is gathered on a blowpipe, and air is blown
through the pipe, expanding the glass to the desired shape. This can be done manually
by skilled artisans or through automated processes in factories.
Pressing
Pressing is used for producing thick-walled glass items like jars, lenses, and plates.
Here, a gob of molten glass is placed in a mold, and a plunger is used to press it into the
desired shape.
Drawing
Drawing is a method mainly used to produce flat glass sheets or long, continuous
products like glass fibers.
In sheet glass production (e.g., for windows), the molten glass is drawn from a tank and
fed through rollers to create flat, even sheets. This process was refined with the “float
glass process,” where molten glass is floated on molten tin, creating uniform thickness
and a very smooth surface.
Finishing
After cooling, glass may require further finishing processes, including cutting, polishing,
and coating.
For certain glass products, such as lenses and high-precision instruments, grinding and
polishing ensure surface smoothness and shape accuracy.
Advantages:
• It can transmit 80% of the natural daylight in both directions without weathering,
yellowing, or clouding.
• It has a smooth surface, so it is easy to clean and dustproof
DISADVANTAGES:
• Glass production is highly energy-consuming since it requires high temperatures

for refining raw materials.
• Glare is the major issue in the glass façade building.
DIAGRAM:

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2 MARKS

2 define a comprehensive explanation for sintering process

3. mention step in production metallurgy parts?

Mixing and blending.

4. Articulate rational behind the blending of metal powder

5. what occurs metal powder during sintering

Particles under pressure chemically bond to themselves in order to form a coherent

6 mention few application of ceramics?

Bearings, seals, armors, liners, nozzles, and cutting tools

8. list few characteristics of oxides ceramics

9. analyse the concept of glass?

10. Design two of consideration of ceramics

When evaluating the suitability of a ceramic material for a particular application, it is

11(A) evaluate the economy of powder metallurgy?

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a manufacturing process where metal powders are

PM allows for high-volume production with consistent quality, making it economically

PM is typically less energy-intensive than processes like forging or casting because it

Limitations and Application-Specific Economics

Preparation and Compaction of Powder

Strengthening techniques aim to increase the hardness and strength of metals by

Work Hardening (Strain Hardening):

Process: Involves deforming the material plastically (e.g., by rolling, hammering, or

Solid Solution Strengthening:

Grain Boundary Strengthening (Hall-Petch Strengthening):

Annealing is a heat treatment process aimed at relieving internal stresses, increasing

Both strengthening and annealing techniques play essential roles in tailoring a

Reduces hardness and increases ductility.

Larger grains reduce material strength.

Excessive grain growth can lead to a weaker structure.

Raw Materials and Melting

Forming and Shaping Processes

• Glass production is highly energy-consuming since it requires high temperatures

• Glare is the major issue in the glass façade building.

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