Class Vii Ts Study Material 23

TALENT SEARCH
INTERNATIONAL STUDYSCHOOL
INDIAN MATERIAL –CLASS VII
DAMMAM
STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS VII
“ Genius is seldom recognized for what it is: a great capacity for hard work.”- Henry Ford
Page 1
Organized by Girls Middle Section
TALENT SEARCH STUDY MATERIAL –CLASS VII
PREFACE
In the eloquent words of Arthur Schopenhauer, "Talent hits a target no one else can hit,
genius hits a target no one else can see." These profound words encapsulate the essence of our
annual Talent Search Exam (TSE) at the International Indian School Dammam (IISD). Each
year, this event serves as a beacon, illuminating the path for middle school students to
discover and showcase their exceptional abilities.
The primary objective of the Talent Search Exam is to unearth and celebrate the preeminence
among our students. It is a platform that not only recognizes raw intelligence but also
nurtures and hones academic skills, encouraging students to set ambitious goals for
themselves. The TSE is more than just an examination; it is an inspiring journey that propels
young minds toward intellectual excellence.
Our vision for the TSE goes beyond conventional assessments. We aspire to cultivate creative
thinking, fortify reasoning power, sharpen mathematical abilities, and foster analytical
thinking among our students. The world is dynamic, and to thrive in such an environment, it
is imperative for our students to stay abreast of current events globally. The TSE equips them
with this awareness, instilling in them the courage and confidence to navigate the path to
excellence.
This Talent Search Study Material is crafted as a comprehensive manual, meticulously

designed to be a guiding light for our young minds. It encompasses the detailed syllabus of all
five subject areas, providing students with an invaluable resource to prepare for the
challenges that lie ahead. The material is not just a compilation of facts and figures; it is a
roadmap that empowers students to face the competition fearlessly, armed with knowledge
and understanding.
As we embark on this intellectual odyssey with our students, we are confident that the TSE
will serve as a catalyst for their growth and development. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to
the educators, parents, and students whose collective efforts make this endeavor possible.
May this journey be one of discovery, learning, and the realization of untapped potential.
Let the pursuit of excellence begin!
Shema Anas
Headmistress
Girl’s Middle Section (Chief Organizer )
Page 2
SYLLABUS @ A GLANCE
1. 40% of the questions will be from the given

portions including study material.
2. 60% of the question will be general related to the
subject.
CLASS 7, TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION PORTION 2023-24

SUBJECT WEIGHTAGE CLASS VII
ENGLISH Tenses ( Present and Past), Active and Passive voice, Reported
Speech( Interrogatives), Conditionals ( I,II) ( Idioms/ expressions
15 and vocabulary from all the lessons taught till December) and
from the uploaded study material.
MATHS 25 L-6 Triangle and its Properties, L-8 Comparing Quantities, L-9
Rational Numbers, L-11 Perimeter and Area. , Mental Math,
Puzzles, Logical Reasoning, Patterns, Odd one out, Geometrical
concepts, Math related GK and from the uploaded study material.
SCIENCE & 25 L-5 Acids, Bases and Salts, L-6 Physical and Chemical changes,
TECH L-11 Transportation in Animals and Plants, L-13 Motion and
Time ,
L-15 Light, General questions from Science & Technology and
from the uploaded study material.
SOCIAL 15 History L-4 The Mughal Empire

SCIENCE Geography L-5 Water, L-6 Human Environment Interactions-
Tropical and Subtropical Regions.
Civics L-3 How the State Government works? , L-6
Understanding Media and topics from the uploaded study
material.
ENV/GK/ CUR. 20 Awards, Events ( Sports), Natural Disasters, People in News,

AFFAIRS Books and Authors, Nobel Prize, Inventions and Discoveries
related to Computer Technology, Current Affairs ( Who’s Who)
and from the uploaded study material.
Page 3
SUBJECT: ENGLISH
1. Active and Passive Voice
We use the Active Voice to say what the subject does.
We use the Passive Voice to say what happened

to the subject. Examples: The Children saw a
rainbow in the sky.
A rainbow in the sky was seen by the children.
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED.
- first find out where is the verb (action word) in the

given question.
- before the verb is ‘subject’ / after the verb is ‘object’
- Passive Voice begins with object
- check whether the object brought to the beginning side
is
singular or plural
- verb changes to Past Participle Form in every answer

- ‘by’ is used in every answer as the object receives the
action
am/is/are/was/were + ing--------- use ‘being’
has/have/had + V(Past Participle Form) ------------ use

‘been’
any future word-------------------- use ‘be’
Examples:
AV-The monkeys performed several tricks.(simple past tense)
PV-Several tricks were performed by the monkey.
AV- Sohni is cutting wood.(present continuous tense)
PV-The wood is being cut by Sohni.
AV-.The farmer has sown the seeds.(Present perfect tense)
PV-The seeds have been sown by the farmer.
Page 4
AV-Bengalis celebrate Durga pooja.(Simple present tense)
PV-Durga pooja is celebrated by Bengalis.
AV-All the students were writing down the message. (Past continuous tense)
PV-The message was being written down by all the students.
AV-Mr Samrat had taught us physics.(Past perfect tense)
PV-Physics had been taught to us by Mr Samrat.
AV-Rita will cut the cake. (Simple future tense)
PV-The cake will be cut by Rita.
2. Direct and Indirect Speech ( Interrogatives)
Direct speech - is a word-to-word repetition of what the speaker or writer has

conveyed. Indirect speech - is a report on what someone else said without using that
person's exact.
Statements:
* Present changes to Past
* Past changes to Past perfect
* Answer should end with only full stop (remove

comma and quotation marks)
Interrogative sentences : Sentences that are used to ask questions are called interrogative
sentences. They end with a question mark.
* Ask is used as reporting verb instead of say, tell, say to.
*In narration change, interrogative sentence changes to assertive form [direct to indirect speech]
*After the conversion of interrogative sentence from direct to indirect speech, the question mark
changes to full stop.
*The conjunction ‘that’ is not used to connect reporting and reported clause.
*Instead ‘if’ or ‘whether’ is used for the conversion of yes-no question.
*‘If’,‘whether’, ‘that’ are not used in WH – questions.
NOTE:-
1. Reported Speech: The part of the narration sentence, which is in the inverted, is called
reported speech.
[Check what in inside the inverted comma, which tense, then change that tense to reported
speech]
Page 5
2. Reporting Verb: The part which is outside the inverted commas is called reporting verb.
[Check what is before comma - says, say, future word + say, said, said to]
Examples:-
1. Swati said to Neera, “Do you go to gym everyday?”
Swati asked Neera if she went to gym everyday.
2. Mridula asked Manisha, “Did you buy the magic show tickets’?
Mridula asked Manisha if she had bought the magic show tickets.
3. He said to her, “Is that your new car?”

He asked whether it was her new car.
4. Mr Roy said to the receptionist, “When can I meet the principal?”

Mr Roy asked the receptionist when he could meet the principal.
5. He said to his friend, “Can you sing like a professional singer?”

He asked his sister whether she could sing like a professional singer.
6. I said to my sister, “Where is my purse?”

I asked my sister where my purse was.
7. Aleena said, “Did you break the vase?”

Aleena asked if I had broken the vase.
8. Rohan said, “Is something wrong?”

Rohan asked if something was wrong.
9. He said to her, “Is that your new car?”

He asked whether it was her new car.
10. Kanishk said to her, “Will you give me a treat?”

Kanishk asked her if she would give him a treat.
Page 6
3. Tenses – Present and Past (All eight forms)

Tense is a form of the verb generally used to denote the time of an action.
Present Tense- is used to denote an action that happens now. Past Tense- denotes an action that took
place earlier.
Simple Present Tense --- verb +s /verb- s
Present Continuous Tense-- am/is/are + verb + ing
Present Perfect Tense--- has /have + verb in past participle form
Present Perfect Continuous Tense--- has /have + been + verb + ing
Page 7
Simple Past Tense--- verb in past

Past Continuous Tense---was/were + verb + ing
Past Perfect Tense--- had + verb in past participle form
Past Perfect Continuous Tense--- had + been + verb + ing
Examples:- (Present Tense- all four forms with Singular and Plural subjects.)
Aysha goes for a walk every morning. (go) (Simple Present Tense)
Teacher is describing the wild life. (describe) (Present Continuous Tense)
Ahmad has completed his studies. (complete) (Present Perfect Tense)
We all have been playing on the ground for three hours. (play) (present perfect continuous tense)
Examples:- (Past Tense- all four forms with Singular and Plural subjects.)
1. The boys ate their lunch. (exercise) (Simple Past Tense)
2. We were staying at Taj Hotel this week. (stay) (Past Continuous Tense)
3. Rohan had finished his project.. (finish) (Past Perfect Tense)
4. The birds had been chirping for three hours.(chirp) (past perfect continuous tense)
Conditionals:
A clause consists of a subject and a verb and is the smallest grammatical unit that expresses a
thought. We make conditional clauses with ‘if’. These clauses usually express a condition –
something which must happen first so that something else can happen.
Type 1 Conditional
First conditional if clause is used to talk about a situation that is likely to happen.
(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
Ex- If she does not worry, she will be late.
Type 2 Conditional
The second conditional is used to talk about a situation that is unlikely to happen or is imaginary.
(if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
If she fell, she would hurt herself.
Examples:-
1. If she performs well, she will win the competition. [1st Conditional]
2. If you drop that glass, it will break. [ 1st Conditional]
3. If I won a million dollars, I would buy a new car. [2nd Conditional]
Page 8
4. If I knew the answer, I would tell it to you. [2nd Conditional]
Idioms and expressions: Idiomatic expressions are group of words with established
meaning unrelated to the meanings of individual words comprising of two or more
words and not interpreted literally but means something quite different from what
individual words of the phrase would imply. In other words, idioms don’t mean exactly
what the words say. They have however hidden meaning.
Idiom/Expression Meaning
1. keep up - progress or move
2. bottle up - suppress or hide
3. pros and cons - favourable and unfavorable factors
4. fair and square - in an honest and fair manner
5. under the weather - feeling slightly ill
6. sit on the fence - not wanting to make decisions
7. put off - extinguish
8. part and parcel - essential, necessary
9. burning the midnight oil - working late into the night
10. bits and pieces - things and objects of different kinds
Examples:
1. Technology changes so fast, it’s hard to keep up with it.
2. She kept her feelings about the accident bottled up for long.
3. We should hear all the pros and cons of the matter before we make a decision.
4. They followed all the rules and got the money fair and square.
5. After studying all night, Lara woke up feeling under the weather
6. He considered that it is better for him to sit on the fence during quarrel
7. Never put off the work till tomorrow.
8. Discipline is a part and parcel of our daily lives.
Page 9
9. She takes her exams next week, so she is burning the midnight oil.
10. There are these bits and pieces of evidence that you can put together like a puzzle.
Vocabulary
Words Meanings
1. churned -move or cause to move vigorously
2. stagger -walk or move unsteadily as if about to fall
3. revered -admired and respected
4. creak -make a sharp high pitched sound
5. ripped -pulled apart violently and quickly
6. reverie -state of being lost in thoughts, a day dream
7. awry -not as intended
8.chortling -laughing in a noisy, gleeful way
9.bizzare -very strange or unusual
10.gaunt -very thin because of lack of food
11.faltered -lost strength and stopped moving
12.crossly - in an angry way
13.fit -seizure or outbreak
(Learn vocabulary only from these words.)
SUBJECT : MATH'S
CHAPTER 6 TRIANGLE AND ITS PROPERTIES

(Note: - For details of the chapter refer textbook)
A triangle is a simple closed curve made of three-line segments. It has three vertices, three sides and
three angles. Here in ΔABC, It has Sides: AB, BC, CA. Vertices: A, B, C.
Angles: ∠BAG, ∠ABC, ∠BCA.
Classification of triangles: -Based on sides i) scalene triangle: Three unequal sides,
ii)Isosceles triangle: two with two equal sides iii) Equilateral triangle: All sides equal
Based on angles i) Acute-angled triangle: Each angle less than 90°.
Page 10
ii)Right angled triangle: One angle 90°.iii) Obtuse-angled triangle anyone angle more than 90°.
“I have three sides. One of my angles measures 15°. Another has a measure of 60°. What polygon, a
polygon am I? If I am a triangle, then what kind of triangle am I?”
I) Medians of a Triangle: The line-segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the mid-point of its
opposite side is called a median of the triangle. A triangle has three medians.
II) Altitudes of a Triangle: A line segment drawn from a vertex of a triangle perpendicular to its
opposite side is called an altitude (height) of the triangle corresponding to the opposite
side. A triangle has three altitudes.
III) Angle Sum Property of a Triangle: The sum of the measures of
the three angles of a triangle is 180°. The total of the inner angles of any triangle,
whether acute, obtuse, or right, is always 180° ∠1+ ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°
IV) Exterior Angle of a Triangle and its Property An exterior angle of a
triangle is formed when a side of a triangle is produced. At each vertex,
we have two ways of forming an exterior angle. The measure of an
exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of its
two interior opposite angles.
V) Two Special Triangles: Equilateral Triangle:
A triangle in which all three sides are of equal length is called an
equilateral triangle. In an equilateral triangle(i) all sides have
the same length and ii) each angle has measure 60°
Isosceles Triangle: A triangle in which two sides are of equal length is

called an isosceles triangle. In an isosceles triangle. (i) two sides have
the same length. Ii) base angles opposite to equal sides are also equal.
VI) Sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle: The sum of lengths of any two sides is always
greater than the third side. The difference of any two sides of a triangle is always less than
the length of third side. This is known as triangle inequality property. For any triangle
XYZ
XY+ YZ > XZ
YZ + XZ > XY
XZ +YZ > XY
Page 11
VII)
Q1. Which of the following triangles will have its two sides as its two altitudes?
i) Acute angled ii) Obtuse angled iii) Right angled triangle Answer: (iii)
Q2. Median is also called ________ in an isosceles triangle.
i) Length ii) Breadth iii) Altitude iv) Side Answer: (iii)
Q3. Two angles of a triangle measure 90° and 30°. The measure of the third angle is
(i) 90° (ii) 30° (iii) 60° Answer:(iii)
Q4. In which case of the following lengths of sides of a triangle, is it possible to draw a triangle?
(i) 3 cm, 4 cm, 7 cm (ii) 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm (iii) 3 cm, 3 cm, 7 cm Answer: (ii)
Q5 . Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle if the lengths of the other two sides
are 9 cm and 40 cm.
(i) 41 cm (ii) 32 cm (iii) 26 cm Answer: (i)
Q6. One of the exterior angles of a triangle is 80o, and the interior opposite angles are equal. What is
the measure of each of these two angles?
(i) 90° (ii) 40° (iii) 60° Answer:(ii)
CHAPTER 8 - COMPARING QUANTITIES

❖ PERCENTAGES
• Percentages are ratios expressed as a fraction of 100.
• Percentages are represented by the symbol ‘%’.
• Example:
=20% and =50%
❖. Comparing percentages when denominator is not 100

• When a ratio is not expressed in fraction of 100, then convert the fraction to an equivalent
fraction with denominator 100.
• Example: Consider a fraction
Multiply the numerator and denominator by 20.
Page 12
⇒ = = 60%
❖Converting fractions/decimals to percentages

• Converting Decimals to Percentages
Given decimal: 0.44
= = × 100% = 44%
❖Interpreting percentage into usable data

• Percentages can be interpreted into useful data.
• Examples:
(i) 40% of Raghav’s clothes are not washed.
⇒ Raghav’s 40 clothes out of 100 clothes are not washed.
(ii) 30 % of students in class are infected by fever.
⇒ Out of 100 students in a class, 30 students are infected by fever.
❖ FINDING THE INCREASE OR DECREASE IN PERCENT

• Example 1: Price of a book was changed from ₹20 to ₹25 in a week. Calculate the percentage
increased.
Solution: Change in price = ₹25 – ₹20 = ₹5
❖ Prices Related to Buying and Selling

Prices related to an item are: (i) Selling price (ii) Cost price
• Selling price (SP) is the price at which a product is sold out.
• Cost price (CP) is the buying price of an item.
• Profit = Selling price – Cost price
• Loss = Cost price – Selling price
• If SP > CP , then it is profit.
• If SP = CP , then it is neither profit nor loss.
• If CP > SP , then it is loss.
❖ Finding profit and loss percentages
❖ Simple and Compound Interest

Sum / principal
Page 13
• The money which has been borrowed is called sum or principal.

• This money can be used by the borrower for a particular time period before returning to the
lender.
• Example: Loan that you take from a bank is the principal.
Interest
• Interest is the extra payment that a borrower should pay to the lender along with the principal.
Amount
• A borrower should return the principal amount (he/she has borrowed) and the interest to the
lender. This money is called amount.
⇒ Amount = Principal + Interest.
Simple Interest
• Simple interest (SI) is the interest charged on a borrowed money where the principal amount
will be fixed for a particular time period.
Interest =
where P = Principal Amount, R = Interest rate and T = Number of years
Example 2: Calculate the simple interest for 3 years when the principal amount is 200 and interest
rate is 10% for 1 year.
Solution: Given: P = 200; R = 10%; T = 3 yrs.
Simple Interest = = = 60
Amount = P + SI = Rs. (200 + 60) = Rs. 260
Example 3: What is 12 % of 200?
(a) 25 (b) 12 (c) 40 (d) 100
Answer: (a) 25
Example 4: If the 50% of a number is 50, then the number is _______
(a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 75 (d) 100
Answer: (d) 100
Example 5: The ratio of Fatima’s income to her savings is 4 : 1. The percentage of money saved by
her is :
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 40% (d) 80%
Answer: (a) 20%
Example 6: On selling an article for ₹ 329, a dealer lost 6%. The cost price of the article is
(a)₹ 310.37 (b)₹ 348.74 (c)₹ 335 (d)₹ 350
Answer: (d)₹ 350
Page 14
CHAPTER 9 - RATIONAL NUMBERS

❖ A rational number is defined as a number that can be expressed in the form p/q , where p and
q are integers and q≠0.
❖ Equivalent Rational Numbers
By multiplying or dividing the numerator and denominator of a rational number by a same
nonzero integer, we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given rational number.
These are called equivalent fractions.
❖ Rational Numbers in Standard Form

A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the
numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
Example 1:
Write 23/69 in standard form.
Solution:
Given, 23/-69
If we take out the H.C.F. of 23 and 69, we get;
23 = 1 x 23
69 = 1 x 3 x 23
As we can see here, there is one more factor common between 23 and 69 other than 1, which is 23
itself, therefore if we cancel the common factor from numerator and denominator, we get;
=
Page 15
❖ Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers
Page 16
Example 1: How many rational numbers are there between two rational numbers?
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) unlimited (d) 100
Solution :(c) There are unlimited numbers between two rational numbers.
Example 2: What should be subtracted from -2/3 to get -1?
(a) 1/3 (b) -1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 2/3
Solution :(b) 1/3
Example 3: The product of two rational numbers is always a _____________.
(a) integer (b) rational number (c) natural number (d) whole number
Solution :(b) rational number
CHAPTER 11 PERIMETER AND AREA

❖Perimeter defines the distance of the boundary of the shape whereas area explains the region
occupied by it.
❖TERMS RELATED TO CIRCLE

A circle is a simple closed curve which is not a polygon.
A circle is a collection of points which are equidistant from a fixed point.
The fixed point in the middle is called the centre.
Page 17
The fixed distance is known as radius.

The perimeter of a circle is also called as the circumference of the circle.
The circumference of a circle ( C ) is the total path or total distance covered by the circle. It
is also called a perimeter of the circle.
Circumference of a circle = 2×π×r, where r is the radius of the circle.
Area of a circle is the total region enclosed by the circle.
Area of a circle = π×r2, where r is the radius of the circle.
Introduction and Value of Pi
Pi (π) is the constant which is defined as the ratio of a circle’s circumference (2πr) to its
diameter(2r).
π=
The value of pi is approximately equal to 3.14159 or 22/7.
Example 1: The perimeter of the given figure is

(a) 50 cm (b) 36 cm (c) 25 cm (d) 28 cm
Solution: (a) 50 cm
{Hint: - Perimeter = + r + r}
Example 2: The area of the shaded region is:
(a) 12 cm² (b) 24 cm²
(c) 36 cm² (d) 18 cm²
Solution: d) 18 cm²
Hint:- Area of (outer triangle – inner triangle)
Example 3: The area of a parallelogram of base 5 cm and height 3.2 cm is …………..
(a) 8 cm² (b) 12 cm² (c) 16 cm² (d) 20 cm²
Solution: c) 16 cm²
PATTERNS IN MATHS
In Mathematics, a pattern is a repeated arrangement of numbers, shapes, colours and so on. The
Pattern can be related to any type of event or object. If the set of numbers are related to each other in
a specific rule, then the rule or manner is called a pattern. Sometimes, patterns are also known as a
sequence. Patterns are finite or infinite in numbers.
Finite Patterns
A finite pattern is a finite sequence in which we know the first term and the last term.
For example: In pattern 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, the first term is 3 and the last term is 15.
Infinite Patterns
An infinite pattern is a sequence in which we know the first term, but we don’t know the last term.
Page 18
For example: In the pattern 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ………; the first term is 3 but we don’t know where
the pattern is going to stop.
Types of Patterns
There are 3 types of patterns:
▪ Shape Pattern
When a group of shapes are repeated, the pattern or sequence is known as a shape pattern.
Shape patterns follow a certain sequence or order of shapes, i.e., they are repeated. The shapes
can be simple shapes like circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, etc., or other objects such as
arrows, flowers, moons, and stars.
In the above pattern, the arrow rotates at 90° and changes its color. Or, we can say that each
colored shape is repeated after 2 shapes.
▪ Letter Pattern
A sequence that consists of letters or English alphabets is known as a letter pattern.
A letter pattern establishes a common relationship between all the letters.
For example: A, C, E, G, I, K, M…
In the above pattern, one letter has been removed after every alphabet.
▪ Number Pattern
There are different types of number patterns:
• Arithmetic Pattern
In such a pattern, the sequences are based on the addition or subtraction of the terms.
Example 1: In the pattern 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, we are subtracting the
consecutive numbers by 1 or each number gets decreased by 1.
• Geometric Pattern
A sequence of numbers that are based on multiplication and division is known as a
geometric pattern.
Example 2: In the pattern given below, each number is divided by 5.
3125, 625, 125, 25, 5
• Fibonacci Pattern
A sequence of numbers in which each number in the sequence is obtained by adding
the two previous numbers together is known as the Fibonacci series or pattern. This
sequence starts with 0 and 1. We add the two numbers to get the third number in the
sequence.
The sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 is the Fibonacci pattern.
• Triangular Number Pattern
The representation of the numbers in the form of an equilateral triangle arranged in a
series or sequence is known as a triangular number pattern.
Page 19
Example 3:
The pattern can be described as 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 2 = 3, 3 + 3 = 6, 6 + 4 = 10, 10 + 5 = 15 and so on.
Example 4: Complete the pattern: AB, BC, CD, DE, ____, ____
Solution: The first term is the combination of the first and second alphabets. The second term is the
combination of the second and third alphabets. The third term is the combination of third and fourth
alphabets. The fourth term is the combination of fourth and fifth term.
Similarly, the next two terms will be EF and FG.
ODD ONE OUT
Odd one out" is a phrase that is commonly used in mathematics where one number or value in a
group is different from the others.
Picking the “Odd one out” is an activity designed to develop a learner’s observation, application,
and analytical skills.
A puzzle (generally images) for the students to find out, with four answer options and in that any
three of the options would be similar and the remaining option would be different.
The answer options would vary on the basis of colour, shape, size, quantity, category (vegetables,
fruits, various types of things, vehicles, animals, and it goes on...)
To identify the odd, one out follows the following pattern:

• Observe the objects carefully.
• Describe the objects.
• Identify the similarities.
• Identify the one which is different or dissimilar.
Example 1: Choose the odd number.
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 10
Answer: 9 is the ‘odd one out’ as it is an odd number and 4, 6, and 10 are even numbers.
Page 20
Example 2: Choose the odd option.
Answer: ‘S’ is the ‘odd one out’ as it is written using a curved line and the other three letters are
written using straight lines.
Example 3: Circle the odd one out in the following
Answer: Option C is the ‘odd one out’. In the other 3 images, the number of sides of the image is
equal to the number of equal parts drawn inside the circle of the same image. Only in option C, the
bigger image [Pentagon] has 5 sides but the circle inside the Pentagon has 4 equal parts.
Example 4: Choose the odd option.

(A) 9 – 4 (B) 6 – 1 (C) 8 – 3 (D) 7 – 1
Answer: 7-1 is the ‘odd one out’ as the result of subtraction fact 7 - 1 is 6. All the other 3
subtraction facts give a result as number 5.
GEOMETRICAL CONCEPTS
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with shapes, angles, figures, dimensions, and sizes
of a variety of things we see in everyday life.
The word Geometry is derived from the Greek word ‘geometron’ is made of two words – ‘Geo’
means ‘Earth’ and ‘Metron’ means ‘measurement’.
In a plane geometry two dimensional shapes such as triangles, squares, rectangles, circles are also
called flat shapes. In solid geometry, three dimensional shapes such as cube, cuboid, cylinder, cone
etc are also called solid shapes.
Basic Geometry terms: Point, line, line segment, ray, angle, collinear points, non collinear points,
intersecting lines, parallel lines, perpendicular lines.
Answer the following

1. A line segment is formed by joining __________. (two points)
2. ___ are created when two lines make an angle. (Rays)
3. __________ polygon has 10 sides. (Decagon)
4. The sum must be equal to _____ when two angles are classified as complementary angles.
(900)
5. ______________has no equal angles and no equal sides. (scalene triangle)
6. If two or more points lie on the same line, they are called _________.(collinear points )
7. The lines that are equidistant from each other and never meet at any point are called
___________.(parallel lines )
8. Two different lines in a plane having a common point are called _______.(Intersecting lines)
Page 21
9. A collection of circles that has same centre but different radius are called
__________.(concentric circles)
10. How many triangles in the given figure? (Ans-3)
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Who is the father of Mathematics? (Archimedes)

2. Who discovered zero? (Aryabhatta)
3. Father of Geometry (Euclid)
4. Who invented equal sign (=) ? (Robert Recorde)
5. Who invented unknown or variable quantities x,y,z ? (Rene Descartes)
6. Who is known as the king of mathematics in India? (Srinivasa Ramanujan)
7. Who is known as Human Computer? (Shakuntala Devi)
8. Who discovered an easy method to find all the prime numbers? (Eratosthenes)
9.National Mathematics Day is celebrated in India on _________ . (22nd December)
10.The theme for International Day of Mathematics 2023 is _______. (Mathematics for
everyone).
LOGICAL REASONING
Logical reasoning is a useful tool in many areas, including solving math problems. Logical reasoning
is the process of using rational, systemic steps, based on mathematical procedure, to arrive at a
conclusion about a problem. You can draw conclusions based on given facts and mathematical
principles. Once you master the skill in solving math problems, you can use logical reasoning in a
wide array of real-world situations.
STEPS TO SOLVE LOGICAL REASONING BASED QUESTIONS
1. Read and understand the information carefully.

2. Analyse critical logical information.
3. Think of all the possible solutions.
4. Compare the answer obtained with other possibilities.
5. Come to a correct logical conclusion.
EXAMPLES
1. A and B can do a work together in 18 days. A is three times as efficient as B. In how many
days can B alone complete the work?
(A) 60 days (B) 72 days (C) 54 days (D) 64 days
Answer: B) 72 days
2. If 11 (170) 16, 11 (203) 19, then the value of (?) in 17 (?) 18 will be __
(A)200 (B) 300 (C) 400 (D) None of these
Answer: B) 300
3. 4 years hence, the ratio of ages A and B will be 5: 7 and 6 years hence, the ratio of ages will
be 11: 15, then and their present ages.
(A) 20 years,26 years (B) 18 years,28 years (C) 16 years,24 years (D) 12 years, 18 years
Answer: C)16 years, 24 years
Page 22
4. What will come at the place (?) in the given series?

BZA, DYC, EXE, (?), JVI.
(A)HAG (B) HGJ (C) HWG (D) HYG
Answer: C) HWG
MENTAL MATHS:
Mental math is a group of skills that allow people to do math “in their head” without using pencil and
paper or a calculator. It is useful in school and in everyday life. Mental math can help kids understand
math concepts better and get to the answer faster. As the learner’s progress, they will be expected
gradually to solve more and more complex problems. So, it is important that the techniques and skills
that they use to achieve this are mastered at an early age.
EXAMPLES
1. The product of two numbers is 100 and their difference is 15. What are the numbers? (A) 20
and 5 (B) 25 and 10 (C) 30 and 9 (D) 10 and 50.
Answer: (A) 20 and 5.
2. What is the greatest remainder if the divisor is 7?
(A) 1, (B) 5, (C) 4, (D) 6.
Answer: (D) 6
3. 11:121::9: (?)
(A) 18, (B) 81, (C) 27, (D) 45.
Answer: 81
PUZZLES
A maths puzzle is based on mathematical or numerical facts, rules, and objects, or whose solution
requires strong mathematical reasoning, thought or consideration.
MATHS PUZZLES TRICKS

There are some tricks and tips that help in solving different types of puzzles. The below steps will
help you in solving any type of puzzles in maths.
Step 1: Take a quick look at the question.
Step 2: Analyse the statements and patterns given in the puzzle
Step 3: Develop a general idea regarding the theme of the problem.
Step 4: Select the data that is giving you some concrete or accurate information out of complete
details given.
Step 5: Apply the possibilities to the given conditions of the puzzle
Step 6: The best possibility that satisfies the given conditions will be the solution to the puzzle
EXAMPLES
1. Solve the following puzzle.
Page 23
Answer: 25
2. Analyse the staircase and find the missing number.
Answer: 840
3. If you multiply me by any other number, the answer will always be the same. What number
am I?
Answer: 0 (zero)
SUBJECT : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy – The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other
living organisms.
Human anatomy – It is the study of the structures of the human body. An understanding of anatomy
is key to the practice of medicine and other areas of health.
Physiology: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their
parts.
Nervous system
• The nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body,
including internal organs.
• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and a network of nerves.
• Neurons (nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system,
• The human nervous system has 2 main parts – The central nervous system (brain &
spinal cord) and the Peripheral nervous system (nerves that carry messages to and from
the central nervous system).
• The human brain consists of 3 main parts cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
Page 24
• Cerebrum- the largest part of the brain. It performs higher functions like interpreting
touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine
control of movement.
• Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle
movements and maintain posture and balance.
• Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal
cord.
• Meninges- Three layers of protective covering called meninges surround the brain and
the spinal cord.
• Study of the nervous system is Neurology.
• Respiratory system
• The respiratory system consists of a series of organs, the
nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli and lungs.
• The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we
breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide.
• The study of the respiratory system is Pulmonology.
• Excretory system:
• The human excretory system includes organs that
facilitate the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body.
• It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
• The structural and functional unit of kidney is the nephron. Each nephron includes a
filter called the glomerulus, and a tubule.
• Study of the urinary system is Urology and the study of kidneys is called Nephrology.
Muscular system:
• The muscular system consists of all the body muscles.
• The tongue is the strongest muscle in our body.
• The largest muscle in the body is Gluteus Maximus in Buttocks.
• Smallest is Stapedius in Ear.
• The study of muscles is Myology.
Digestive system:
• The digestive system is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and ends at the anus.
• Glands contributing digestive juices include the salivary glands, the gastric glands in the
stomach lining, the pancreas, and the liver and its adjuncts—the gallbladder and bile ducts. All
of these organs and glands contribute to the physical and chemical breaking down of ingested
food.
• The largest gland is liver which produces bile temporarily and it is stored in gall bladder.
• The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds until
they can be absorbed into the body and used as energy.
• The study of this system is Gastroenterology.
Page 25
Reproductive system:
• The reproductive system, or genital system, is a system of internal and external sex organs
that work together to contribute towards the reproduction process.
• Unlike other systems of organs, the genital system has significant differences among male and
female.
• Study of male reproductive system is called Andrology and female reproductive system is
called Gynecology.
Skeletal system:
• Made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, joints and cartilages.
• The adult human skeleton has 206 bones.
• Largest bone – Femur (in the thigh) Smallest bone – Stirrup or
Stapes (in the middle ear).
• Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of
the body part they support.
• The study of bones is Osteology.
Circulatory or Cardiovascular system:
• It includes the heart, blood and blood
vessels.
• Human heart is a four-chambered
muscular pump situated in the thoracic
cavity.
• Pericardium is a protective, fluid-filled
sac that surrounds your heart and helps it
function properly.
• Largest artery – Aorta, largest vein –
Venacava.
• Blood is a connective tissue that is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and
plasma (fluid part).
• The study of the circulatory system is Cardiology.
• Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones.
• These glands create and release hormones that control almost all processes in your body. They
coordinate your metabolism, growth, and development, and control your emotions, mood, and
even sleep.
• The main endocrine glands are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals,
Pineal, ovaries and testes.
• The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology.
Page 26
Facts about Human Body
1. The largest muscle in the body is the

gluteus maximus.
2. Life span of RBC-120 Days
3. Largest organ of the body- Skin
4. Largest endocrine gland-Thyroid
Gland
5. The smallest gland found in the body
of a human being is the pineal gland.
6. Longest cell-Nerve cell
7. Smallest cell-Sperm cell
8. Largest Cell-Ovum
CELL BIOLOGY
• Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and the cell is the fundamental
unit of life. The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. Tissues
are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific
function. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.
• UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS: Organisms are made up of a single cell that performs
all the metabolic functions. Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium
• MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS: Organisms are made up of many cells; and
different cells perform different functions. Ex: Higher animals and plants
• Cell organelles: These are the living components of a cell present in its cytoplasm. Eg.
Ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies etc
It is the outermost layer of a plant cell, an extra covering present around the cell
membrane. It gives rigidity, shape, and protection to plant cell. The cell wall is made
CELL WALL up of cellulose.
PLASMA It is also known as the cell membrane, is the outermost layer of an animal cell. It
allows only selected material to move in and out of the cell.
MEMBRANE
PROTOPLASM It is described as the living physical basis of life since all the activities of living
beings are the activities of protoplasm itself. It has two main parts: cytoplasm and
nucleus.
Page 27
CYTOPLASM It is a jelly-like semi-fluid present between the cell membrane and the nucleus of a
cell. The streaming movement of cytoplasm around the vacuoles is called cyclosis.
NUCLEUS It is the denser region of the cell which is called the controlling Centre of the cell. It
was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. The nucleus is the most important part of
the cell, controls various metabolic activities and also is the seat of heredity.
NUCLEAR It bounds the nucleus on the outside and separates the nucleus from the
MEMBRANE cytoplasm.
NUCLEOPLASM Transparent, semi-fluid substance that fills the nucleus.
CHROMATIN It is the hereditary DNA-protein complex. During Nuclear division, the chromatin
fibres condense to form a definite number of thread-like structures called
chromosomes.
NUCLEOLUS It was discovered by Fontana in 1774. It is rich in protein. RNA is produced

in the nucleolus. Ribosomes are found in nucleolus.
NUCLEIC ACIDS Two important chemical constituents of the nucleus are the nucleic acids
DNA and RNA.
CHROMOSOMES Thread-like structures present in the nucleus of the cell. The number of
chromosomes is constant for a particular species. Eg. In humans, there are 23
pairs of Chromosomes.
GENES Genes are present on chromosomes which help in the inheritance of characters
from parents to the next generation.
CELL DIVISION Cell division is the formation of new or daughter cells from the parent cell.
CELL SIZE & SHAPE:

Depending on their function, the cells show a variation in their shapes and sizes. They may be
oval, spindle-shaped, spherical etc. Eg: Round or spherical - RBC, Cuboidal or columnar -
Epithelial cells. Long and branched - Nerve cells. Sizes of cells are measured in micrometer or
microns. The longest cells of human body are the nerve cells which may reach a length of
90cm. The egg of Ostrich is the largest cell – it is a single cell. Measuring 170mm x 130mm.
MATTER AROUND US
Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space. Matter is made up of tiny particles
called atoms. Atoms consist of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a
cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus consists of electrically positive protons and
electrically neutral neutrons.
Page 28
Types of matter: Pure substances and mixture.

Pure substances: A pure substance is a sample of matter having definite composition and distinct
chemical properties. Physical properties used to recognize a pure substance are density, melting
point, boiling point etc. Elements and compounds are the two types of pure substances.
Elements: If a pure substance cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any means, it is
called an element.118 chemical elements have been identified as of 2023. Examples: Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Sodium, Potassium etc.
The elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. Metals are good conductors of
heat and electricity, and are malleable (they can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (they can be
drawn into wire). examples: copper, silver, sodium etc. Most of the metals are solids at room
temperature, with a characteristic silvery shine (except for mercury, which is a liquid). Nonmetals
are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or ductile.
Many of the nonmetals are gases at room temperature ( eg- Oxygen, Hydrogen) while some are
liquids( eg- Bromine) and others are solids( eg- Sulphur, Carbon).
The metalloids are intermediate in their properties. In their physical properties, they are more like
nonmetals, but under certain circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct electricity.
These semiconductors are extremely important in computers and other electronic devices. Examples:
Boron, Silicon, Arsenic etc.
Compounds: A pure substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined in a

definite proportion. Examples: Sodium chloride, water, Calcium hydroxide etc.
Mixtures: Substances that consist of two or more elements or compounds in any proportion, not
chemically combined. Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A mixture in which its
constituents are distributed uniformly is called a homogeneous mixture, such as salt in water. A
mixture in which its constituents are not distributed uniformly is called a heterogeneous mixture, such
as sand in water.
Melting point: Temperature at which a solid melt to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure.
Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid is changed to a solid at atmospheric pressure.
Evaporation: Process of conversion of liquid into vapour.
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation: Surface area, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and
nature of liquid.
Condensation: Process of conversion of vapour into liquid.
Page 29
Boiling Point: Temperature at which a liquid change to its vapor at atmospheric pressure.
Sublimation: Process in which solid changes directly to a gas. Eg. Camphor, Iodine, Ammonium
Chloride, Naphthalene.
NOBEL PRIZES 2023

PHYSICS
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 was awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and
Anne L’Huillier for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the
study of electron dynamics in matter.
CHEMISTRY
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 was awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and
Aleksey Yekimov for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.
PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine2023 was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew
Weissman for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the
development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
S.NO INVENTION / DISCOVERY INVENTOR/DISCOVERER
1 Blood groups Karl Landsteiner
2 Oxygen joseph Priestley
3 Proton, Nuclear model of atom Ernest Rutherford
4 Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
5 Electrons J. J. Thomson
6 Neutrons James Chadwick
7 Penicillin Alexander Fleming
8 Smallpox Vaccine Edward Jenner
9 Anthrax Vaccine Louis Pasteur
10 X ray Wilhelm Rontgen
Page 30
11 Raman Effect Sir. C.V. Raman
12 Stethoscope Rene Laennec
13 Hydrogen Henry Cavendish
14 DNA Friedrich Meisher
15 Atomic Bomb Robert Oppenheimer
16 Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin
17 Seismograph John Milne
18 Insulin F. Banting
19 Antibiotic Alexander Fleming
20 Radioactive Element Radium Marie curie
ISRO
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai founded ISRO in 1969. He is also considered the father of the Indian
space program. On his name, the lander for Chnadrayaan 2 was called 'Vikram Lander'
Chandrayan 3: India becomes fourth country to land on the Moon and the first country to land
in the Southern Polar Region- The spacecraft was launched on July 14, 2023. On August 23rd
Vikram Lander made its historic land on the South Pole of the Moon.
Aditya L1 is a coronagraphy spacecraft designed and built by the ISRO and other Indian
research institutions to study the solar atmosphere, launched on September 2, 2023.
TECHNOLOGY
The goal of science is to acquire knowledge while the goal of technology is to create products to
solve problems and improve human life.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines or software, as opposed to the intelligence
of humans or animals. It is a field of study in computer science which develops and studies intelligent
machines. The major applications of AI are in E-Commerce, Education, Robotics, Healthcare, social
media, etc.
Page 31
S.NO Abbreviation Explanation
1 CFC Chloro Fluoro Carbon
2 CNG Compressed Natural Gas
3 LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation
4 LCD Liquid Crystal Display
5 LED Light Emitting Diode
6 SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging
7 SARS Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome
8 AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome
29 RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
SUBJECT : SOCIAL SCIENCE
WHAT IS HISTORY?
History is derived from Ancient Greek (historía) 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by
investigation is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.
Sources of history have been divided broadly into two parts - Literary and
archaeological. Archaeological sources consist of inscription, coins, monuments,
remains of cities, pottery, ornaments, etc. The famous Greek historian, Herodotus
is recognized as the
‘Father of history’.
Page 32
IMPORTANT HISTORICAL TERMS:
KEY TERM DEFINITION
Chronological order Listing events in the order that they

happened.
Era/period A period of time that is joined by

cultural/historical factors. An example of an
era is the Industrial era.
Decade A unit of time that is equal to ten years
Century A unit of time that is equal one hundred

years / one of the hundred-year periods into
which human history is divided.
Millennium A unit of time that is equal to one thousand

years.
B.C.E (Before the Common Era)/B.C Used to show that a year or century comes
(Before Christ) before the year 1 of the calendar used in
much of the world, esp. in Europe and
North and South America.
C.E (The Common Era) Used when referring to a year after the birth
of Jesus Christ when the Christian calendar
starts counting years.
A.D (Anno Domini) Used when referring to a year after Jesus

Christ was born
Carbon Dating Refers to the chemical analysis used to

estimate the age of organic articles.
Inscriptions The writings engraved on solid objects such

as metals, rocks, pillars and walls of caves.
Edicts The official order or royal command issued

by rulers in ancient times.
Artifacts The articles of archaeological value.
Epigraphy The study of old inscriptions or epigraphs.
Page 33
Numismatics The study of coins.
IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS:

• Geography - The study of the earth’s surface.
• Geology - The study of earth’s history, structure and make up.
• Palaeontology - The study of fossils.
• Meteorology - The scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and weather
forecasting.
• Ecology - The study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical
environment.
• Anthropology - The scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and
present.
DID YOU KNOW?
• Greenland is the largest Island.
• Sahara, the World’s largest desert, covers about 9 million square kilometers.
• Nile is the longest river in the world. Two major tributaries of Nile – White Nile and Blue Nile.
• Amazon is the world’s largest river. It is also known as ‘The River Sea’.
• The dead sea is currently 429 Meters below the sea level and is sinking about 1 meter every year.
The salinity of Dead Sea is 342 parts per thousand.
• Vatican City is the smallest country in the world.
• Canada has more than half of all the natural lakes in the world.
• Though Mount Everest is the highest peak, Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador is closer to the moon.
• Nauru, an island country located in the Pacific Ocean has no official capital.
• The Sargasso Sea is the only sea with no coast.
• Istanbul is the only city located over 2 continents (Asia & Europe)
• Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area.
• The smallest island with a county status is Pitcairn.
Page 34
CIVICS
The constitution of India
• The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India.

• The Indian constitution is the lengthiest constitution in the world.
• Every year on November 26, India commemorates Constitution Day, a day dedicated to
recognizing the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1949.
• The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on December 5, 1946.
• The preamble of our constitution states that India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and
democratic republic, assures its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavors to
promote fraternity.
• The constitution of India has created a secular state. It means the state gives equal protection
to all religions.
• Fundamental rights and duties are an important part of the Indian constitution.
• 6 Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution are as- Right to equality,
Right to freedom, Right against exploitation, Right to freedom of religion, Cultural and
educational rights, Right to constitutional remedies.
• Directive Principles are classified under the following categories: Economic and Socialistic,
Political and Administrative, Justice and Legal, Environmental, Protection of Monuments,
Peace and Security.
• The Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in
structure with certain unitary features.
• Separation of Powers- Between Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
• There are 448 articles in the Indian Constitution (originally 395 articles were there).
• The Father of our Constitution is B.R. Ambedkar.
• Article 17 of Fundamental Rights abolishes untouchability
• Article 14, 15 and 16 establish principles of equality and social Justice.
• Article 14 proclaims equality before law and equal protection of law for all.
• Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination on grounds of race, caste, sex, religion or place of birth.
Important abbreviations
• ASEAN: Association of South-East Asian Nations

• PSC : Public Service Commission.
• IAS : Indian Administrative Services
• UPSC: Union Public Service Commission.
• UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund
• UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Page 35
MEDIEVAL PERIOD:
The term Medieval has been derived from the latin words ‘medius’ and
‘aevum’ which means middle age. Medieval India refers to the period of Indian
history that is between the ancient India and the modern India, specifically between
the 8th century to 18th century. Medieval Indian history went for almost three whole
centuries under many rulers, that included the Cholas, the Chalukyas, the Pallavas,
the Pandyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Delhi Sultans, the Bahmani, the Vijayanagara empire and finally
the Mughal Empire.
Important events in Medieval History:
• 1206-The Mongol Empire is founded by Genghis Khan.

• 1215-King John of England signs the Magna Carta, a document stating that
even kings aren’t above the law.
• 1271-Marco Polo sets off on his journey to explore Asia.
• 1453-The city of Constantinople is captured by the ottoman empire.
• Sultan Muhammed Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in
1192.
• Mongol Emperor Timur, the ruler of Samarkand in Central Asia, annexed Delhi in 1398.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526;
became the first Mughal Emperor
• Invasion of Sher Shah Suri in 1540; defeated Mughal Emperor
Humayun and established control in Delhi.
• Akbar’s forces (led by General Bairam Khan) defeated Samrat Hem
Chandra Vikramaditya, popularly called Hemu, the ruler of North India in The Second Battle
of Panipat in 1556
• Akbar established a new faith Din-i-Ilahi which means ‘religion of god’ and it encouraged
universal peace.
• The Deccan Sultans attacked the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota.
Literary sources of Medieval India:

• Kitab-Al Hind – Al Biruni
• Tabaqat-i-Nasiri – Minhaj -i-Siraj
• Zafarnamah – History of Timur by Sharf-ud-din
• Baburnamah / Tuzk-e-Babri– Autobiography of Babur
• Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari – Abul fazl
• Rajatarangini - Kalhana
Foreign Travelers from different eras
Megasthenes Chandragupta Maurya

Ibn Battuta Muhmmad-Bin-Tughluq
Sir Thomas Roe Jahangir
Ralph Fitch Shah Jahan
Page 36
Fa-Hein Chandragupta II
Domingo Peas Krishna Deva Raya
Al Biruni Mahmud of Gazni
Huang Tsang Harshavardhana
1. Official records: Official records were the documents issued by the ruler to his office.
Official records have been found relating to the history of the Turko-Afghan rule and the
Mughal rule in India.
2. Contemporary writings: Contemporary chronicles include works of Amir Khusrau, Al

Beruni and Minhajuddin Siraj. All historians have discussed in depth about different aspects
of the medieval period in India.
3. Accounts of foreign travellers: Ibn Batuta’s work in Rehala (on travels) provide details of
the various aspects of the Tughluq period. Another important traveller Abdur Razzaq left us
valuable information on the Vijayanagar kingdom.
4. Coins and inscriptions: During the period of the Sultanate and the Mughal India, various
coins were introduced by the sultans and Mughal emperors. They contain evidence related to
the year of accession, the extent of the dominion of the Sultan and his relations with the
neighbouring powers, etc.
Main Empires and Events of Medieval Period of India:
1. The Khiljis (1290 AD – 1320 AD) — Jalaluddin Khilji took over the Delhi
Sultanate. However, he was assassinated by Alauddin Khilji, who then ascended
to the throne. Khilji ruled over the majority of South India.
2. Tughlaqs (1320 AD—1412 AD) – Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq established Tughlaq rule.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq are two well-known Tughlaqs.
3. The Sayyids and Lodhi Sultans (1414–1526 AD) – The Sayyids and Lodhi Sultans
(1414–1526 AD) – For a brief period, the Sayyids controlled Delhi before being
overthrown by the Lodhis, who relocated the capital from Delhi to Agra. With
Lodhis’ dominance dwindling, a slew of minor kingdoms arose. The mighty Vijayanagara
Empire (1336 AD – 1565 AD) and the Bahmani Kingdom (1346 AD – 1689 AD) followed
these two dynasties.
GEOGRAPHY
• The Amazon River basin is shared by nine countries with Brazil taking up 60%, Peru taking
13%, and Colombia taking 10%.
• There are no bridges across the Amazon River.
• The Tropical regions are the home of over 40 per cent of the world’s population.
• The Amazon Rain Forest is known as the Lungs of the Earth because it produces about 20
percentage of the oxygen on earth.
• Amazon rain forest is home to an estimated 390 billion individual trees representing around
16000 different species.
Page 37
• Amazon river has a length of above 6400 km.

• Ganga – Brahmaputra basin is also known as the Ganges- Brahmaputra delta.
• Ganga originates from the Gangotri glacier, which is situated in Western Himalayas.
• Major tributaries of Ganga are Bhagirathi, Alakananda, Yamuna, Son, Gandak and Kosi.
• Kosi River is also known as ‘the sorrow of Bihar.’
• Brahmaputra river originates from Tibet.
• Brahmaputra known in different names in different regions. Tsangpo in Tibet. Siang or
Dihang in Arunachal Pradesh. Jamuna in Bangladesh.
• Highest recorded Tsunami occurred on 9th July 1958 in Lituya Bay in Alaska USA.
• Ocean currents form a complex system known as the ‘Global Conveyor Belt’ which circulates
water around the world.
CIVICS
• The powers of state governments in India are guaranteed by the Constitution.

• The Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards (RNG Awards) are one of the
awards in India in the field of journalism.
• Kerala has consistently been ranked as the number 1 performing state in the health sector in
India, and has been ranked as number one by the National Health Index (NHI) for the past few
years.
• Chennai is known as the “Health capital of India”.
• Article 15 of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall not discriminate against
any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
• National Mission for Empowerment of Women was launched on 15 August, 2011 to
empower women holistically.
• According to the provisions listed under the Equal Remuneration Act, one cannot be
discriminated on the basis of sex when it comes to salary, pay or wages.
• The Governor of a State is appointed by the President for a term of five years and holds office
during his pleasure. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment to
this office.
• The Speaker regulates the debates and proceedings of the state legislative assembly.
• The Department of Health in India deals with health care, including awareness
campaigns, immunization campaigns, preventive medicine, and public health.
Page 38
SUBJECT: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS
NOBEL PRIZES 2023

The Nobel Prize is considered the most prestigious prize in the world. This prize is given in 6
fields’ i.e, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Economics, and Peace Prize.
Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1833. He is known for
inventing dynamite.. Agency responsible for selection is specifically designated by Alfred Nobel .
§ The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the Nobel Laureate in Physics and Chemistry,
§ Karolinska Institute selects Nobel Laureate in the field of Physiology or Medicine,
§ the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize selects Nobel Laureate in Literature,
§ a Committee of five persons elected by the Norwegian Parliament selects for the Nobel Peace
Prize.
§ Marie Curie is the only one woman who has been honoured twice, with the 1903 Nobel Prize in
Physics and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
§ John Bardeen is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice,
in 1956 and 1972.
§ Despite being nominated five times, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(Mahatma Gandhi) never
won the Nobel Prize
§ John B. Goodenough is the oldest recipient of this prize in Chemistry 2019 at the age of
97yrs.
§ The first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize was Rabindra Nath Tagore.
§ Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Laureate to get the Peace Prize in 2014 at the age of 17
yrs.
● Nobel Prize in Physics 2023-Pierre Agostini ,Ferenc Krausz ,Anne L’Huillier“for experimental
methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”
● Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023- Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus ,Aleksey Yekimov“for the
discovery and synthesis of quantum dots” that added colour to nanotechnology-
● Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023-Katalin Karikó,Drew Weissman “for their
discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective
mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”,contributed to an unprecedented rate of vaccine
development
● Nobel Prize in Literature -Jon Fosse “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the
unsayable” His immense oeuvre written in Norwegian Nynorsk and spanning a variety of genres
consists of a wealth of plays, novels, poetry collections, essays, children’s books and translations.
While he is today one of the most widely performed playwrights in the world, he has also become
increasingly recognised for his prose.
● The Nobel Peace Prize -Narges Mohammadi “for her fight against the oppression of women in
Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all”
Page 39
● Nobel Prize / The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
2023-Claudia Goldin “for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market
outcomes”
● Miss Universe 2023 Sheynnis Palacios from Nicaragua won the 2023 title at the international
competition's 72nd final in San Salvador.
● Shital Mahajan: First Woman to Skydive from 21,500 ft Near Mt Everest
November 15, 2023. Mahajan is a well-known Indian skydiver who holds several skydiving
records and is the recipient of the fourth highest civilian award, the Padma Shri in 2001.
● Savitri Jindal- India's richest woman Savitri Jindal now 7th wealthiest Indian
● Katrina Kaif has become the brand ambassador for clothing brand Uniqlo
● Sultan AlNeyadi became the first Arab astronaut to complete a spacewalk mission outside the
ISS, as part of the 69th mission last April, which lasted about 7 hours.This historic achievement is
also added to the record of the Arab world’s contributions to outer space exploration.He
conducted pioneering scientific experiments that contribute to serving humanity and the scientific
community.
● The 2023 G20 New Delhi summit was the eighteenth meeting of G20 (Group of Twenty). It was
held in Bharat Mandapam International Exhibition-Convention Centre, Pragati Maidan, New
Delhi on 9–10 September 2023. It was the first G20 summit held in India.
● In September 2023, at the 18th G20 Summit, Indian PM Narendra Modi announced that
the African Union has been included as a member of the G20, making it the 21st member.
● The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: Gawad Ramon Magsaysay) is an annual award
established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay’s example of integrity in
governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic
society. Magsaysay Award is often called the Nobel Prize of Asia
● Magsaysay Award 2023 -Dr. Ravi Kannan R. of IndiaImmense commitment to medicine
emphasizing holistic care and patient-first treatment.
SPACE MISSION
● Chandrayaan-3 is the third mission in the Chandrayaan programme , a series of lunar-

exploration missions developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).The mission
consists of a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan , similar to those
launched aboard Chandrayaan-2 in 2019.
● Chandrayaan-3is now happily sleeping on the Moon, it was unlikely to revive.
● Indian Space Research Organisation Chief S Somanath
● The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been honored with the distinguished Leif
Erikson Lunar Prize for its pioneering Chandrayaan-3 mission, a significant milestone in lunar
exploration.
Page 40
BOOKS AND AUTHORS

● Booker Prize (2023) was won by Irish author Paul Lynch for Prophet Song, a dystopian vision of
Ireland in the grips of totalitarianism.
● Pulitzer Prize 2023 -Barbara Kingsolver won the 2023 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for 'Demon
Copperhead', which is a moder retelling of Charles Dickens' classic 'David Copperfield'.
● most read book in 2023 is the novel “Happy Place” by Emily Henry
Greatest Book Ever Written
● Anna Karenina -Leo Tolstoy,
● To Kill a Mockingbird-Harper Lee,
● The Great Gatsby -F. Scott Fitzgerald
● One Hundred Years of Solitude-Gabriel García Márquez
● A Passage to India -E.M. Forster
● Invisible man- H G Wells
● Don Quixote-Miguel de Cervantes
● Beloved -Toni Morrison
● Mrs. Dalloway-Virginia Woolf
● Things Fall Apart-Chinua Achebe
● Jane Eyre-Charlotte Brontë
● The Color Purple-Alice walker
Most popular reads of 2023
● Happy place-Emily Henry
● Forth wing-Rebecca Yarros
● Yellow face-R. F. Kuang
● Spare- Prince Harry
● The Midnight Library-Matt Haig
● Age of Vice-Deepti Kapoor
● Hello Beautiful-Ann Napolitano
● The wager- David Grann
● Birnam wood -Eleanor Catton
THE 54TH INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA (IFFI) 2023

● Best Film: Endless Borders
● Best Actor-Male: Pouria Rahimi Sam for Endless Borders
● Best Actor (Female): Melanie Thierry for Party of Fools
● Best Director: Stephan Komandarev for Blaga’s Lessons
● Special Jury Award: Rishab Shetty For Kantara
● Best Debutant Director: Reger Azad Kaya for his Syrian-Arab Republic film When the Seedlings
Grow
● Best Web Series: Panchayat Season 2
● Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award: Michael Douglas.
Page 41
69TH NATIONAL FILM AWARDS (2023) FILM AWARDS
● 69th National Film Awards 2023: President Droupadi Murmu conferred the 69th National Film
Awards 2023 in New Delhi
● Dadasaheb Phalke Award- Waheeda Rehman
● Best Feature Film - Rocketry
● Best Director - Nikhil Mahajan for Godavari

● Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration - The Kashmir Files
● Best Actor - Allu Arjun for Pushpa
● Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - RRR
● Best Actress - Alia Bhatt for Gangubai Kathiawadi, and Kriti Sanon for Mimi
● Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation: Aavasavyuham (Malayalam)
● Best Film on Social Issues: Anunaad - The Resonance (Assamese)
SPORTS
CRICKET
● National Sports day is observed on 29th August every year.
● ICC ODI Player Of the Year 2023: Pakistan Skipper Babar Azam
● BCCI President – Roger Binny
● Team India men’s captain - Rohit Sharma
● Team India women’s captain - Harmanpreet Kaur
● Team India Head Coach – Rahul Dravid
FOOTBALL
● FIFA- The Federation International de Football Association
● FIFA President – Giovanni Vincenzo Infantino
● FIFA Player of the Year 2022 - Lionel Messi
● Lionel Messi clinched his eighth Ballon d'Or award for Argentine.
● COPA America 2022 winners – Argentina won their first title in 28 years by defeating Brazil in
the final.
● Premier League Golden Boot- Manchester City star Erling Haaland won the 2022/23 Premier
League Golden Boot with a new Premier League single-season record of 36 goals.
HOCKEY
● IIHF (International Ice Hockey Federation) The US women’s National Team claimed gold at the
2023 IIHF Women’s world Championship in Brampton, Ontario, with a win over Canada to
capture USA Hockey’s first medal since 2019.
● The 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup was the 15th edition of the Men’s FIH Hockey world
cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national field Hockey team organized by the
International Hockey Federation. It was held at the Kalinga stadium in Bhuvaneswar and at
Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium in India from 13 to 29 January 2023.
● The 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup - Germany won against Belgium.
Page 42
BADMINTON
● BWF World Ranking is the official ranking of the Badminton World Federation.
● It is used to determine the qualification for the World Championships and Summer Olympic
Games, BWF World Tour tournaments
● South Korean badminton stars An Se-young and Seo Seung-jae have been named the world's best
players for the year 2023
● BWF Korean Open 2023- Anders Antonsen beats Loh Kean Yew in men's final, An Seyoung
wins women's title at home.
● P.V.Sindhu -The first Indian to win gold in the Badminton World Championship.
KABBADI
● Asian Kabbadi championship 2023- The Indian men's kabaddi team beat Iran in the final to win
the gold medal while the Indian women defeated Chinese Taipei to reclaim the crown.
Athletics
● World Para Athletics Championships in France. Two world records for Brazil’s Rodrigues at
World Para athletics Championships.
BILLIARDS
● Pankaj Advani won World Billiards Championship for record 26th time.
MOTOR RACING
● 2023 Formula One World Championship/Winner- Max Verstappen
● The 2023 United States Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Lenovo United States
Grand Prix 2023) was a Formula One motor race that took place on October 22, 2023, at
the Circuit of the Americans IN Austin, Texas, United States. It was the eighteenth round of
the 2023 Formula One World Championship and the fifth Grand Prix weekend of the season to
utilize the sprint format. Max Verstappenwon both races.
● Japanese Grand Prix - Max Verstappen
● World Constructors' Championship- Red Bull
CHESS
● The Chess World Cup 2023 Venue – Baku, Azerbaijan
● Magnus Carlsen (NOR, 2835) emerged as the Winner of the FIDE World Chess Cup.
● India's Youngest Chess Grandmaster- R Praggnanandhaa
LAWN TENNIS
● DAVIS CUP- Italy won the title, defeating Australia in the final.
● AUSTRALIAN OPEN 2023- Novak Djokovic defeated Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final.
● FRENCH OPEN - Novak Djokovic wins his 23rd Grand Slam title by beating Casper Ruud in
the French Open final. Novak Djokovic makes history with his 23rd Grand Slam singles title and
third at Roland-Garros - 'The pinnacle of his career'.
● ATP - Novak Djokovic won the ATP Finals for a record seventh time by defeating Jannik Sinner.
● US OPEN- Novak Djokovic defeated Daniil Medvedev in the final, to win the men's singles
tennis title at the 2023 US Open. It was his fourth US Open title and record-extending 24th men's
singles major title overall.
Page 43
● Coco Gauff won the women’s singles title, defeating Aryna Sabalenka.
LIST OF NATIONAL SPORTS AWARDS 2023
● Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2023: Shri Rankireddy Satwik Sai Raj and Shri
Chirag Chandrashekhar Shetty for Badminton
● The award is conferred for the most outstanding performance in sports by a sportsperson over the
time period of the last four years.
● Arjuna Award: Ms. Aditi Gopichand Swami (Archery), Shri Ojas Pravin Deotale (Archery), Ms.
Parul Chaudhary (Athletics), Shri. Sreeshankar M (Athletics), Shri Mohameed
Hussamuddin (Boxing), Shri Mohammed Shami (Cricket), Ms. R Vaishali (Chess),Ms Divyakriti
Singh (Equestrian Dressage), Shri Anush Agarwalla (Equestrian),Ms. Diksha Dagar (Golf),Ms.
Pukhrambam Sushila Chanu (Hockey), Shri Krishan Bahadur Pathak (Hockey), Ms. Ritu
Negi (Kabaddi), Shri Pawan Kumar (Kabaddi),Ms. Nasreen (Kho-Kho), Ms. Pinki (Lawn Bowls),
Ms. Esha Singh (Shooting),Shri. Aishwarya Pratap Singh Tomar (Shooting), Shri. Harinder Pal
Singh Sandhu (Squash),Ms. Ayhika Mukherjee (Table Tennis), Ms. Antim (Wrestling), Shri.
Sunil Kumar (Wrestling),Ms. Naorem Roshibina Devi (Wushu), Ms. Sheetal Devi (Para Archery),
Shri Illuri Ajay Kumar Reddy (Blind Cricket) and Ms. Prachi Yadav (Para Canoeing).
● Dronacharya Award (Regular category): Shri Lalit Kumar (Wrestling),
● R. B. Ramesh (Chess), Shriveer Prasad Saini (Para Athletics), Shivendra Singh (Hockey) and Shri
Ganesh Prabhakar Devrukhkar (Mallakhamb)
● Dronacharya Award (Lifetime Category): Shri. Jashkirat Singh Grewal (Golf), Shri. Bhaskaran
E (Kabaddi) and Shri. Jayanta Kumar Pushilal (Table Tennis)
● Dhyan Chand Award: (Lifetime Category): Ms. Manjusha Kanwar (Badminton),Shri. Vineet
Kumar Sharma (Hockey) and Ms. Kavitha Selvaraj (Kabaddi)
Emily Henry Waheeda Rehman Aditi Gopichand S. R Praggnanandhaa Pankaj Advani
Page 44
Satwik sairaj Rankireddy Chirag Shetty Novak Djokovic Chandrayaan -3
Max Emilian Verstappen Lionel Messi- 2023 Ballon d'Or winner ( 8th Ballon d'Or)
F1 World Champion
FIFA World Cup 2023 in Qatar Neeraj Chopra- Olympic champion and World
champion in Men's javelin throw
OceanGate Titan Submersible Russia’s Luna 25
Page 45
India's new parliament building The Nobel Peace Prize for 2023 Droupadi Murmu
Was awarded to Narges Mohammadi President of India
Sharath Kamal receives Khel Ratna Best Original Song Oscar Academy
Awards at the 2023 for the song “Naatu Naatu.”
Open AI GPT-4 was released in Brendan Fraser wins best actor in oscars 2023
March of 2023
Page 46

Class Vii Ts Study Material 23

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class Vii Ts Study Material 23

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class Vii Ts Study Material 23

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TALENT SEARCH

This Talent Search Study Material is crafted as a comprehensive manual, meticulously

Let the pursuit of excellence begin!

1. 40% of the questions will be from the given

CLASS 7, TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION PORTION 2023-24

SOCIAL 15 History L-4 The Mughal Empire

ENV/GK/ CUR. 20 Awards, Events ( Sports), Natural Disasters, People in News,

We use the Active Voice to say what the subject does.

We use the Passive Voice to say what happened

A rainbow in the sky was seen by the children.

- first find out where is the verb (action word) in the

- verb changes to Past Participle Form in every answer

has/have/had + V(Past Participle Form) ------------ use

any future word-------------------- use ‘be’

PV-Several tricks were performed by the monkey.

AV- Sohni is cutting wood.(present continuous tense)

PV-The wood is being cut by Sohni.

AV-.The farmer has sown the seeds.(Present perfect tense)

PV-The seeds have been sown by the farmer.

AV-Bengalis celebrate Durga pooja.(Simple present tense)

PV-Durga pooja is celebrated by Bengalis.

PV-The message was being written down by all the students.

AV-Mr Samrat had taught us physics.(Past perfect tense)

PV-Physics had been taught to us by Mr Samrat.

AV-Rita will cut the cake. (Simple future tense)

PV-The cake will be cut by Rita.

2. Direct and Indirect Speech ( Interrogatives)

Direct speech - is a word-to-word repetition of what the speaker or writer has

* Present changes to Past

* Past changes to Past perfect

* Answer should end with only full stop (remove

3. He said to her, “Is that your new car?”

4. Mr Roy said to the receptionist, “When can I meet the principal?”

5. He said to his friend, “Can you sing like a professional singer?”

6. I said to my sister, “Where is my purse?”

7. Aleena said, “Did you break the vase?”

8. Rohan said, “Is something wrong?”

9. He said to her, “Is that your new car?”

10. Kanishk said to her, “Will you give me a treat?”

3. Tenses – Present and Past (All eight forms)

Simple Past Tense--- verb in past

4. If I knew the answer, I would tell it to you. [2nd Conditional]

1. keep up - progress or move

2. bottle up - suppress or hide

3. pros and cons - favourable and unfavorable factors

4. fair and square - in an honest and fair manner

5. under the weather - feeling slightly ill

6. sit on the fence - not wanting to make decisions

7. put off - extinguish

8. part and parcel - essential, necessary

9. burning the midnight oil - working late into the night

10. bits and pieces - things and objects of different kinds

1. Technology changes so fast, it’s hard to keep up with it.

7. Never put off the work till tomorrow.

8. Discipline is a part and parcel of our daily lives.

1. churned -move or cause to move vigorously

2. stagger -walk or move unsteadily as if about to fall

3. revered -admired and respected

4. creak -make a sharp high pitched sound

5. ripped -pulled apart violently and quickly