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Earth and

LifeScience
Quarter 2 – Module
2:Unifying Themes in the
Study of Life
Lesso
Unifying Themes in the
n 1 Study of Life
Earth is the home of organisms including animals, plants and microorganisms.
They are found in the different parts of the planet. The ecosystems-the biological
communities- include living organisms (biotic factors) like animals, plants,
insects and bacteria (interacting to its environment), as well as the non-living
components (abiotic factors) like the rock, soil, water and sunlight. Non-living
things are classified as inanimate objects that may influence, alter or impact the
life of biotic factors. These abiotic factors are essential to biotic factors in various
ways.
The field of science that deals with the study of life is the Life Science or Biology.
It involves different disciplines. These disciplines are connected to one another,
through which biologist termed as unifying themes.
This module emphasizes these unifying themes that serve as the bases of the
study of Life Science. The ten unifying themes include: emergent properties, the
cell, the heritable information, structure or function, interaction with the
environment, regulation, unity and diversity, evolution, scientific inquiry, and the
science, technology and society. More so, this module explores how organisms
interact with one another and its environment.

What’s In

Biology is the discipline of science that deals with the study of life. This
comprises number of disciplines such as biochemistry and ecology. As a wide-
ranging and complex science, biologists designed the term “unifying themes”,
which serve as the bases for the study of life.
What Is It

The unifying theme connects the different subdisciplines that make biology as a
science. In addition to, the living organisms differ from non-living organisms in
various aspects. What are these shared properties (of living organisms) that
make something “alive”?

All levels of life have systems of related parts.

- A system is an organized group of interacting parts.


- A cell is a system of chemicals and processes. It is the basic unit of
life.
- A body system includes organs that interact.
- An ecosystem includes living and non-living things that interact.
Structure and function are related in biology.
- Structure determines function.
- The structure is the shape of the object.
- The function is the object’s specific role.
Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse
environments.
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions.
- All living organisms must live in a stable environment.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.
- Evolution is the change in living things over time. The genetic makeup
of a population of a species changes.
- It accounts for both the diversity and the unity of life.
Traits are being inherited and transferred.
- The continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological
information in the form of DNA molecules.
- The genetic information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences of the
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
Organisms reproduce.
- It is necessary part of living; process of making more of one’s own
kind.
Organisms are interdependent with one another.
- Organisms have evolved to live and interact with other organisms.
- Ecology deals with the interactions of living organisms with one
another and their environment.
Organisms acquire and process energy.
- Living organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities.
- Some living organisms capture the light energy and convert it into
chemical energy in food.
- Some living organisms use chemical energy stored in molecules
obtained from food.
In addition to the properties mentioned, the two additional unifying
themes in the study of life include the scientific inquiry and science,
technology and society.
Scientific Inquiry
- The process of science includes observation-based discovery and the
testing of explanations through the hypothetic-deductive.
- Scientific credibility depends on the repeatability of observation and
experiments.
Science, Technology and Society
- Many technologies are goal-oriented applications of science.
- The relationships of science and technology to society are now more
crucial to understand than ever before.
What’s the connection?
Biology, also referred as Biological Science or Life Science deals with the study of
living organisms. It is divided into subdisciplines. As a broad discipline, biologists
use the term unifying themes where the study is being anchored. The major
unifying themes that were mentioned include the cell theory as a description of
living systems, continuity of life as explained by the molecular basis of
inheritance, the interdependence of structure and function, the diversity of life
brought by evolution, unity of living systems as explained by evolutionary
conservations, and emergent properties that arise from the organization of life.

What I Have Learned

Understanding how life came about is a deep scientific undertaking. Organisms’


function, structures, growth and origin are indeed one of many diverse topics
that should be explored to grasp the complexities of life. Generally, the following
statements provide key concepts on the unifying themes in the study of life.
1. Biology is about the study of life.
2. The unifying themes connect the different subdisciplines that make up
biology as a science.
3. The unifying themes of biology comprise the cell theory as a description
of living systems, continuity of life, interdependence of function and
structure, evolution, unity of living systems and the properties that
arise from the organization of life.
4. The living organisms are composed of cells as what was discussed in
the cell theory. The cell theory is the foundation of our understanding of
reproduction and growth of organisms.
5. The continuity of life is best explained by the molecular basis of
inheritance. Heredity, which is the continuity of life from one generation
to the next, is dependent on correct copying of cell’s DNA into daughter
cells.
6. The function and structure are interdependent.
7. The evolutionary change give rise to the diversity of life.
8. Living organisms (biotic factors) are dependent on its environment
which consists of non-living organisms (abiotic factors). Living
organisms also interact with other living organisms.
9. Biotic factors (living things) are defined by set of characteristics
including the ability to reproduce, grow, move and ability to adapt to its
environment. They need food, water and other abiotic factors for their
growth and development.
10. Abiotic factors are inanimate objects which include rocks, water,
weather and other living things present in the environment.
11. Biological systems are organized.
12. The study of Biology is important. It enables us to make appropriate
decisions in life. Failure to grasp biological concepts lead into an
inappropriate decision.
13. One must value life by taking good care of all beings, humans, plants
and animals.

Assessment

Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Genes are passed from one generation to the next generation through
______________.
A. evolution
B. regulation
C. form and function
D. reproduction and inheritance
2. Which among the given examples describes the unifying form and
structure?
A. cellular basis of life
B. light as source of energy
C. bats have wings specialized for flying
D. living things arise from pre-existing cells
3. Makahiya plant closes its leaflets when touched. This is an example of
______________
A. energy and life
B. response to stimuli
C. form and structure
D. reproduction and inheritance
4. Describe the illustration.
A. They are evolving
B. The organisms are growing and developing.
C. It shows how organisms respond to its environment.
D. There is a transfer of energy among living
organisms.

5. Which statement does not describe the image on the right side?
A. Plants acquire energy for them to
perform their task, the food making.
B. There is a transfer of energy from
the sun to the plants.
C. Plants need abiotic factors in order
to grow.
D. They are evolving.

6. Which is TRUE among the given statements that tell something


about the illustration?
A. Cell is present in fossils.
B. Early organisms lack cell.
C. Cell is the basic unit of life.
D. Cell is present among eukaryotic only.

7. Living organisms cannot live alone, they are interacting with the
abiotic factors for sustainability of life. Which among the organisms is
considered as abiotic?
A. bacteria
B. plant
C. light
D. man
8. Chameleons shift colors wherever they go. They are able to turn any
colors or combine colors depending on where the environment is.
What trait is being described?
A. adaptation
B. interaction
C. inheritance
D. reproduction
9. The diversity of life arises by change leading to the present
biodiversity that we see. This is what we called ______________.
A. evolution
B. adaptation
C. inheritance
D. reproduction
10. The field of science is changing the lives of all organisms through
technology and research. This is explained by ______________. A.
biology and society
B. adaptation
C. energy and life
D. inheritance
11. All organisms alive today have descended from simple cellular
creatures billions of years ago. Biologists were able to identify and
preserved some of the characteristics of that earliest organisms. This
is associated in what theme?
A. Function and structure are interdependent.
B. Cell theory as a description of living systems.
C. Emergent properties arise from the organization of life.
D. Unity of living systems is explained by evolutionary
conservation.

12. Research plays significant role for the improvement of lives in a given
society. With these, more scientists agree that all scientific
knowledge comes from ______________.
A. observation
B. experimentation
C. both experimentation and observation D. textbooks
13. The orchard sprayed with the chemical yields an average of 60 kilos
of mango per tree, the other orchard yields an average of 40 kilos of
mangoes per tree. Based on the data, in order to have a better yield,
trees must ______________.
I. receive the same amount of sunlight
II. receive the same amount of water
III. increase the orchard spray
A. I only
B. II only
C. I, II and III
D. I and II
14. Many threatened or endangered species can be saved by a large
________.
A. coal mine
B. food chain
C. wildlife hunting
D. reforestation project
15. Living organisms can be protected if we fight against deforestation.
Which among the statements doesn’t support this advocation?
A. Plant more trees.
B. Reduce the use of products made from wood fiber.
C. Demand forest products from sustainable sources
and deforestation fee supply chains.
D. Support the products of companies practicing deforestation.

Activity 1: Match It
Directions: Match the given statements to its corresponding unifying themes.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Living things work as a system, at the same A. biological system
time they cannot be separated from non-living
things since they are both operating as a system.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life, which denotes that B. energy and life
all living things are composed of cells.
3. Autotrophs use light to perform the process of C. biology and society
photosynthesis, on the other hand, heterotrophs
consume other organisms to obtain food.
4. Living things cannot live alone, their survival D. interaction with the
depends on how they interact with the environment
environment.
5. Organisms’ structures fit with their functions. E. the cellular basis of
life
6. Traits of parents are being passed from one F. form and function
generation to the next generation.
7. Cells of the body are surrounded by a G. reproduction and
small amount of fluid, and normal cell functions inheritance
depend on the maintenance of cell’s fluid
environment including temperature, volume, and H. adaptation
chemical content.
8. Living organisms survive depending on I. regulation /
how one will adapt to its changing environment. homeostasis
9. The diversity of life arises by change J. evolution
leading to the present biodiversity that we see.
10. The field of science is changing the lives of K. scientific inquiry
all organisms through research.

Activity 2: Connect Me
Directions: Read and analyze what is asked. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Show the connections of the given biotic and abiotic factors written inside the
box through a concept map.

Soil sunlight water Carbon dioxide

Oxygen Corn plant Man Chicken

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