Psychology Assessment

PA1-CHAPTER II- NORMS AND BASIC STATISTICS FOR TESTING
What is Statistics? What is Frequency Distributions?
 Is often used as a shorthand for  displays scores on a variable or a measure

Statistical procedures. These are formulas and to reflect how frequently each value was
calculations developed by statisticians that obtained.
psychologists and other behavioral researchers
employ when analyzing the result of their
research.
Types of STATISTICS
 Descriptive statistics - are methods used to

provide a concise description of a collection of
quantitative information.
 Inferential statistics - are methods used to What is Group Distribution?
make inferences from observations of a small
 When a sets of data become very large with
group of people known as a sample to a larger
a large number of responses categories. It is
group of individuals known as a population.
sometimes easier to see clear pattern in the
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT data by grouping them into class intervals.
 NOMINAL SCALE- are really not scales at all; GRAPH AS ALTERNATIVE TO FREQUENCY
their only purpose is to name objects. DISTRIBUTION
 ORDINAL SCALE- A scale with the property of  A graph is a diagram or chart composed of
magnitude but not equal intervals or an lines, points, bars or other symbols that
absolute 0. describe and illustrate data.
 INTERVAL SCALE -When a scale has the
properties of magnitude and equal intervals but HISTOGRAM
not absolute 0.  Height of bar- num. of responses in the
 RATIO SCALE- A scale that has all three interval.
properties (magnitude, equal intervals, and an  Width of bar- size of the interval
absolute 0).  It is a graph with vertical lines drawn at the
true limit of each test score forming a series
of contiguous rectangles.
4. It is greatly affected by extreme or deviant values

FREQUENCY POLYGON (outliers)
 Are expressed by a continuous line
connecting the points where test scores or 5. It is used only if the data are interval or ratio.
class intervals (as indicated on the x-axis)  MEDIAN
meet frequencies (as indicated on the y-
- Is the middle value of the sample when
axis)
the data are ranked in order according
to size.
PROPERTIES OF MEDIAN
1. Median is the score or class in the distribution

wherein 50% of the score fall below it and another 50%
lie.
2.Median is not affected by extreme or deviant values.
BAR GRAPHS 3. Median is appropriate to use when there are extreme

or deviant values.
 Numbers indicate of frequency also appear
on the Y axis and reference to some 4. Median is used when the data are ordinal.
categorization appears on the Y axis.
5. Median exists in both quantitative or qualitative data.
 MODE
- Is the value which concerns most
frequently in a set of measurement or
values. In other words, it is the most
popular value in a given set.
PROPERTIES OF MODE
CENTRAL TENDENCIES
1. It is used when you want to find the value which
 MEAN occurs most often.
- The arithmetic average score in a
2. It is a quick approximation of the average.
distribution.
3. It is an inspection average.
PROPERTIES OF MEAN
4. It is the most unreliable among the three measures of
1. Mean can be calculated for any set of numerical data,
central tendency because its value is undefined in some
so it always exists.
observations.
2. A set of numerical data has one and only one mean.
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
3. Mean is the most reliable measure of central
tendency since it takes into account every item in the - The terms variability, spread and
set of data. dispersion are synonyms, and refer to
how spread out a distribution is.
total frequency for a set of observations

STANDARD DEVIATION into hundredths.
- The average distance of scores from the
mean. PERCENTILE RANKS
VARIANCE - Answer’s the question, “What percent
- The average squared distance of scores of the scores fall below a particular
from the mean. score.
RANGE
QUARTILES
- Highest score minus Lowest score
- Are values that divide a data set into
SKEWNESS
four equal parts, each representing
- The measure of the asymmetry of the 25% of the data. They help in
probability distribution of a real valued understanding the distribution of data
random variable. In simple terms, it by showing its spread and identifying
shows whether data points are spread outliers.
more to one side of the mean than the
other. DECILES
- Are values that divide a data set into
POSITIVE SKEWNESS ten equal parts.
- Shows a distribution where the tail is
longer on the right, meaning most NORMS
values are concentrated on the left.  Refer to the performance by defined groups on
particular tests.
NEGATIVE SKEWNESS  The norms for a test are based on the
- Shows a distribution where the tail is distribution of scores obtained by some defined
longer on the left, meaning most values sample of individual.
are concentrated on the right.  The mean is a norm, and the 50th percentile is a
norm. Norms are used to give information
KURTOSIS about performance performance relative to
what has been observed in a standardization
- Refer to the steepness of a distribution.
sample.
PERCENTILES
- Are the specific scores or points within
a distribution. Percentiles divide the

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PA1-CHAPTER II- NORMS AND BASIC STATISTICS FOR TESTING

What is Statistics? What is Frequency Distributions?

 Is often used as a shorthand for  displays scores on a variable or a measure

 Descriptive statistics - are methods used to

4. It is greatly affected by extreme or deviant values

1. Median is the score or class in the distribution

2.Median is not affected by extreme or deviant values.

BAR GRAPHS 3. Median is appropriate to use when there are extreme

total frequency for a set of observations

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