4 5 Linear Momentum Conservation fnYL9hj6 zOrkLaM

AS AQA Physics 2 hours 11 questions
Structured Questions
4.5 Linear Momentum

& Conservation
4.5.1 Linear Momentum / 4.5.2 Conservation of Momentum / 4.5.3 Impulse / 4.5.4
Impulse on a Force-Time Graph / 4.5.5 Collisions
Easy (5 questions) /63 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (3 questions) /23
Hard (3 questions) /31
Total Marks /117
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Easy Questions
1 (a) (i) Write an equation for the momentum of an object in words
(ii) State the SI units of momentum.
(2 marks)
(b) A railway carriage, C1, of mass 1100 kg is rolling along a horizontal track at a speed of 6
m s-1 towards a stationary carriage, C2, as shown in Figure 1. Carriage C2 has a mass of
3 300 kg.
Figure 1
State or calculate:
(i) The initial momentum of carriage C1 before the collision
(ii) The initial momentum of carriage C2 before the collision.
(3 marks)
(c) At the moment of collision, both carriages C1 and C2, become joined.
The joined carriages move off with a velocity, v, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Use your answers from part (b), and the conservation of momentum, to calculate the
total momentum of C1 and C2 after they have become joined.
(3 marks)
(d) Use your answer to part (c) to calculate the velocity, v, at which the carriages C1 and C2
move after becoming joined.
(3 marks)
2 (a) A film stuntman, of mass 85.0 kg, is being trained to jump off high objects.
In one scene he steps off a roof and falls vertically to the ground below. Just before he
hits the ground he has a velocity of 9.08 m s-1. After he has landed on the ground he
remains at rest.
Calculate the momentum of the stuntman
(i) Just before he hits the ground
(ii) After he has landed.
(3 marks)
(b) Using your answers to part (a), calculate the change of momentum of the stuntman
during the landing.
(2 marks)
(c) Hence state the impulse experienced by the stuntman during landing.
Give an appropriate unit with your answer.
(2 marks)
(d) If the stuntman keeps his legs fully rigid, the time for the impact is 4.20 ms.
Calculate the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the stuntman’s legs
during this time.
(3 marks)
3 (a) A bullet, of mass 20 g, leaves the barrel of a rifle with a momentum of 4.0 kg m s–1.
The rifle has a mass of 1.9 kg.
State the total momentum of the rifle and the bullet before the rifle is fired, and give a
reason for your answer.
(2 marks)
(b) Calculate the velocity of the bullet just after the rifle is fired.
(3 marks)
(c) Immediately after the rifle has been fired:
(i) Use the principle of conservation of momentum, and your answer to part (a), to
state the total momentum of the rifle and the bullet
(ii) Calculate the recoil momentum of the rifle
(4 marks)
(d) The bullet has a momentum of 3.0 kg m s–1 just before it hits a target.
It takes 2.5 ms for the bullet to the stopped by the target.
Calculate the average force needed to stop the bullet.
(4 marks)
4 (a) Zorbing is an activity which involves a person running inside an inflatable ball, called a
‘zorb’. Two zorbs, A and B, collide head on with each other, as shown in Figure 1. The
total mass of zorb A and its occupant is 75 kg and the total mass of zorb B and its
occupant is 60 kg. Before the collision, zorb A is travelling at 2.0 m s-1 and zorb B is
travelling at 1.5 m s-1.
Figure 1
Calculate:
(i) The momentum of zorb A before the collision
(ii) The momentum of zorb B before the collision
(iii) The total momentum of both zorbs before the collision.
(6 marks)
(b) After the collision both zorbs bounce off each other and move in opposite directions, as
shown in Figure 2. Zorb A travels at 0.8 m s–1 and zorb B travels at 2.0 m s–1.
Figure 2
Calculate:
(i) The momentum of zorb A after the collision
(ii) The momentum of zorb B after the collision
(iii) The total momentum of both zorbs after the collision.
(6 marks)
(c) Calculate:
(i) The total kinetic energy of the zorbs before the collision
(ii) The total kinetic energy of the zorbs after the collision.
(4 marks)
(d) State whether:
(i) Momentum is conserved during the collision of the zorbs
(ii) Kinetic energy is conserved during the collision of the zorb
(iii) The collision of the zorbs is elastic or inelastic.
(3 marks)
5 (a) A collision can be described as elastic or inelastic.
Place a ‘✓’ in Table 1 below to show which quantities are conserved in each type of
collision, provided there are no external forces acting.
Table 1
Quantity Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision
Momentum
Total Energy
Kinetic Energy
(3 marks)
(b) During a safety test, a car or mass 1 250 kg travels at 0.5 m s–1 towards a wall.
Calculate the momentum of the car before it collides with the wall.
(2 marks)
(c) The car has a force sensor attached to the bumper which detects the force exerted on
the front of the car. The graph shown in Figure 1 shows the variation of force with time
for the during of the collision.
Figure 1
Use the graph to show that the impulse of the collision is 625 N s.
(3 marks)
(d) All cars are designed to with a crumple zone to protect passengers if they are involved in
a collision.
State how a crumple zone:
(i) affects the impact time of a collision
(ii) affects the force exerted on the car during a collision.
(2 marks)
Medium Questions
1 (a) Figure 1 shows two railway trucks A and B travelling towards each other on the same
railway line which is straight and horizontal.
Figure 1
The trucks are involved in an inelastic collision. They join when they collide and then
move together.
Truck A has a total mass of 27 000 kg and truck B has a total mass of 22 000 kg.
Just before the collision, truck A was moving at a speed of 3.6 m s–1 and truck B was
moving at a speed of 2.4 m s–1.
State what is meant by an ‘inelastic collision’.
(1 mark)
(b) Describe, without doing a calculation, how the motion of the trucks immediately after the
collision would be different for a collision that is perfectly elastic.
(2 marks)
2 (a) Figure 1 shows how the momentum of two colliding railway trucks varies with time.
Truck A has a mass of 5.2 × 103 kg and truck B has a mass of 6.7 × 103 kg. The trucks are
travelling in the same direction.
Figure 1
Show that momentum is conserved in this collision.
(4 marks)
(b) Calculate the acceleration of truck B during the collision.
(3 marks)
(c) Complete Table 1 to show the initial and final velocities and kinetic energies of the
trucks.
Table 1
Initial Final Initial kinetic Final kinetic

–1 –1
velocity / m s velocity / m s energy / J energy / J
truck A
truck B
(2 marks)
(d) Using Table 1, explain whether the collision of the two trucks is an example of an elastic
or inelastic collision.
(2 marks)
3 (a) Most cars manufactured in recent years have been fitted with crumple zones as a
safety feature.
Explain how crumple zones protect a driver from serious injury in a collision.
(5 marks)
(b) Both cars A and B are now collided head on, without the drivers. Car A initially travels to
the right with a velocity of 45 m s–1. After the crash, both car A and car B travel to the left
with a velocity 41 m s–1.
Calculate the velocity of car B before the collision.
(4 marks)
Hard Questions
1 (a) Figure 1 shows a jet engine.
Figure 1
Air enters the engine at A and is heated before leaving B at a much higher speed.
By referring to the momentum of the air as it passes through the engine, explain using
appropriate laws of motion, why the air exerts a force on the engine in the forward
direction.
(3 marks)
(b) In one second, a mass of 350 kg of air enters at A. The speed of this mass of air increases
by 590 m s−1 as it passes through the engine.
Calculate the force that the air exerts on the engine.
(2 marks)
(c) When an aircraft lands, its jet engines exert a decelerating force on the aircraft by
making use of deflector plates.
These cause the air leaving the engines to be deflected at an angle to the direction the
aircraft is travelling as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
The speed of the air leaving B is the same as the speed of the deflected air.
Explain why the momentum of the air changes, and suggest why in practice the
decelerating force provided by the deflector plates may not remain constant.
(4 marks)
2 (a) A stationary uranium nucleus decays by emitting an ɑ particle and thorium nucleus as
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Discuss how the principle of conservation of momentum applies in this instance.
(3 marks)
(b) Collisions can occur between neutrons and stationary Uranium nuclei, for example,
during nuclear fission.
Discuss how this collision would be if this was inelastic as opposed to elastic.
(4 marks)
3 (a) A popular demonstration of the conservation of momentum and conservation of energy
is the Newton’s cradle.
It features several identical polished steel balls hung in a straight line in contact with
each other.
If one ball is pulled back and allowed to strike the line, one ball is released from the other
end whilst the rest are stationary. If two are pulled out, two are released on the other
end and so forth as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Explain, with energy and momentum considerations, why swinging one ball from the left
will not release two balls on the right.
Assume the Newton’s cradle is in a vacuum.
(5 marks)
(b) The speed of an air rifle pellet is measured by firing it into a wooden block suspended
from a rigid support.
The wooden block can swing freely at the end of a light inextensible string of length 2.0
m measured from the pivot to the centre of the block, as shown in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2
A pellet of mass 2.81 g strikes a stationary wooden block and is completely embedded in
it. The centre of mass of the block rises by h at an angle of 35º to the vertical. The
wooden block has a mass of 520 g.
Determine the speed of the pellet when it strikes the wooden block.
(5 marks)
(c) The wooden block is replaced by a steel block of the same mass. The experiment is
repeated with the steel block and an identical pellet. The pellet rebounds after striking
the block.
A student makes an assumption that the angle that the steel block makes with the
vertical will be greater than 35º because the block doesn’t have the additional mass of
the pellet embedded within it.
Discuss the validity of the student’s assumption.
(5 marks)

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AS AQA Physics 2 hours 11 questions

4.5 Linear Momentum

Easy (5 questions) /63 Scan here for your answers

Hard (3 questions) /31

Total Marks /117

(i) The initial momentum of carriage C1 before the collision

(ii) The initial momentum of carriage C2 before the collision.

The joined carriages move off with a velocity, v, as shown in Figure 2.

Calculate the momentum of the stuntman

(i) Just before he hits the ground

(ii) After he has landed.

Give an appropriate unit with your answer.

The rifle has a mass of 1.9 kg.

(c) Immediately after the rifle has been fired:

It takes 2.5 ms for the bullet to the stopped by the target.

Calculate the average force needed to stop the bullet.

(i) The momentum of zorb A before the collision

(ii) The momentum of zorb B before the collision

(iii) The total momentum of both zorbs before the collision.

(i) The momentum of zorb A after the collision

(ii) The momentum of zorb B after the collision

(iii) The total momentum of both zorbs after the collision.

(d) State whether:

(i) Momentum is conserved during the collision of the zorbs

(ii) Kinetic energy is conserved during the collision of the zorb

(iii) The collision of the zorbs is elastic or inelastic.

Quantity Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

State how a crumple zone:

(i) affects the impact time of a collision

(ii) affects the force exerted on the car during a collision.

State what is meant by an ‘inelastic collision’.

Show that momentum is conserved in this collision.

(b) Calculate the acceleration of truck B during the collision.

Initial Final Initial kinetic Final kinetic

Calculate the velocity of car B before the collision.

Calculate the force that the air exerts on the engine.

Discuss how the principle of conservation of momentum applies in this instance.

Assume the Newton’s cradle is in a vacuum.

Discuss the validity of the student’s assumption.

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