Mild Steel

Iron, Carbon ASTM A36, - Good weldability Construction,
Carbon : Up to EN S275, JIS - Machinability automotive

Mild Steel 0.3% SS400 - Ductile panels, general
(MS) - Cost-effective
- Importance of Carbon: Provides basic strength and
machinability.
- Importance of Alloying Elements: Generally low; not
a significant factor in MS
Carbon Steel Iron, Carbon ASTM AISI - Varies from ductile to hard Structural
(CS) Carbon : 0.05% 1018, 1045, - Good strength components,
- 2.1% 1060 - Hardness increases with carbon content machinery,
- Importance of Carbon: Higher carbon content tools
increases hardness and strength but can make it brittle.
Importance of Alloying Elements: Generally low alloy
content; specific grades may have small amounts of
other elements for specific properties
Stainless Steel Iron, Carbon, AISI 304, 316, - Excellent corrosion resistance Kitchenware,
(SS) Chromium, 430 - Good mechanical properties medical
Nickel, - Importance of Carbon: Provides basic hardness and instruments,
Molybdenum strength. piping systems
- Importance of Alloying Elements: Chromium
Carbon : enhances corrosion resistance; Nickel improves
Up to 1.2%
toughness; Molybdenum adds resistance to pitting and
crevice corrosion
Duplex Iron, Carbon, ASTM A790, - High strength Chemical

Stainless Steel Chromium, A923 - Excellent corrosion resistance processing,
Nickel, - Good toughness marine
Molybdenum - Importance of Carbon: Contributes to strength and environments,
hardness. oil & gas
Carbon : Up to - Importance of Alloying Elements: Chromium and
1.0%
Nickel provide high corrosion resistance; Molybdenum
improves resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
Low Alloy Iron, Carbon, ASTM A335 - Enhanced strength Structural

Steel Chromium, P22, AISI - Toughness applications,
Molybdenum, 4140, 4340 - Wear and temperature resistance pipelines,
Vanadium - Importance of Carbon: Provides basic strength and machinery
hardness. parts
Carbon : Less - Importance of Alloying Elements: Alloying elements
than 5% improve mechanical properties, wear resistance, and
high-temperature performance
Cast Iron Iron, Carbon, ASTM A48, High castability Engine blocks,
Silicon A319, A534 - Good machinability pipes, fittings,
Carbon : 2.0% - - High wear resistance machinery
4.0% - Brittle parts
- Importance of Carbon: High carbon content increases
hardness and wear resistance but makes it brittle.
- Importance of Alloying Elements: Silicon enhances
castability and oxidation resistance; improves fluidity
during casting
In SS vs CS, we cant say which one is more harder, that depend upon grades. In CS, there are multiple categories,
Low CS (Hardness: 120-180) , Medium CS(Hardness:200 – 300) and High CS(Hardness:300-600).
Same is the case with SS: Austenitic(Hardness:150-250), Duplex(200-300 - 2-25% chromium, 5-7% nickel, and
smaller amounts of molybdenum and nitrogen. higher hardness compared to standard austenitic SS but are not as
hard as high-CS or martensitic), Ferritic(Hardness:200-300) ,Martensitic(Hardness:250-500).
Martensitic stainless steels can be heat-treated to achieve high hardness. Austenitic stainless steels are typically not
heat-treated to increase hardness, as they are more often work-hardened.
Duplex SS has good balance of strength and hardness, often outperforming standard austenitic and ferritic grades,
austenistic has good machinability, weldability, but not hardness, and Ferritic are hard, but less machinability.
Strength vs stiffness vs Hardness:
Strength is resistant to permanent deformation, higher the strength more chances of coming back to
original shape. Strength are stiffness are similar almost.
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object i.e. the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an
applied force. Force applied but no deformation = Very Stiff.
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Force
applied, plastically deformed but no fracture = Very tough.
Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when
a compressive force is applied. Hardness is dependent on stiffness and toughness. Force applied,
(elastically or plastically) deformed but no fracture = More hard

Mild Steel

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Iron, Carbon ASTM A36, - Good weldability Construction,

Carbon : Up to EN S275, JIS - Machinability automotive

Duplex Iron, Carbon, ASTM A790, - High strength Chemical

Low Alloy Iron, Carbon, ASTM A335 - Enhanced strength Structural

Strength vs stiffness vs Hardness:

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