c5 Before Heading Out v2.0f

Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
BEFORE HEADING OUT

The best way to keep out of trouble on the water is to be prepared. This means having
at least the minimum required safety equipment on board, keeping your vessel and
equipment properly maintained, possessing required safety knowledge, and completing
a pre-departure checklist before heading out on the water.
The seven chapters of this study guide contain the information that you must know to
pass a Transport Canada Boating Safety Test in order to obtain your Pleasure Craft
Operator Card (PCOC).
This chapter contains the following sections:

5.1 Pre-Season Maintenance
5.2 Loading a Small Boat
5.3 Pre-Departure Checklist
5.4 Marine Weather Forecasts
5.5 Preparing and filing a Sail Plan
5.6 Briefing All Persons on Board
5.7 Using Required Safety Equipment
5.8 Fuel Safety Precautions
5.9 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Chapter 5 Review Quiz
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Chapter 5
5.1 PRE-SEASON MAINTENANCE

You can avoid mechanical breakdowns by planning ahead and by ensuring that your
vessel receives regular maintenance.
The following pre-season maintenance is recommended for vessels that operate

less than 25 hours per week (vessels that operate for longer periods will require
more maintenance):
 Ensure that the vessel’s drain plug is installed before launching.
 Ensure that the battery is charged and that it holds a charge for more than 24
hours;
 Top up fluid levels;
 On outboard and inboard/outboard engines: replace the lower unit oil (if not
already done during the previous season’s post-season service);
 Check the fuel filter and water separation filter and replace if necessary;
 Check all boat systems: electrical, fuel, propulsion, and cooling;
 Check wire and cable terminals for tightness, dirt, and corrosion;
 Check that throttle connections are secure;
 Check all hoses and lines for leaks or cracks and replace if necessary; and
 (On gasoline inboard engines only): inspect and clean the flame arrestor with
soap and water.
The above list of items as well as the list of items provided in Section 5.3 should
be checked each time that you take your boat out on the water.
Maintenance of Navigation Lights
Navigation lights should be maintained in good condition. Always confirm that

lights are in good working order before every boating trip. Be sure to carry spare
bulbs of the proper size and power so that you can replace burnt out bulbs immediately.
It is a good idea to include navigation lights as part of your regular maintenance

program. Most lights use a rubber or foam gasket to seal against moisture. If you see
condensation inside the lens, it means that the gasket leaks.
Inspect the gasket for proper placement, splits, or cracks and replace as necessary.
Spray gaskets with silicone and electrical connections with a corrosion protector to
extend fixture life. Be sure to polish the light, reflector, and lens to a shine.

Chapter 5
Pursuant to Rule 22 of the Collision Regulations, lights must have sufficient intensity to
be visible at the following minimum ranges:
 Vessels less than 12 m in length
 Masthead light, 2 miles
 Sidelight, 1 mile
 Stern light, 2 miles
 Towing light:, 2 miles
 All-round lights (white, red, green or yellow), 2 miles
 Vessels 12-50 m in length
 Masthead light, 5 miles; unless vessel is less than 20m, then 2 miles
 Sidelight, 2 miles
 Stern light, 2 miles
 Towing light, 2 miles
 All-round lights (white, red, green or yellow), 2 miles
 Partly submerged vessels or objects being towed
 All-round white light, 3 miles
 Vessels exhibiting:
 Special flashing light, 2 miles
 Blue flashing light, 2 miles

Chapter 5
5.2 LOADING A SMALL VESSEL

To avoid impeding the operation of a pleasure craft, and thus increase the risk of
causing injuries or loss of life to persons on board, the operator of a pleasure
craft should:
1. Not overload the craft in excess of the recommended safe load capacity or
the equivalent maximum allowable number of adult persons;
2. Position persons and gear on board so as to evenly distribute the weight;
3. Keep the load’s centre of gravity as low as possible on board the craft; and
4. Lash gear down or stow it in lockers or under seats to prevent uncontrolled

movement of the gear.
You must obey the loading limits

indicated on your vessel’s
Compliance Notice. Remember,
the maximum load indicated
on the Compliance Notice is
calculated for fair weather
conditions. If you are operating
in strong winds and large waves,
then your vessel cannot carry
nearly as much weight as
indicated on its Compliance
Notice.
Always remember that a pleasure craft that is overpowered (equipped with an

outboard motor that is too large) or overloaded, will sit lower in the water than
normal and as a result it will be much more prone to swamping and sinking.
In addition, a vessel is less stable and more likely to capsize when it is

overloaded or overpowered. Overloading is dangerous; know and respect the
limitations of your vessel. Always remember to keep the load’s centre of gravity as
low as possible and to secure it to keep it from shifting. Keeping the centre of
gravity of your vessel low is your primary consideration. Next, you need to ensure that
gear on board is lashed down and stored out of the way (not underfoot, creating a
tripping hazard).

Chapter 5
Do not carry bulky items onto a docked boat. When you carry bulky items in your arms,
your view in front is restricted. In addition, if your arms are full, it is difficult to maintain
your balance while boarding small craft. Thus, never carry bulky or heavy gear when
boarding a small vessel.
The safest way to load heavy or bulky

supplies or equipment onto a small vessel
is from the shore or from a dock. To do
this, before getting aboard lay the gear out
where you can reach it easily from the
boat or place it where someone can hand
it to you after you are in the boat.
Here are a few tips that one should keep in mind when boarding a vessel:
 The vessel must be kept tied up or held firmly in place until everyone is onboard.
 When boarding a pleasure craft, grab onto something solid (such as the gunwale
or a stanchion) to steady yourself as you board.
If boarding a small, unstable vessel such as a dinghy or canoe, crouch to keep your
centre of gravity low and stretch to step into the bottom of the boat. Board near the bow
and then move to your seat along the centre line of the hull. Never step onto the
gunwale as this may cause the boat to capsize.
Once you and your supplies and equipment are on board, stow them so that they are
out of the way (but readily accessible in the case of safety equipment). Remember to
distribute the weight of the gear evenly so that your vessel remains balanced;
most boating fatalities are the result of capsizing or falls overboard.

Chapter 5
5.3 PRE-DEPARTURE CHECKLIST

Even if you are simply borrowing a boat for a few hours, you become the operator and
you are responsible to ensure that it is in seaworthy condition. You should go through a
pre-departure checklist every time you take any boat onto the water. Being sure to go
through a thorough pre-departure checklist may mean delaying departure by a few
minutes but it can also prevent hours of delay in an uncomfortable or even dangerous
situation in the event of a breakdown or an accident.
Here is a good pre-departure checklist:

 Ask yourself if you the operator have the experience and skill set required
for the planned trip/boating activity and the type of boat you will be
operating?
 Ensure that you have your Pleasure Craft Operator Card - Failure to carry
your PCOC while operating a powered pleasure craft risks a fine of $250 (take an
in-class course or study our free online course at www.freecourse.ca, then write
the test and get your PCOC).
 Verify that manual propelling devices are intact and strong enough for their
intended use.
 Check the hull for splits, cracks, bulges, or other signs of damage.
 Check the battery’s charge and fluid levels.
 Verify that all hoses, clamps, and belts are secure and in good condition.
Ensure that the engine throttle mechanism does not stick or bind. Verify
that the steering operates smoothly.
 Confirm that navigation lights are in good working order. Replace burnt-out
bulbs.
 Be aware of the weather; check the weather forecast before departure.
 Ensure that you have current marine charts or maps for the area in which you
will be boating.
 Are there enough approved PFDs and lifejackets of appropriate type and
size for everyone on board?
 Is all required safety equipment on board, in good working order, and
readily accessible?
 Check oil levels.
 Check the fuel. Is there ample fuel for the trip or will you need to refuel
along the way? A good rule of thumb for fuel is that you require one-third
for the trip out, one-third for the return trip, and one-third as a reserve.

Chapter 5
 Verify that your VHF

radio is functioning
properly.
 If you do not have a VHF radio

(or it is not working), then be
sure to bring an alternative
communication device (such as
a cellular telephone) to call for
help in an emergency (be sure
to verify that your cellular
telephone will function in the
area where you operate.
Relying on a Cellular Telephone in a Marine Emergency

Some cellular providers offer the *16 service to reach the Canadian Coast Guard.
If you find yourself in need of assistance on waters not serviced by the Coast
Guard, then you should call the local police by dialling 911.
 Check for any local water hazards or boating restrictions along the planned
route of travel.
 If travelling in US waters, have you obtained the latest update of Homeland
Security requirements? Updates can be obtained at:
http://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/western-hemisphere-travel-initiative
 Have you checked navigational references for water levels, times of low,
slack, and high tides; and the direction of water flow?
Tip: To obtain nautical charts and tide tables, visit the Canadian Hydrographic
Service’s (CHS’s) website (http://www.charts.gc.ca/index-eng.asp) or contact the
CHS by telephone at 613-998-4931. Additional information on water levels is also
available through the CHS’s web site (at http://tides.gc.ca/eng) or by telephone at
1-877-775-0790.

Chapter 5
 Check your navigational references (nautical charts) for places to take

shelter in the event of foul weather.
Tip: For information on cruising directions and sailing directions, visit the
Canadian Hydrographic Service website http://www.charts.gc.ca/index-eng.asp
or contact them by phone at 613-998-4931.If you are in an area that is not
covered by nautical charts, then contact knowledgeable local residents.
 Ensure that you have a first aid kit on board.
 Verify that you have a repair kit with basic tools and spare parts.
 Ensure that the weight of gear and passengers is evenly distributed in your craft.
 File a sail plan or let a responsible person know where you are going, when you
expect to return, and what your vessel looks like.
 Give your passengers a pre-departure safety briefing to provide safety
information and describe emergency procedures.
 Lastly (and most importantly) ensure that the drain plug is properly secured
before launching your boat.
Note: If you are planning a longer excursion of several

days, you may wish to consider obtaining a satellite
phone or an Emergency Position Indicating Radio
Beacon (EPIRB), which transmits a coded signal used
only in times of distress. On activation of the EPIRB
signal, Canadian search and rescue resources are
deployed to your rescue.
To function properly, the Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon must be

registered with the Canadian Beacon Registry.
Phone: 1-877-406-7671.
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: https://www.cbr-rcb.ca/cbr/presentation/other_autre/index.php

Chapter 5
5.4 MARINE WEATHER FORECASTS

The operator of a pleasure craft should
check the weather forecast before making
the decision to head out so as not to put
the craft or its passengers at risk. Thus,
boaters need to know how to obtain current
weather information before they head out as
well as how to obtain updates while out on
the water, which requires the knowledge and
skill to use a marine radio. Alternatively, a
receiver for receiving continuous marine
weather forecasts is also available through
marine supply outlets.
Weather forecasts can be obtained from a number of sources, including:

 Your own personal observations;
 Newspapers;
 Radiotelephones;
 Environment Canada information lines;
 Radio channels 21B, 25B, and 83B (Atlantic Coast and the Great Lakes);
 Radio channels 21B, WX1, WX2, and WX3 on the Pacific Coast;
 In Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax VHF broadcasts from Weather
Radio Canada (a service of Environment Canada);
 Via the Internet at:
http://weather.gc.ca/mainmenu/weather_menu_e.html;
 Regular AM and FM radio weather forecasts; and
 Television weather channels and telephone weather services.
Environment Canada uses special terminology in its marine weather forecasts.

Thus, be sure that you understand the following terms:
 Light winds – Light winds are winds that are less than 10 knots (19 km/h).
 Moderate winds – Moderate winds are winds that are in the range of 10 to 20
knots (19 to 37 km/h).
 Strong winds – Strong winds are winds with sustained speeds in the range of
21-33 knots (37 to 61 km/h).
 Gale-force winds – Gale-force winds are winds with sustained speeds in the
range of 34-47 knots (61 to 87 km/h).
 Storm-force winds – Storm-force winds are winds with sustained speeds in
the range of 48-63 knots (89 to 117 km/h).
 Hurricane-force winds – Hurricane-force winds are winds with sustained
speeds higher than 64 knots (119 km/h).

Chapter 5
Heed Marine Weather Warnings
Poor weather conditions with high winds and large waves increase the risk of
passengers falling overboard or of a pleasure craft swamping or capsizing.
When marine weather conditions are expected to deteriorate to the point where high
winds and large waves will render boating activities unsafe, Environment Canada’s
weather service issues a warning to keep boaters off the water during unsafe weather.
Environment Canada’s weather service has three types of weather warnings for
boaters:
 Strong winds warning
 Gale Warning
 Storm warning
Strong Winds Warning – A strong winds warning is a warning to small vessels

(vessels that are under 6 metres in length) to stay off the water. This type of
warning is issued by Environment Canada when winds are expected to be strong [i.e.:
winds with sustained speeds in the range of 20 to 33 knots (37 to 61 km/h)] or when
waves 3 to 6 metres in height are expected.
Gale Warning – A gale warning is issued when sustained winds in the range of 34
to 47 knots (61 to 87 km/h) are expected or waves 6 to 9 metres in height are
expected.
Storm Warning – A storm warning is issued when sustained winds in the range of
48 to 63 knots (89 to 117 km/h) are expected or waves 9 to 16 metres in height are
expected.
It is crucial to always check the marine weather forecast before venturing out on
the water to ensure that you are not on the water during a weather warning, thus
placing your vessel and its passengers at risk.

Chapter 5
5.5 PREPARING AND FILING A SAIL PLAN

A sail plan (also often referred to as a float plan or a trip plan) is a voyage
itinerary that should include the departure time, route of travel, duration of the
trip, and basic details about you, your passengers, your vessel, and onboard
equipment. These details will assist search and rescue personnel in the event of an
emergency. Whether your planned outing is to last only a few hours or several days,
filing a sail plan with a responsible individual remains one of your most important
lifesaving tools.
Before heading out, all operators, especially of vessels not equipped with a VHF
radio, should file a sail plan with a responsible, trusted person familiar with the
instructions to follow in case of an emergency. If this is not possible, it can be filed
with any Canadian Coast Guard Marine Communications and Traffic Services Centre by
telephone, radio, or in person.
Be sure to close (deactivate) your sail plan by reporting to the sail plan holder
that you have returned from your trip. This will prevent launching an unnecessary
search and rescue mission.
A good sail plan (trip plan) should include the following information:
 Name and license number of your vessel;
 Your vessel’s type (i.e. whether it is a sailboat or motorboat)
 Name, address, and telephone number of the operator;
 Number of persons on board;
 Size, type, and colour of the craft;
 Type of engine;
 Distinguishing features of the vessel;
 Type of radiotelephone, if any, and channel being monitored;
 List of safety equipment being carried onboard, including flares, lifejackets,
and life rafts;
 Description of the trip, including time of departure, time of return, and the
proposed route, and;
 Instructions (for the plan holder) in case of emergency. The person holding
your sail plan should be instructed to contact the nearest Rescue Co-
ordination Centre if you are overdue. Include the phone number of the rescue
co-ordination centre in your instructions to the plan holder. The telephone
number of the nearest centre can be found at the front of most telephone
books.
A sample sail plan (trip plan) is provided on the next page.

Chapter 5
SAMPLE SAIL PLAN
Owner’s Name: ____________________________
Address: _________________________________________________
Telephone Number(s): ____________ or _____________
Vessel’s Name and License Number: _________________________
Sail __ Power __ Type and Size: __________________________
Colour: Hull: ________ Deck: ________ Cabin: ________
Type of Engine: ____________________
Other Distinguishing Features: ______________________________
Radio channel(s) monitored: HF _____ VHF _____ MF _____
Safety Equipment on board: _________________________________
Raft, dinghy, or small boat on board (include colour): _________________________
Flares (include number and type): ___________________________
Number of PFDs or lifejackets on board: _______
Date of departure: ___________ Time of departure: __________
Leaving from: _____________________ Destination: _________________
Proposed route: ________________________________________________
Estimated time and date of return: _______________________________
Stop-over point _________ Number of persons on board _______________
Instructions to plan holder:

If we are more than two (2) hours late of our estimated time of return, please contact the
local rescue co-ordination centre.
Telephone number of Rescue Co-ordination Centre: ( ) _____ - _________

Chapter 5
5.6 BRIEFING ALL PERSONS ON BOARD

Before taking passengers out on the water, the operator of a pleasure craft
should inform all persons on board about the following safety points:
1. The location of personal flotation devices (PFDs and/or lifejackets);
2. The technique for putting on a PFD or lifejacket;
3. A technique for putting on a flotation device when one is in the water;
4. The importance of wearing a personal flotation device or lifejacket at all

times (i.e.: insist that all on board wear their flotation devices). In addition,
the operator and each guest should test their flotation device to ensure that
they are familiar with the characteristics of the devices and that it will keep
them afloat.
5. The location of all required safety equipment on board;
6. The location of the emergency first aid kit;
7. The importance of keeping oneself low in the boat, on the boat’s centreline,
and holding onto a rigid part of the boat while moving around on board;
8. The importance of keeping one’s hands, arms, and legs inside the pleasure
craft when approaching or leaving a dock or another vessel;
9. The effects of the motion of the pleasure craft, sunlight, waves, wind,
sound, and alcohol on a person’s reflexes, co-ordination, and senses;
10. The roles of all on board in the event of an emergency; and;
11. How to signal for help in the event of an emergency (e.g.: mobile phone,
VHF radio, distress signals).
A large number of boaters die each year simply because they either neglected to wear
their flotation devices or wore them improperly. More alarming still is the fact that the
majority of those who drown each year had flotation devices on board their craft but
failed to wear them.
To prevent loss of life the operator of a pleasure craft should encourage all
passengers to always wear a flotation device while onboard. And if conditions
deteriorate or an emergency situation develops, then the operator of the pleasure
craft should insist that all on board should don flotation devices.

Chapter 5
5.7 USING REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT

The importance of having all required lifesaving equipment on board (and knowing how
to use it) cannot be overemphasized. Thus, operators should demonstrate lifesaving
equipment and provide safety instructions to their guests.
Both operators and guests should check the manufacturer’s instructions on how to use
lifesaving equipment so that they can respond rapidly and effectively in the event of an
emergency.
All of a vessel’s required safety equipment should be in good working order and
located in readily accessible places on board the vessel.
Flotation Devices
The operator of a pleasure craft and all passengers should always wear their
approved personal flotation devices or lifejackets to prevent drowning. A PFD or
lifejacket should fit snugly (not tightly) and allow freedom of movement of arms
and legs. Lifejackets should be fitted slightly loose so that water can get under
and lift the front of the lifejacket so that it can operate as designed to keep an
unconscious person face-up in the water).
The operator should also instruct passengers that PFDs and lifejackets should
never be used as seat cushions, or as boat fenders, or in any other way that
might damage them. Any damage to PFDs or lifejackets (such as a broken zipper,
a rip, or puncture) voids their approved status (i.e. a damaged, repaired, or
modified PFD is not an approved PFD).
The operator of a pleasure craft should take the following points into
consideration when selecting PFDs or lifejackets:
1. PFDs or lifejackets should fit snugly (not tightly) and allow freedom of
movement for arms and legs;
2. A PFD or lifejacket should be appropriate to the size of the person who will
wear it; that is, adult-sized flotation devices for adults and child-sized
flotation devices for children;
3. The PFD or lifejacket selected should be appropriate for the type of water
activity in which it will be used (specially designed PFDs or lifejackets are
available for activities such as kayaking, sail-boarding, water-skiing, and
white water rafting); and
4. Lifejackets should be designed to turn an unconscious person face up in

the water.

Chapter 5
The operator should place special emphasis on the importance of wearing a PFD
at all times while on board. Wearing a flotation device is the most important factor in
preventing boating deaths.
Since some passengers will prefer not to wear their PFD, the operator should also
instruct them on how a person can don a PFD while in the water. A technique for
donning a PFD while in the water should include the following steps:
1. Spread the PFD open so that it floats with the inside facing up;
2. Rotate the device so that you are looking at the end with the neck opening;
3. Extend both of your arms through the arm openings;
4. Lift your arms over your head;
5. Position the PFD around your body; and
6. Fasten it up so that it fits snugly.
An All-Too-Common Misconception
It is incorrect to assume that it will be possible for you to locate and put on a
flotation device once you have fallen into water, even if you are a very good
swimmer. Here are some reasons why:
 Cold water temperatures will paralyze you and sap your strength rapidly;
 Wind and waves will hamper your search for a flotation device and will make it
difficult to put the device on; and
 The flotation device may stay in the boat, away from your reach.
Ensure that you wear your flotation device at all times when on the water. Even
when within arm’s reach, the device could still be far too far away in an
emergency.

Chapter 5
5.8 FUEL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The following procedure is a step-by-step guide to follow when refuelling a
pleasure craft fitted with a gasoline or diesel engine. Note: these steps are not
only good common sense, they are the law:
1. Moor the vessel securely to prevent spillage;
2. Shut off all engines;
3. Ensure that persons not involved in fuelling the craft go ashore;
4. Extinguish all open flames;
5. Ensure no-one smokes in the area while refuelling is in progress;
6. Turn off electrical switches; do not operate electrical devices;
7. Close all windows, portholes, hatches, and cabin doors;
8. Move portable tanks ashore before refilling them with fuel;
Gasoline and diesel fuels are highly

volatile and readily give off explosive
vapours. A fuel tank that is empty of
fuel is dangerous because it is full of
explosive vapours given off by fuel
residues in the tank. When you fill a
portable fuel tank while it is still in a
boat, vapours from inside the tank pour
out of the top of the tank and, because
these vapours are heavier than air,
settle into the bottom of the cockpit
and mix with air. One spark can ignite
this fuel-air mixture, resulting in fire or
an explosion. Never fill a portable
fuel tank while it is still in the boat.

Chapter 5
9. Sparks must always be avoided when filling a fuel tank. To prevent a spark
while filling a tank, first touch the side of the tank with your hand before and while
you insert the fuel-dispensing nozzle into the tank’s fill inlet. This will prevent a
spark from jumping between the fill opening and the dispenser. While the
dispenser is in the tank opening, keep it grounded against the edge of the fuel
tank opening. Maintain this contact as you withdraw the dispenser nozzle when
you are finished filling the tank. Before withdrawing the nozzle completely, again
touch the side of the tank with one hand while removing the nozzle with the
other.
10. Know the capacity of your fuel tank and do not overfill it. You have a duty
to prevent the release of fuel into the hull or into the water;
11. Clean up any spillage;
12. Always operate the engine compartment ventilation

blower for at least four (4) minutes immediately
before starting a cold engine as well as before re-
starting a hot engine; and
13. Always sniff the air to

check for fuel vapours and
odours before starting the
engine.
5.8.1 How to Start An Inboard Motor Safely
To prevent a build-up of explosive vapours, enclosed gasoline engine and fuel tank
compartments must be fitted with a blower to remove fuel vapours before starting the
engine. The boat must also
be equipped with an
underway ventilation
system that ventilates the
engine compartment without
the aid of the blower while the
vessel is moving. Both the
blower and the underway
ventilation system must
comply with the
Construction Standards for
Small Vessels.

Chapter 5
If your vessel is equipped with a blower system, the Small Vessel Regulations
(http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2010-91/page-1.html) require that it
be operated for at least four (4) minutes immediately before every time you start
the engine to ensure the fuel concentration in the air in the engine compartment is
below explosive levels (i.e.: less than 1.4%).
Once the engine is started, allow it to warm up. While you are waiting, check and pump
your bilge and check your fuel gauge to verify that you have enough fuel for your trip. In
addition, keep an eye on the water temperature gauge, voltmeter, and oil pressure
gauge. The water temperature gauge reports the temperature of coolant water
circulating in the engine and warns you if it is overheating. The voltmeter tells you the
condition of the battery by indicating how long the battery is charging. The oil pressure
gauge warns you of low oil pressure, which could damage the engine. You are ready to
depart when the engine is warmed up and running smoothly.
5.8.2 Ignition Protection
Any pleasure craft operating in Canada that is powered by a gasoline engine or

equipped with a propane-fueled device must be equipped with ignition-protected
electrical devices (wiring, electrical coils, etc.). Ignition-protected devices are designed,
constructed, and installed so that under normal conditions they will not create a spark
that can ignite gasoline- or propane-rich fumes or vapours. This protection uses seals
and flame arrestors to prevent sparks from escaping when the equipment is operating.
Most Canadian ignition-protected components are labelled.
Only electrical devices that are equipped with components that are clearly labelled as
“Ignition Protected” should be used on a pleasure craft equipped with a gasoline
engine or propane-burning appliances.
Many older boats, recently refitted boats (and even newly constructed boats) have been
found to be fitted with car or truck engines (which are not equipped with ignition-
protected components).
If you are not sure that your vessels’ engine is equipped with ignition-protected parts,
then you should have it inspected and serviced by a certified marine technician. A
certified marine technician can tell you if a replacement part (or work done to the
engine) has compromised the engine’s ignition protection, thus placing you at risk.

Chapter 5
5.9 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

Fuel-burning engines and appliances can produce carbon monoxide as the result of
the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Carbon monoxide
(CO) is completely invisible to humans; it is colourless, odourless, and tasteless.
Condition – Carbon monoxide is acutely toxic because it cripples the ability of the
body’s blood to absorb and transfer oxygen to body cells, leading to asphyxiation
or suffocation. Even at low concentrations, carbon monoxide can injure or kill those
breathing it (a concentration of 1,000 ppm can cause unconsciousness after one (1)
hour of exposure and death by asphyxiation occurs after four (4) hours). You can
protect yourself by equipping your vessel with a standard, battery-operated carbon
monoxide detector. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for locating, installing, and
maintaining the detector.
Recognizing symptoms – Low levels of carbon monoxide poisoning can be confused

with flu symptoms, food poisoning, or other illnesses and can have a long-term health
risk if left unattended. Some of the symptoms are:
 Shortness of breath
 Mild nausea
 Mild headaches
Moderate levels of CO exposure can cause death if the following symptoms persist for a
long period of time:
 Headaches
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Light-headedness
High levels of CO can cause death within minutes.
Treatment - Carbon monoxide poisoning is reversible; when exposure to carbon

monoxide is discontinued, it is spontaneously released from the blood. There are
immediate measures you can take to help those suffering from carbon monoxide
poisoning.
 Get the victim into fresh air immediately.
 If you cannot get the victim to fresh air immediately, then open all windows and
doors. Any combustion appliances should be turned off.
 Take those who were subjected to carbon monoxide to a hospital emergency
room as quickly as possible. A simple blood test will be able to determine if
carbon monoxide poisoning has occurred.

Chapter 5
If your pleasure craft has accommodations and is fitted with an inboard engine, a
generator, or a fuel-burning appliance, then you should install a high-quality carbon
monoxide detector close to where people will be sleeping.
Prevention Tips – To help protect yourself and others from carbon monoxide poisoning,
always adhere to the following practices:
 Only idle your engine in well ventilated areas,
 Be aware that tail winds can easily carry carbon monoxide back on board
 Ensure that you only heat the cabin or cook with gas indoors when you are in
well-ventilated areas,
 Check to ensure that any cabin extension and areas fitted with canvas tops are
well ventilated.
 Install a carbon monoxide detector that is designed for marine use close to
where people will be sleeping and check the CO detector’s batteries before
every trip.
 Ensure there is fresh air circulation in cabin areas even in inclement weather.
 Ensure that any enclosed space that contains fuel-burning engines, appliances
or fuel is well ventilated.
 On vessels with enclosed gasoline engine and fuel tank compartments, ensure
that the powered ventilation blower is operated for four minutes to ventilate the
area before the engine is started.
 Be aware that CO can build up when:
 Your powered pleasure craft is idling in poorly ventilated areas
 Two powered vessels are tied to each other,
 Your powered vessel is docked beside a seawall,
 Your vessel load causes the bow to ride high in the water, or
 A fuel-burning appliance or engine is running while your vessel is
stationary.
Warning to Swimmers – Carbon monoxide is not just a risk for people on board a
pleasure craft. People swimming in the water can be overcome by CO gas in only
minutes and drown. To prevent this, always avoid swimming between houseboat
pontoons, under swimming rafts, under diving platforms, or in any area or space where
air circulation may be poor and where recently released engine exhaust gases may
have been trapped.

Chapter 5
Using Fuel-Burning Appliances

The propane and butane often used in fuel-burning appliances on boats must be treated
with the utmost care and respect.
Propane and butane, like gasoline vapours, are heavier than air and will flow rapidly
into the lower parts of your craft. These gases are extremely difficult to remove and they
are highly explosive. Thus, propane and butane are riskier to use than gasoline. To
prevent accidents, always be sure to provide good ventilation when using a fuel-
burning appliance with a pilot light.
While on a boat, you should check regularly the condition of any open-flame heating,
cooking, or refrigeration system that uses a gaseous fuel. Verify that the installation
complies with the manufacturer’s recommended practices.
To use propane and butane safely:

 Use a fuel-burning appliance only when in a well-ventilated area;
 Secure portable appliances and heaters so that a shift in the appliances position
does not cause a gas leak;
 Secure gas cylinders and tanks in an area with good ventilation;
 Install all fuel-burning equipment by following the manufacturer’s instructions;
and
 Never leave an open-flame heating, cooking, or refrigeration system unattended.
End of Chapter 5

Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Review Quiz

The questions included in the following quiz are not sample questions taken from actual
tests. They are provided merely to acquaint you with the breadth and depth of
knowledge required to pass a Transport Canada Boating Safety Test. Merely
memorizing these questions and answers will not be adequate preparation to pass the
Boating Safety Test; you must acquire an understanding of the material contained in all
seven chapters of this free course. Every topic in this course is a potential test
question.
QUESTIONS
1. Describe how to bring bulky or heavy gear aboard a pleasure craft.
2. When should the operator check the overall mechanical condition of his or
her pleasure craft?
3. When taking onboard gear (for camping, a day trip, or whatever), what is the
primary consideration to take into account?
4. What risk is created when a pleasure craft is overloaded and sits lower in the
water?
5. What risk is created when a pleasure craft is overpowered (equipped with a

motor that is too large) or when a heavy load sits too high in the craft and
raises its centre of gravity?
6. What items should be on your pre-departure checklist?
7. What is a good rule of thumb for estimating your fuel requirements?
8. What are some sources of weather information?
9. List the following Environment Canada weather terms in decreasing order of

wind speed: moderate winds, strong wind warning, strong winds, light winds,
gale warning, storm warning.
10. When is the best time to explain safety equipment and emergency procedures
to your passengers?
a.) Verbally or in writing, a week before departing
b.) On the boat, before leaving the dock
c.) On the boat, while underway
d.) On the boat, whenever an emergency occurs

Chapter 5
11. Why is it a very good idea to file (leave a copy with a trusted, responsible
person on shore) a sail plan?
12. What information should appear in a sail plan? With whom should the plan be
filed?
13. Why should you be sure to close or deactivate a sail plan when the trip is
completed?
14. Never use automotive parts to repair/modify a marine engine. Why?
15. Describe a safe procedure for fuelling a boat equipped with a portable fuel
tank.
16. What are some potential sources of carbon monoxide (CO) gas on a boat?
17. What are some symptoms of CO (carbon monoxide) poisoning?
18. How should one aid a person apparently suffering from CO poisoning?
19. When boarding a small (unstable) boat from a dock or low pier:
a.) step onto the bow of the boat
b.) step into the centre of the boat
c.) step onto the side of the boat
d.) jump into the boat
20. A pleasure craft is less stable and more likely to capsize when:
a.) overloaded or overpowered
b.) its load is kept low and evenly distributed
c.) it is empty
d.) it is in deep water
21. Describe a good practice to follow when starting a craft equipped with an
inboard motor.

Chapter 5
ANSWERS
1. Place bulky or heavy on the dock where you can reach it from in the boat.
2. The overall condition of your pleasure craft should be assessed and repair and
maintenance executed as part of a pre-season check annually. In addition, before
every trip a pre-departure check should be made as per the checklist provided in
Section 4.3.
3. The primary consideration to consider when loading gear onto a craft is to always
remember to keep the load’s centre of gravity as low as possible in the hull. The next
consideration to secure the load it to keep it from shifting or getting underfoot. And
always obey your craft’s compliance notice: do not carry a load greater than allowed
according to your vessel’s Compliance Notice.
4. An overloaded pleasure craft will sit lower in the water than normal and as a result it
will be much more prone to being swamped and sinking.
5. A pleasure craft is less stable and more likely to capsize when it is overloaded or
overpowered. Always remember to keep the load’s centre of gravity as low as
possible and to secure it to keep it from shifting. Keeping the centre of gravity of your
vessel low is your primary consideration. Next, you need to ensure that gear on
board is lashed down and stored out of the way (not underfoot, creating a tripping
hazard).
6. See pre-departure checklist outlined in Section 4.3.
7. A good rule of thumb is that one-third of the fuel on board will be enough for the trip
out, one-third will be enough for the return trip, and one-third will be left over as a
reserve.
8. Weather forecasts can be obtained from a number of sources, including:

 Your own personal observations;
 Newspapers;
 Radiotelephones;
 Local Environment Canada information lines;
 Radio channels 21B, 25B, and 83B (Atlantic Coast and the Great Lakes);
 Radio channels 21B, WX1, WX2, and WX3 on the Pacific Coast;
 In Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax VHF broadcasts from Weather
Radio Canada (a service of Environment Canada);
 Via the Internet at: https://weather.gc.ca/canada_e.html;
 Regular AM and FM radio weather forecasts; and
 Television weather channels and telephone weather services.

Chapter 5
9. In decreasing order of wind speed: warnings - storm warning, gale warning, strong
wind warning, and wind speeds - strong winds, moderate winds, light winds.
10. b.) On the boat and before departure. Before taking passengers out on the water,
the operator should provide passengers with an on-board, pre-departure safety
briefing that covers the points outlined in Section 4.6.
11. Filing a trip plan (leaving a copy of your route and itinerary with a responsible
person) provides crucial information to people mounting a rescue effort to find you in
case you get into trouble and become overdue. Without a filed plan, who is to know
when you are overdue? Or when to become concerned?
12. The information in a sail plan (trip plan) should include the type, size and colour of
your craft; equipment on board; number of people on board; description of the trip
itinerary; and instruction in case of an emergency. You do not take the plan with you
or put it in a drawer; it must be filed (i.e.: you must give it to someone you trust to
verify that you have returned and (if you do not return) to take prompt action to alert
the nearest rescue co-ordination centre).
13. It is crucial to close (deactivate) your sail plan by reporting to the sail plan holder that
you have returned from your trip. This will prevent them launching an unnecessary
search.
14. Any pleasure craft operating in Canada that is powered by a gasoline engine or
equipped with a propane-fuelled device must be equipped with ignition-protected
electrical devices (wiring, electrical coils, etc.).Ignition-protected devices are
designed, constructed, and installed so that under normal conditions they will not
create a spark that can ignite gasoline- or propane-rich fumes or vapours. This
protection uses seals and flame arrestors to prevent sparks from escaping when the
equipment is operating. Automotive parts do NOT incorporate this protection.
15. Remove the tank from the boat and refuel it onshore. Never refuel a portable fuel
tank while it is in a boat.
16. Fuel-burning engines and appliances can produce carbon monoxide as the result of
the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Carbon
monoxide (CO) is completely invisible; it is colourless, odourless, and tasteless.
17. Typical symptoms of CO poisoning are mild headaches, nausea, and fatigue.
18. Take the following steps to aid a person apparently suffering the effects of carbon
monoxide (CO) poisoning:
 Get the victim into fresh air immediately.
 If you cannot get the victim to fresh air immediately, then open all windows and
doors. Any combustion appliances should be turned off.

Chapter 5
 Take those who were subjected to carbon monoxide to a hospital emergency

room as quickly as possible. A simple blood test will be able to determine if
carbon monoxide poisoning has occurred.
19. b.)
20. a.)
21. Run the engine compartment’s ventilation blower for 4 minutes before starting the
motor.

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Chapter 5

BEFORE HEADING OUT

This chapter contains the following sections:

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-1

5.1 PRE-SEASON MAINTENANCE

The following pre-season maintenance is recommended for vessels that operate

Maintenance of Navigation Lights

Navigation lights should be maintained in good condition. Always confirm that

It is a good idea to include navigation lights as part of your regular maintenance

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-2

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-3

5.2 LOADING A SMALL VESSEL

2. Position persons and gear on board so as to evenly distribute the weight;

4. Lash gear down or stow it in lockers or under seats to prevent uncontrolled

You must obey the loading limits

Always remember that a pleasure craft that is overpowered (equipped with an

In addition, a vessel is less stable and more likely to capsize when it is

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-4

The safest way to load heavy or bulky

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-5

5.3 PRE-DEPARTURE CHECKLIST

Here is a good pre-departure checklist:

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-6

 Verify that your VHF

 If you do not have a VHF radio

Relying on a Cellular Telephone in a Marine Emergency

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-7

 Check your navigational references (nautical charts) for places to take

Note: If you are planning a longer excursion of several

To function properly, the Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon must be

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-8

5.4 MARINE WEATHER FORECASTS

Weather forecasts can be obtained from a number of sources, including:

Environment Canada uses special terminology in its marine weather forecasts.

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-9

Heed Marine Weather Warnings

Strong Winds Warning – A strong winds warning is a warning to small vessels

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-10

5.5 PREPARING AND FILING A SAIL PLAN

A sample sail plan (trip plan) is provided on the next page.

Copyright © 2017 freecourse.ca – All rights reserved 5-11

SAMPLE SAIL PLAN

Owner’s Name: ____________________________

Telephone Number(s): ____________ or _____________

Vessel’s Name and License Number: _________________________

Sail __ Power __ Type and Size: __________________________

Colour: Hull: ________ Deck: ________ Cabin: ________

Type of Engine: ____________________

Other Distinguishing Features: ______________________________

Radio channel(s) monitored: HF _____ VHF _____ MF _____

Safety Equipment on board: _________________________________

Raft, dinghy, or small boat on board (include colour): _________________________

Flares (include number and type): ___________________________

Number of PFDs or lifejackets on board: _______

Date of departure: ___________ Time of departure: __________

Leaving from: _____________________ Destination: _________________

Proposed route: ________________________________________________

Estimated time and date of return: _______________________________

Stop-over point _________ Number of persons on board _______________

Instructions to plan holder:

Telephone Number(s): or _

Sail Power Type and Size: __________________________

Colour: Hull: Deck: Cabin:

Radio channel(s) monitored: HF ___ VHF _ MF ___

Date of departure: _ Time of departure:

Leaving from: _____ Destination: _

Stop-over point _ Number of persons on board _______

Telephone number of Rescue Co-ordination Centre: ( ) _ - _____