Mathematics 21 Sample 2nd Long Exam

First Semester 2019-2020

I. Find f 0 (x). Use appropriate techniques if necessary. There is no need to simplify.

8x3 − ln (x) sec2 (x) 2. f (x) = (3x − 2)f (x) + tan−1 3 cosh2 (2x )


1. f (x) = p
3x2 − sin(πx)

II. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of x3 y 2 = 1 − y cos(x) at the point (0, 1).
III. Determine all possible values for a and b such that the function is differentiable at x = 1:
(
ax − bx2 , x≤1
p(x) =
sin(1 − x), x > 1
 
3x + 2 2
IV. Find the value(s) of c satisfying the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem for g(x) = on − , 3 .
x−4 3
x
V. Let f (x) = .
4x2 − 36
1. Determine all the critical points and the possible points of inflection of f .
2. Identify and classify the relative extrema of f .
3. On which interval(s) is the graph of f decreasing?
4. On which interval(s) is the graph of f concave upward?
5. Sketch the graph of f .
VI. Suppose that h is a continuous function on R and that the graph of h0 is shown below.

1. Determine the intervals where h is increasing. y = h0 (x)

 
3 9
− ,
2. Determine the intervals where the graph of h is 2 4
concave up.

3. Determine the x-values where h has a relative

maximum and a relative minimum.
(−3, 0) (0, 0)

4. Determine the x-values where the graph of h has

a point of inflection.

VII. Write TRUE if the statement is always true. Otherwise, write FALSE.
1. If c ∈ R and f (c) = 15, then f 0 (c) = 0.
2. For all x ∈ R, if a function f is differentiable on R and f 0 (x) > 0, then f 00 (x) > 0.
3. For all functions f continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), if f is not increasing on [a, b], then
f 0 (x) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ (a, b).
4. It is impossible for a function to be both differentiable and discontinuous at x = a.

End of Examination
This sample examination has been prepared by the UP Mathematics Club, UP Mathematics Majors’ Circle, and the
UP College of Science Student Council.
 Mathematics 21 - Sample 2nd Long Exam Answer Key
First Semester 2019-2020

I. 1. We may proceed using logarithmic differentiation.

8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x)
|f (x)| = p
3x2 − sin(πx)

|8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x)|

|f (x)| = 1
(3x2 − sin(πx)) 2

1
ln |f (x)| = ln 8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x) − ln 3x2 − sin(πx)
2
Differentiating both sides,
!
d d
f 0 (x) dx
(8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x)) 1 dx
(3x2 − sin(πx))
= −
f (x) 8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x) 2 3x2 − sin(πx)
1


24x2 − ln(x) · 2 sec x · sec x tan x + sec2 x · x
=
8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x)
 
1 6x − cos(πx) · π
−
2 3x2 − sin(πx)

1
24x2 − ln(x) · 2 sec x · sec x tan x − sec2 x ·
 
0 x 6x − cos(πx) · π
f (x) = f (x) −
8x3 − ln(x) sec2 (x) 6x2 − 2 sin(πx)
Depending on your instructor, the f (x) term may be left just like that in our equation.
Otherwise, simply substitute the expression for f (x).

2. The function in this item seems to be implicitly defined, thus we may proceed with
implicit differentiation. To make things more familiar, we let y = f (x).
y = (3x − 2)y + tan−1 (3 cosh2 (2x ))
"
#
d 2 x
3 cosh (2 )
y 0 = [(3x − 2) · y 0 + y · 3] + dx
1 + (3 cosh2 (2x ))2

3 · 2 cosh 2x · sinh 2x · 2x ln 2
= (3x − 2) · y 0 + 3y +
1 + (3 cosh2 (2x ))2
We now separate terms with a y 0 factor to the left-hand side of the equation.

3 · 2 cosh 2x · sinh 2x · 2x ln 2
y 0 − (3x − 2)y 0 = 3y +
1 + (3 cosh2 (2x ))2
3 · 2 cosh 2x · sinh 2x · 2x ln 2
y 0 − 3xy 0 + 2y 0 = 3y +
1 + (3 cosh2 (2x ))2
3 · 2 cosh 2x · sinh 2x · 2x ln 2
3y 0 − 3xy 0 = 3y +
1 + (3 cosh2 (2x ))2
3 · 2 cosh 2x · sinh 2x · 2x ln 2
y 0 (3 − 3x) = 3y +
1 + (3 cosh2 (2x ))2
 3 · 2 cosh 2x · sinh 2x · 2x ln 2
 
0 1
y = 3y + 2 x 2 ·
1 + (3 cosh (2 )) 3 − 3x

Depending on your instructor, the y term may be left just like that in our equation.
Otherwise, simply substitute the expression for y.

II. We will use implicit differentiation to find an expression for the derivative.

x3 y 2 = 1 − y cos(x)
2x3 yy 0 + 3x2 y 2 = − (−y sin(x) + y 0 cos(x))
2x3 yy 0 + y 0 cos(x) = y sin(x) − 3x2 y 2
y sin(x) − 3x2 y 2
y0 =
2x3 y + cos(x)

We now evaluate this at (0, 1).

(1) sin 0 − 3(0)2 (1)2 0−0

y0 = 3
= =0
(x,y)=(0,1) 2(0) (1) + cos(0) 0+1

Hence, the slope at (0, 1) is 0.

The equation of the line is, therefore, y − 1 = 0(x − 0) =⇒ y = 1 .

III. In order for p to be differentiable at x = 1, the function must (1) be continuous at x = 1

and (2) the derivative from the right of x = 1 must be the same as the derivative from
the left. In equation form, the function must satisfy:

lim p(x) = lim− p(x) = p(1)

x→1+ x→1

lim p0 (x) = lim− p0 (x)

x→1+ x→1

These can be reduced to the following equations:

a−b=0
a − 2b = −1

Only a = b = 1 satisfies these equations, thus we redefine p as follows in order to satisfy

the condition of being differentiable at x = 1:

(
x − x2 , x≤1
p(x) =
sin(1 − x) x > 1
 h 2 i
IV. Since g is continuous in the closed interval − , 3 and differentiable at the open interval
 2  3  2 
− , 3 , then by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists some c in − , 3 such that
3 3
g(3) − g(− 23 )
= f 0 (c)
3 − (− 32 )
(−11) − 0 (c − 4) · 3 − (3c + 2) · 1
11 =
3
(c − 4)2
14
−3 = −
(c − 4)2
14
(c − 4)2 =
3
r
14
c=4±
3
r
 2  14
Since c is restricted to − , 3 , the only possible value for c would be 4 − .
3 3

V. The derivatives (up to the second order) are as follows:

x −x2 − 9 x3 + 27x
f (x) = f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) =
4x2 − 36 4 (x2 − 9)2 2 (x2 − 9)3

1. Notice that if f 0 (x) = 0, then we have

−x2 − 9
=0
4 (x2 − 9)2
−x2 − 9 = 0
x2 = −9

Because there is no real number satisfying x2 = −9, then f has no critical points .
We do not consider −3 and 3 to be critical numbers since −3 6∈ dom f and 3 6∈ dom f .
For the Possible Points of Inflection (PPOIs), we let f 00 (x) = 0. Then, we have

x3 + 27x
=0
2 (x2 − 9)3
x3 + 27x = 0

x x2 + 27 = 0

x = 0 or x2 + 27 = 0

Since x2 + 27 = 0 has no solution over R, we have x = 0. Thus, f has a PPOI

at x = 0 (or the PPOI of f is (0, 0)). Again, we do not consider −3 and 3 to locate
the PPOIs since −3 6∈ dom f and 3 6∈ dom f .
2. From V.2., f has no relative extrema because it does not have any critical points.
 3. Note that dom f = R \ {−3, 3}. From V.3. to V.5., we use this table:
Interval f (x) f 0 (x) f 00 (x) Conclusion
(−∞, −3) − − − dec., conc. downward
x = −3 und. und. und. vertical asymptote
(−3, 0) + − + dec., conc. upward
x=0 0 − 0 POI
(0, 3) − − − dec., conc. downward
x=3 und. und. und. vertical asymptote
(3, +∞) + − + dec., conc. upward

From the table, the graph of f is decreasing on (−∞, −3), (−3, 3), and (3, +∞) .

4. From the table, the graph of f is concave upward on (−3, 0) and (3, +∞) .
5. Note that (0, 0) is both an x- and y-intercept.
Also, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0. Thus, the line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote
x→−∞ x→+∞
and f has no oblique asymptotes. Considering all of the information from V.1. to
V.4., the sketch of the graph of f is:

VI. 1. These are the intervals where h0 (x) > 0, or where the graph of h0 is above or on the
x-axis. The interval would be (−3, +∞) .

2. These are the intervals where h00 (x) > 0, or where the slope of the tangent line to the
 
3
graph of h0 at x is positive. This is given by −∞, − and (0, +∞) .
2

3. We recall that a relative extremum either has a derivative of zero or has no derivative.
The points where the derivative is 0 is at x = −3 and x = 0. For the first case, since
h0 (x) changes from negative to positive when moving from the left of −3 to the right,
 then there must be a relative minimum at x = −3 .

For the second case, since h0 (x) does not change sign as x moves from the left of 0
to the right, then it is not a relative extremum. Because h0 is defined everywhere by
assumption, there is no point at which the derivative is nonexistent. We can then
conclude that the function has no relative maximum .

4. A possible point of inflection may occur where h00 either does not exist or is zero.
From the graph, h00 is nonexistent at x = 0 and zero at x = − 23 . For the first case,
since the slope changes sign as x moves from the left of 0 to the right (− to +), then
there is a point of inflection at x = 0 .
Similarly, because the slope changes sign as x moves from the left of − 32 to the right
3
(+ to −), then there is a point of inflection at x = −
2

VII. 1. FALSE. Consider f (x) = x at x = 15. Then, f 0 (x) = 1. We see that f (15) = 15 but
f 0 (15) = 1.

2. FALSE. Consider f (x) = x3 + x. Then, f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 1 and f 00 (x) = 6x. It is always
true here that f 0 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, but it is not the case that f 00 (x) > 0 for all
x ∈ R.

3. FALSE. Consider f (x) = x2 on the interval [−1, 1]. Then, f 0 (x) = 2x. We see that f
decreases on [−1, 0] and increases on [0, 1], thus f is not increasing on [−1, 1]. Notice
that f 0 (−0.5) < 0 and f 0 (0.5) > 0, hence it is not the case that f 0 (x) ≤ 0 for all
x ∈ (−1, 1).

4. TRUE. Differentiability always implies continuity.