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CLL798

Special Topics in Chemical Engineering


(Fluidization Technology and Particle Based Simulations
(2023-24, Semester 1)

Dr. Vikrant
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

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Fluidization Technology

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Function of solid
Function of gases Equipment in practice
materials

•Heat supply to materials


Materials do not
Heat carrier •Heat exchangers with heat
react to gases
recovery

Loading and transportation Materials do not Pneumatic solid particle


of particle materials react to gases carrier

Materials do not
Aerodynamic dryers
Heat carrier and material react to gases
loading and transportation

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Function of gases Function of solid materials Equipment in practice

•Gasification equipment
•Chemical reaction
•Catalytic reconstitution
•Activated material for
•Oxidation equipment
chemical reactions
Chemical agents •Processing of metallurgical
•As inert material which is
surfaces and annealing
used in fluidized bed
furnace
combustion of boiler

Agitation Materials do not react to Mixer of different materials


gases in the tank
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Significance of fluidized beds

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Fundamentals of fluidization

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(Spherical)-Particles Packing

BCC FCC Random 9


Minimum Fluidization Velocity

The minimum fluidization velocity defined as the superficial gas velocity


at which the drag force of the upward moving gas becomes equal to
the weight of the particles in the bed, is one of the most important
parameters associated with a fluidized bed system.

Standard notation: Umf

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Minimum Fluidization Velocity

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Minimum Fluidization Velocity

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Minimum Fluidization Velocity
Upward force on the bed = Net weight of particles
∆𝑃
∆𝑃 A = 1 − 𝜀 𝐴𝐻 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔 ⇒ = 1 − 𝜀 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔
𝐻

From Ergun Equation for fixed bed

∆𝑃 𝜇 1 − 𝜀 2𝑢 1 − 𝜀 𝜌𝑓 𝑢2
= 150 2 + 1.75 3
𝐻 𝜀 3 𝜙𝑑𝑝 𝜀 𝜙𝑑𝑝

Viscous term Inertial term


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(significant for fine particle ) significant for fine particle
Minimum Fluidization Velocity
𝜇 1 − 𝜀 2𝑢 1 − 𝜀 𝜌𝑓 𝑢2
1 − 𝜀 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔 = 150 2 + 1.75
𝜀3 𝜙𝑑𝑝 𝜀 3 𝜙𝑑𝑝

𝐴𝑢2 + 𝐵𝑢 = 𝐶

Archimedes Number
3
𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑓 𝜙𝑑𝑝 𝑔
𝐴𝑟 =
𝜇2 𝐾1 𝑅𝑒 2 + 𝐾2 𝑅𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟
Reynolds Number
𝜌𝑓 𝑑𝑝 𝑢
𝑅𝑒𝑝 =
𝜇 15
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Anantharaman. A, et. al. Powder Technology 323 (2018) 454–485 17
Anantharaman. A, et. al. Powder Technology 323 (2018) 454–485 18
Terminal Velocity of particle
1Τ2
4𝑑𝑝 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔
𝑢𝑡 = here CD is an experimentally determined drag coefficient.
3𝜌𝑓 𝐶𝐷

Superficial gas velocity = settling velocity of particle (𝑢0 = 𝑢𝑡 )

𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑑𝑝2
For small particles, to use strokes law 𝑢𝑡 =
18μ

𝑢𝑡 25 1 − 𝜀 For fine particles/solid 50 – 78


=
𝑢𝑚𝑓 𝜀3 Similarly for large particle/solid 7 -9 19
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𝑢𝑡
ൗ𝑢𝑚𝑓

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𝑢𝑡
ൗ𝑢𝑚𝑓 vs particle diameter

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Fluidization Geldart’s Classic Classification of Powders

• Fluid Bed
• Particles
• mean particle size, Angular
• Shape Factor
• Void fraction = 0.4 (bulk density)

Geldart, D. Powder Technology 7,285(1973), 19,133(1978)


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Group C

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Group A

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Group B

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Group D

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𝒖𝒎𝒃
Implications ൗ𝒖𝒎𝒇

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Particle Size Distribution (PSD)

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