Transport Phenomena Cahpter1

CHE 505
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Transport Phenomena
 Transport phenomena is the detailed study of
heat, mass and momentum transfer
 Why do we need to study transport phenomena?
 Conversion of raw materials products
reliable and economical way.
 Conversion occurs through reaction, heating,

cooling, melting, evaporation, mixing etc.
 Reactants flow (Momentum transfer), reaction

(mass transfer), heating the contents (heat
transfer)
Example: Two Phase Continuous Tank Reactor
A  Rate of mass transfer of reactant A to the

catalyst surface
 Rate of reaction on the catalyst surface
Catalyst
A,B
 Rate of mass transfer of product B and
reactant A from the catalyst surface to the
solution
 Solution of mass transfer equation
 Solution of heat transfer equation (if heat is removed /added to the
Reaction mixture
What can we obtain practically from these solutions ?
• Particle size/pore size of the catalyst • The type of impeller
• Reactor volume • Optimum heating/cooling conditions
Example 2: Design of a Wastewater Treatment Column
 Mass transfer of toxic solute (e.g. Pb) from the bulk solution to the
adsorbent surface
 Adsorption of solute on the surface /inside the pores of the adsorbent
 Solution of mass transfer in both liquid and solid phases
What can we practically calculate?
 The column height (design the column to reduce the concentration

of toxic compounds to the desired level )
 The flowrate of the liquid
 Adsorbent size/type/geometry
 The packing density of the adsorbent

Example 3: Design of a Storage System for Nuclear Waste
 Radioactive liquid waste/solid waste are stored in either cylindrical

or spherical tanks
 What should be the suitable construction material/geometry?

 What should be the wall thickness?
 Stress evaluation plays a predominant role in the assessment of tank

integrity.
 The basic requirement for the design is to ensure that the stresses
induced in the material do not exceed the maximum allowable stress
for that material.
Decomposition of waste Exothermic reaction Temperature profile

Example 4: Design of a Controlled Drug Delivery System
Objective : Design drug tablets which can provide controlled release of drug
Coating is applied to control the drug release
Critical Questions:
1. Thickness of coating
Drug
2. Coating material type
Coating
Mass transfer
Calculate the drug release rate

Example 5. Semiconductor Manufacturing With Chemical Vapor
Deposition (CVD)
 Nearly all semiconductor manufacturing processes utilize

chemical vapor deposition
 Mass transfer + Chemical reaction Film thickness

Example 6: Cooling the Electronic Devices
 Electronic devices such as PC processors generate a huge
amount of heat during operation.
 In most cases, the maximum electronic device junction

temperature should be maintained at less than 85°C for
reliable operation.
 This is a great challenge.
Heat transfer
Design of a reliable cooling system

Example 7: Calculation of Optimum Insulation
Thickness
 Insulation is used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat

loss or heat gain.
 Primary purpose is to save money
 It also provides more accurate control of process temperatures and

protection of personnel.
 It prevents condensation on cold surfaces and the resulting corrosion.
Heat Transfer
 Selection of economical insulation material
and optimum thickness of insulation that
give minimum total cost.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
 Environmental Applications
 Process Applications
 Biomedical Applications
 Product Development and Product
Engineering
 Design of Unit Operations
 Transport phenomena is basic to many
engineering fields.
 It is applied in Chemical, Civil,
Mechanical, Food, Aerospace,
Environmental, Biomedical Engineering
 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IS
EVERYWHERE from small daily life
scenarios to large scale industrial
processes, from inside to human body
to large scale weather phenomena
Generalized Transport Phenomena
Approach to Problem Analysis
Field Equations
 Derived from the basic conservation
laws.
 In general they are nonlinear partial
differential equations (PDE)
 They are valid for all materials (gas,
liquid or solid)
 Number of unknowns >Number of
equations ??? What should we do ?
Constitutive Equations
 Specify the nature of the material
being considered in a particular
transport equation
 They are not universal laws of
nature
 Additional equations to make the
problem formulation determinate
Parameters in Constitutive Equations
 Should be determined from experiment or
from molecular considerations.
Boundary Conditions
 Relate how the system interacts with the
surroundings
 All of the physical surroundings are
replaced by simple mathematical boundary
conditions (enormous act!)
Mathematical Apparatus
 Solution of a transport problem involves
the solution of a system of NONLINEAR
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 The solution of linear systems is easier.
Parameters in Constitutive Equations
Experimental Determination
 Formulation of the Experiment
 Mathematical Analysis of Experiment
Predictions By Statistical Mechanics
Constitutive Equations
Field Equations Rheological
Conservation Laws Mathematical Apparatus Thermodynamic
Mass Solution of Differential Eqns. Heat Flux
Species Mass Analytical Techniques Diffusive Flux
Linear Momentum Numerical Techniques Chemical Kinetics
Angular Momentum Approximate Techniques Electro-Magnetic
Energy
Electric Charge
Magnetic Flux
Simplifying Assumptions Boundary Conditions
Velocity
Temperature
Concentration Profiles

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CHE 505

 Conversion of raw materials products

reliable and economical way.

 Conversion occurs through reaction, heating,

 Reactants flow (Momentum transfer), reaction

A  Rate of mass transfer of reactant A to the

 Rate of reaction on the catalyst surface

 Adsorption of solute on the surface /inside the pores of the adsorbent

 Solution of mass transfer in both liquid and solid phases

What can we practically calculate?

 The column height (design the column to reduce the concentration

 The flowrate of the liquid

 The packing density of the adsorbent

 Radioactive liquid waste/solid waste are stored in either cylindrical

 What should be the suitable construction material/geometry?

 Stress evaluation plays a predominant role in the assessment of tank

Decomposition of waste Exothermic reaction Temperature profile

Calculate the drug release rate

 Nearly all semiconductor manufacturing processes utilize

 Mass transfer + Chemical reaction Film thickness

 In most cases, the maximum electronic device junction

 This is a great challenge.

Design of a reliable cooling system

 Insulation is used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat

 Primary purpose is to save money

 It also provides more accurate control of process temperatures and

 It prevents condensation on cold surfaces and the resulting corrosion.

Simplifying Assumptions Boundary Conditions

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