CE 666A

Air Pollution And Its Control

Lecture 07

Emission Inventory

By
Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IIT Kanpur
Air Pollution Load – Emission Inventory
For Example
Delhi – Air Pollution Load 2000 T/d
Vehicular Emission – 1400 T/d
Power Generation – 300 T/d
Other Industries – 200 T/d
Miscellaneous – 100 T/d

Decisions
-Control Vehicular Pollution
-What are the constituents (CO, HC, NOx, SO2 , PM, Pb)
- Priority Pollutant(s)
-Which sources responsible to what extend?
Petrol, Diesel ? 2-W, 3-W, Cars, Trucks ?

To answer these – Pollutants-specific, Source- specific, Area-specific

Information and Smart Database with Quick Retrieval System needed
 Air Pollution Emission Inventory
“Systematic collection, complication and collation of data concerning air pollution
emission in a given industry/area is referred to as Emission Inventory”
Application of Emission Inventory
* Guidance for pollution control
* Assist in AQ Surveillance Programme
* Seasonal and Geographical Distribution of Pollution Loads
* Aiding in Regional Planning and Zoning
* Community Education
* Air Quality Modeling
* For Decision makers/Politicians
How to make Emission Inventory
- Define Boundary of Area (Industry/ IITK, GT Road, Connaught Place,
State, Country, Continent)

- Divide the Unit Process-wise

(a) Ammonia (b) Urea (c) Power Generation

(d) Major Traffic Corridors

- Collection of Information

(a) Raw Material and Fuel Quantities

(b) Type of Processes

(c) Efficiency of Pollution Control Devices

Emission Factors – Established Emission Quantity for specific Process and
specific Pollutants for unit production.

Emission Rate = [raw mat ] x [EF] x[(100 – (% control eff))/100]

Emission Rate = [Production] x [EF] x[(100 – (% control eff))/100]

Emission Rate = [Fuel] x [EF] x[(100 – (% control eff))/100]

EF for Power Plant (US EPA AP-42)

PM (kg/d) = 6.8xA (ash in %)x Coal (in t/d)
SO2 (kg/d) = 19xS (% sulphur)x Coal (in t/d)

Urea
PM (kg/d) = 10xUrea produced (in t)
NH3 (kg/d) = 5x Urea produced (in t)
Emission Inventory

Systematic estimation and collection

of data on emissions of…
desired pollutants
in a geographic area
for a designated period
Basic Steps
Identify
Geographic area
Pollutants of
interest

Locate and Identify

sources
Methods

Estimate and
Quantify
Identification of Geographic Area

Industry or
Establishment Regulatory Similar
Jurisdiction Meteorology

Industrial area or Basis

Community

Interest of the
Economy community

City or District
Pollutant Type

Criteria Hazardous Visibility and Greenhouse

Pollutants Pollutants photochemical gas

SPM, PM10 & PM2.5 Benzene etc. Hydrocarbons CO2

SO2 Pesticides NO2 CH4
NOX PAH O3 N2O
CO Dioxins
Locating and Identifying the Sources

Sources

Natural Domestic

Internal Industry
Combustion

Others
 Natural
Combustion Sources Geological

Volcanoes
Wild fires Biological
Wind erosion
Sea salts
Fermentation
Anaerobic degradation

Dust Storms
 Process release

Mining
Industry
Solvent/chemical
handling
Combustion
 Public transport
Stationary
Internal DG sets
Combustion
Registered vehicles
Off road
Fuel loss and engines
evaporation
 Fuels
Portable Gen
Domestic sets
Sector Refrigeration
Chemicals
and solvents
Other Sources

•Mass burning or waste burning

•Wastewater treatment plants
•Agriculture operations
- Pesticides
- Biodegradation of crop residue
Source Type

Point source:
• Individual stationary sources of emissions that release pollutants
to the atmosphere

Area Sources:
• Individual emissions do not qualify as point sources.

• Represents numerous facilities or activities with small amounts of

a given pollutant
General Steps in
Inventory Development

Planning
Data Collection
Calculations
Consolidation
Documentation

Quality Assurance in Every Step!

Role of Regulatory Agencies

• Identification of sources
• Identification and recommendation of suitable
methods
• Preparation of check lists
• Conduct special survey on natural sources
• Data collection and computation
• Preparation of inventories
Responsible Agencies
• Industry
• Monitoring and data supply
• Institutions
• District supplies
• Transport sector
• Municipal bodies etc.
• Every individual of the community
Emission Factors

An emission factor is a ratio that relates the emission of a pollutant to

an activity level at a plant that can be easily measured, such as an
amount of material processed, or an amount of fuel used.

EF: Kg/T of fuel fires, Kg/KWhr, Kg/M3 of product

Given an emission factor and a known activity level, a simple

multiplication yields an estimate of the emissions.

.
Emission Factors

Emission factors are developed

from separate facilities within an
industry category,

So they represent typical values

for an industry and process

.
Published emission factors are
available in numerous sources
Emission Factors –Coal Fired Boiler
 Typical Example
(Emission Inventory for
Automobile Sources)
 Assessment and Interpretation of
Air Pollution load In the Campus of
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
 Objectives of the Study

Identification and Quantification of various sources of Air Pollutants

in IITK campus
• Mobile and stationary sources
• Fugitive (non point sources) – Focus on road dust emissions

Interpretation of Emission loads

• Type of pollutants
• Type of sources
• Campus emission profile

Emission Inventory (IITK vis-à-vis Kanpur City)

 Methodology

•Designate air shed (boundaries of the study area – IITK)

•Combustion related sources
• Stationary sources Domestic fuels, Cooking in
hostels, activities at commercial
areas, generator sets
• Mobile sources On road vehicles

• Mass burning Leaves, garbage etc.

•Non-combustion related sources

–Road dust, construction activities. evaporative losses
 Identification and classification of sources
Source Fuel firing Non-Fuel Point/mobile Area
Automobiles
emissions ✓ ✓
Cooking

1.Residential
✓ ✓
2.Restaurants
✓ ✓
3.Hostels
✓ ✓
Diesel
Generators ✓ ✓
Aircraft
✓ ✓
Fumigation of
insecticides ✓ ✓
Road dust
Emissions ✓ ✓
General information of IITK campus

•Total area of the campus = 1055 acres

•Total residential houses = 1685
•The Population of students = 2100
•Population of staff = 1550
•Total population (approximately) = 15000
 Estimation of Emissions
from Cooking Fuels

Residential Hostels Commercial

Type-1 and 1a, 2, Hall - I, II, III, IV, V, Restaurants, SIS

3, 4 and 5 VI, VII, GH and VH mess, MT shops
Servant quarters Canteens
SBRA
 Major Cooking fuels in the Campus
LPG (Kg/day) Wood (Kg/day) Coal (Kg/day)
Residential area 543.3 652.0 -
All Messes and canteens 218.65 174.75 825.9
Restaurants 9.8 2.93 7.9
MT shops - - 65.0

Energy Consumption (Kcal/day) Energy Supply by Fuel Type (Kcal/day)

8000000 1,44,71,079 Kcal/day

7000000
Coal
6000000 28%

5000000
COAL
4000000 WOOD
LPG LPG
3000000
56%
2000000

1000000 Wood
16%
0
Residential area All Messes and Restaurants MT shops
canteens
 IITK Kanpur India
Per Capita Domestic
Energy Consumption 964 8031 1342
(Kcal/day/Person)

20% more than that of Kanpur

1 Shukla (2002), CPCB, Kanpur
2 Chandra Venkat Raman, (2000), Aerosol Research Lab, IITB
 Emission Factors for Fuel Combustion
35
30
g/Kg
25
20
SO2 Coal – Highly polluting fuel
NOX
15 PM
CO LPG - Clean fuel
10
5
0
LPG WOOD COAL 12

10

8 SO2
g/1000 Kcal
NOX
6
PM
More health hazards CO
4
due to Particulates
2

0
Source: Tata Energy Research Institute, Delhi (1998)
LPG WOOD COAL
 NOX Emissions- Domestic Fuels
7000

6000

5000

4000 COAL
WOOD
3000 LPG

2000

1000

0
Residential area All Messes and Restaurants MT shops
canteens

g/day
Residential 6,424
Hostels etc. 5,399
Restaurants 99
MT Shops 259
 SO2 Emissions- Domestic Fuels
12000

10000

8000
COAL

6000 WOOD
LPG
4000

2000

0
Residential area All Messes and Restaurants MT shops
canteens

g/day
Residential 0.0
Hostels etc. 10556
Restaurants 104
MT Shops 864
“PM” Emissions- Domestic Fuels
18000

16000

14000

12000
COAL
10000
WOOD
8000
LPG
6000

4000

2000

0
Residential area All Messes and Restaurants MT shops
canteens

g/day
Residential 1597
Hostels etc. 16306
Restaurants 190
MT Shops 1300
“CO” Emissions- Domestic Fuels
30000

25000

20000
COAL
15000 WOOD
LPG
10000

5000

0
Residential area All Messes and Restaurants MT shops
canteens

g/day
Residential 21134
Hostels etc. 25321
Restaurants 499
MT Shops 1619
Total Emission Rate - Domestic Fuels
60000

50000

40000
COAL
30000 WOOD
LPG
20000

10000

0
SO2 NOX PM CO

g/Day

SO2 12007

NOX 11879

PM 20113
CO 48030
 Per Capita Emission Rate - Domestic Fuels
(g/day/person)

IITK Kanpur
SO2 0.8 0.3
NOX 0.8 0.19
PM 1.3 0.27
CO 3.3 1.07
Coal and wood - major fuels contributing
maximum pollution load at IITK
Alternative – Solar Power for cooking in hostels
Estimation of emission from
Automobiles
 Automobiles

Diesel-driven Petrol-driven

Buses
Two-wheelers
Trucks
Three-wheelers
Tractors
Cars
 G
F

B E

Five major roads has been chosen for estimation of

vehicular emission
C
A