Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Comprehensive study and analysis of mechanical properties of chopped

carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 composite materials
Dilip S. Choudhari ⇑, V.J. Kakhandki
Department of Mechanical Engineering Trinity College of Engineering & Research, Kondhwa, Pune, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In recent years, applications of chopped carbon fibre polymer composites have been rapidly increasing
Received 4 October 2020 and the majority of the components made from these materials are subjected to cyclic loading. It is used
Received in revised form 19 October 2020 for the structural parts of automobiles and aircraft due to their high mechanical properties such as light
Accepted 27 October 2020
weight, high specific tensile strength, high modulus, and high specific stiffness, outstanding wear resis-
Available online xxxx
tance, short moulding times and high recyclability. Among all composites manufacturing methods, injec-
tion moulding processes can properly control the process and ability of different volume fraction by
Keywords:
weight percentage of chopped carbon fibre and nylon 66. It was observed from manufacturing methods
Chopped carbon fibre
Nylon 66
that improved processability, high time efficiency, good compatibility and interface of the composite
Mechanical properties materials.
Tensile strength Strength is calculated by rule of mixture method for chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 compos-
Flexural strength ites compared to carbon steel. For 30% chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 composites optimum
Compressive strength tensile and flexural strength are observed. Similarly, for 60% chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66
FESEM composites optimum compression strength are observed. The weight of composites was found to be
5.54 times lighter than carbon steel. Further, FESEM results show that for plain specimens has no surface
damage. During the tensile test, most of the fibres were pulled out and some of them break out due to
fracture. During the flexural test, more severe damage to fragmented carbon fibres, crushed, delaminating
between carbon fibres and matrix was observed. Similarly, during compression test, strong adhesion of
bonding between the chopped carbon fibres and matrix occurs, due to higher compression force, result-
ing in no much damage but only small groves and voids.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advances in Materials Processing & Manufacturing Applications

1. Introduction resistance, light in weight such as in bearings and gears [1].

Chopped carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastics are used for the
Chopped carbon fibre composites with nylon 66 have been structural and components parts of automobiles sector and aircraft
selected because after reinforcement it exhibits outstanding due to their good mechanical properties, such as high specific stiff-
mechanical properties, high specific tensile strength, outstanding ness, high specific strength, high recyclability and short molding
wear resistance, high modulus and low density. Chopped Carbon [2,3]. Adhesive bonds are strong influence on mechanical proper-
fibres can easily be mixed, interfacial and compact with nylon ties of composite particulate metal foams [4]. Improves shape
66. These are widely used in the fields of aerospace, sporting goods, recovery stress, mechanical properties, to tune biomedical and
automotive, transportation, industrial application, defence and switch temperature properties [5,6]. Carbon fibre and glass fibre
marine industries. Also some specific applications of these materi- reinforced polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites are superior to
als are food processing machineries, pharmaceutical machineries, polyamide-6 composite in mechanical and thermal properties [7].
Xerox machines and printers. Fibre reinforced polymer composites Fatigue and static mechanical properties of 20% weight fraction
materials are used due to improved mechanical properties wear of short carbon fibres reinforced polyamide 6 on both notched
and unnotched specimens were investigated [8]. Manufacturing
of composite materials in varying percentages of carbon fibre are
⇑ Corresponding author.
tailor made to achieve desired properties [9]. Carbon fiber rein-
E-mail address: [email protected] (D.S. Choudhari).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.828
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Materials Processing & Manufacturing Applications

Please cite this article as: D.S. Choudhari and V.J. Kakhandki, Comprehensive study and analysis of mechanical properties of chopped carbon fibre rein-
forced nylon 66 composite materials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.828
D.S. Choudhari and V.J. Kakhandki Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Nomenclature

Symbols rCPA Compressive strength of nylon 66.

rtC Tensile strength of reinforced composite. qc Density of reinforced composite.
rtCF Tensile strength of chopped carbon fibre. qCF Density of chopped carbon fibre.
rtPA Tensile strength of nylon 66. qPA Density of nylon 66.
rfC Flexural strength of reinforced composite. tC Poisson’s ratio of reinforced composite.
rfCF Flexural strength of chopped carbon fibre. tCF Poisson’s ratio of chopped carbon fibre.
rfPA Flexural strength of nylon 66. tPA Poisson’s ratio of nylon 66.
rCC Compressive strength of reinforced composite. VCF Volume fraction of chopped carbon fibre.
rCCF Compressive strength of chopped carbon fibre. VPA Volume fraction of nylon 66.

forced polyamide 6 composites were prepared by melt mixing

method and their effect of content and fiber lengths on mechanical,
thermal properties were investigated [10]. Nylon 66 composites rein-
forced by carbon fibre/polypropylene were produced by an injection
moulding process. The results show that as the content of carbon
fibre increases in nylon 66, the tensile property and impact breaking
strength of composite material increases [11]. Among all the compos-
ites manufacturing methods, injection moulding has higher time
improved processability and efficiency [12,13].
Chopped carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite materials
used in potential applications in the field of biomedical, electron-
ics, aerospace and corrosion resistance of tidal turbine blades to
increase their mechanical properties [14–16]. Temperature is one
of the most important parameters that affect polymer mechanical
Fig. 1. Chopped carbon fibre.
properties, interface and consequently the fatigue, friction and
wear behaviour [17,18]. Recently, conventional material is being
replaced to reinforce nanoscale for their novel, smart, superior properties including high flexibility, high tensile strength, low
properties and multi functionality [19]. Scanning Electron Micro- creep abrasion resistance, good resilience, high impact strength
scope (SEM) observation on the fracture surfaces showed the fine (toughness). It exhibits excellent resistance to wear due to a low
spreading of chopped carbon fibre and strong interfacial adhesion coefficient of friction and self-lubricating. It has typical applica-
between fibres and matrix, it shows shear failure [20,21]. Under tions like in cams, bushings, bearings, gears, handles and jacketing
the SEM for composites, without water shows better ultimate ten- for wire and cables. A mechanical property of Pellet nylon 66 is
sile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, low density for weight shown in Table 2 and Pellet nylon 66 is shown in Fig. 2.
reduction and dimensional stability [22]. The SEM test shows that
maleated elastomers improve the interfacial adhesion between
2.3. Chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 composite
nylon 66 and chopped carbon fibre [23].
Increase of fibre reinforcement in composite by volume fraction
2. Mechanical characteristics results in enhanced tensile, flexural and compressive strength val-
ues. Chopped carbon fibre increase in nylon 66 results in higher
2.1. Chopped carbon fibre modulus and hardness values but lower strain at break values.
Fibre length does not affect tensile strength, modulus and hardness
Chopped carbon fibre is made of thin, strong crystalline filaments values but ascending fibre length increases the strain at break val-
of carbon that is used to strengthen material and thinner than human ues of composites. The value of fracture strain of short fibre is more
hair. It is light in weight and five times stronger than steel and twice than long fibre composite but tensile strength and tensile modulus
for stiffness. It is about 5–15 mm in diameter and lengths are in differ- is high. Local Thermal Analysis (LTA) method is employed for the
ent sizes 2, 6, 12, 18 mm composed mostly of carbon atoms. It has detection of interface properties between SCF and nylon 66. This
low density, wear resistance, high specific strength, stiffness, low method has excellent potential for local structures and thermal
coefficient of friction, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity properties calculation in the polymer materials.
as compared to glass fibres making it attractive for many applica-
tions, mostly used in automotive industry. It is expensive compared 3. Manufacturing methods
to glass fibre. Mechanical properties of chopped carbon fibre are
shown in Table 1 and chopped carbon fibre is shown in Fig. 1. There are several methods to manufacture the components;
with their own merits and demerits. Selection of a particular man-
2.2. Nylon 66 ufacturing process is based on the type of fibres and matrix, tem-
perature to form and cure the matrix, the geometry of the end
Nylon 66 has been considered excellent as a thermoplastic com- product and cost effectiveness. Composites are manufactured
posite compatible with matrix. It has good excellent mechanical through different techniques like Compression moulding, Lay-up,

Table 1
Properties of chopped carbon fibre materials.

Material Tensile strength (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa) Density (Kg/m3) Poisson’s ratio
Nylon 66 3500 298 110 1600 0.28

2
D.S. Choudhari and V.J. Kakhandki Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Properties of nylon 66 material.

Material Tensile strength (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa) Shear strength (MPa) Density (Kg/m3) Poisson’s ratio
Nylon 66 82 95 66 0.905 1140 0.40

flexural, compressive, density and Poisson’s ratio are given below

along with the formulae:

4.1.1. Tensile strength,

rtC ¼ rtCF V CF þ rtPA V PA ðFor00%CF=PAÞ

rtC ¼ 3500  0 þ 82  1:00 ¼ 82MPa

4.1.2. Flexural strength

rfCF ¼ rfCF V CV þ rfPA V PA ðFor00%CF=PAÞ

Fig.2. Pellet Nylon 66.
rfCF ¼ 298  0 þ 95  1:00 ¼ 95MPa
Prepregs, Filament winding, Bag moulding, Autoclave moulding,
Resin Transfer moulding, Pultrusion, Centrifugal casting, Moulding 4.1.3. Compressive strength
compounds, Extrusion casting. Among all manufacturing tech-
niques, compression injection moulding process is more suitable rCC ¼ rCCF V CF þ rCPA V PA ðFor00%CF=PAÞ
for this material.
All materials were preliminarily de-humidified in an oven at rfCF ¼ 110  0 þ 35  1:00 ¼ 66MPa
80 °C for 4 h and mixed together according to the ratios of chopped
carbon fibre and nylon 66. The material is allowed into a single or
twin screw excluder through a feeding unit. Operated the extruder 4.1.4. Density
at a screw speed of 300 rpm and set the temperature in the heating
zones to 285–320 (Nozzle)–260–250–240–240 °C. The composites qC ¼ qCF V CV þ qPA V PA ðFor00%CF=PAÞ
are extruded and cooled at room temperature. As per ASTM D 638-
14 and ASTM D 695 standards tensile strength and compressive
qC ¼ 1600  0 þ 1140  1  1140kg=m3
strength tests for specimens are conducted respectively. Also as
per ISO 178 standard flexural strength is conducted. Generally, a
dog bone or dumbbell shape size specimen required for tensile 4.1.5. Poisson’s ratio
strength test. The cylindrical shape type specimens required for tC ¼ tCF V CF þ tPA V PA (For 00% CF/PA)
compressive strength test and for rectangular shape specimens
tc ¼ 0:28  0 þ 0:40  1  0:40
required for flexural strength test.
As the single extruder operates at the speed of 100 rpm for
3 min and then the mixture slowly moves forward by screw plun- 5. Results and discussion
ger, it is forced into the barrel heating chamber where it melts. The
barrel heating chamber has different temperatures at different In order to investigate the result of different volume fraction 00,
zones. As the plunger advances the molten plastic is forced through 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% weight of chopped carbon fibre content in
a nozzle at temperature in the range 285–320 °C and rests against nylon 66 were analyzed. It was determining by the rule of mixture
the mold, allowing it to enter the mold cavity through a runner and of tensile, flexural, compressive, density and Poisson’s ratio and
gate system. The mold filled with molten mixture is cooled for 6 compare with carbon steel material. The applications of these
sec, so the specimen solidifies. The same procedure is repeated materials to manufactured the gears which are used in aerospace
for the other specimens. The general manufacturing procedure engineering and automotives as they are light in weight.
for specimens is shown in Fig. 3. The values of carbon steels of mechanical properties are given
in Table 3.
Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) test with
4. Analytical method 1000X and 2500X magnification was performed on plain surfaces
of chopped carbon fiber (30% by weight) reinforced nylon 66
4.1. Rule of mixture (70% by weight) composite material. Chopped carbon fiber length
and diameter are 6 mm and 6 mm. It was observed that no surface
Chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 composite specimen damage occurs in fibre and matrix, but numbers of fibres layers
produced by injection moulding process. When the fibre orienta- were observed along the matrix adhesion as shown in Fig. 4.
tion distribution is random, short and discontinuous fibres were
used. The strength of composites composite is calculated by the 5.1. Tensile strength
rule of mixture, volume fraction method. By using the rule of mix-
ture method, sample calculation of 00, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% A larger tensile strength indicates ability of a material to with-
weight of chopped carbon fibre content and nylon 66 for tensile, stand a larger pulling force. It has been analytically calculated for
3
D.S. Choudhari and V.J. Kakhandki Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. General manufacturing procedure for specimen.

Table 3
Carbon Steel.

Material Tensile strength (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa) Density (Kg/m3) Poisson’s ratio
Carbon Steel 1100 138 90 7850 0.30

00, 10, 20, 30% weight of carbon content in nylon 66 and compared Table 4
with carbon steel material. When percentages of carbon content Tensile strength.
increases from 0 to 30, tensile strength increases from 82.00 MPa Materials Tensile strength (MPa)
to 1107.40 MPa, maximum value of tensile strength of composite 00% CF/ PA 82.00
is 0.67% higher than carbon steel. It was observed that at 30% car- 10% CF/ PA 423.80
bon content, tensile strength is equal to carbon steel as shown in 20% CF/ PA 756.60
Table 4. 30% CF/ PA 1107.40
Carbon steel 1100.00
FESEM test was performed with 1000X and 2500X magnifica-
% of difference 0.67
tion at the cross section failure area of tensile test specimens.
The material which was used of chopped carbon fiber (30% by
weight) reinforced nylon 66 (70% by weight) composite material. weight of carbon content in nylon 66 and compared with carbon
This is optimum combinations of carbon fibre and nylon 66 for ten- steel material. When the percentage of carbon content increases
sile strength. If the carbon content increases beyond the 30%, it can from 0 to 30, flexural strength increases from 95.00 MPa to
be attributed to the poor interfacial adhesion between the fibre 155.90 MPa. Maximum value flexural strength of composite is
and matrix. It is also seen that fibres were not coated with the 12.97% more than carbon steel. It was observed that at 30% carbon
polymeric matrix and most of the fibres pulled out. In the tensile content, flexural strength is more than that of carbon steel is
test, the broken fibres and fibre pull-out take place. The fibre shown in Table 5.
Pull-out is as a result of dimensions of fibre which is usually for FESEM test was performed with 1000X and 2500X magnifica-
unidirectional fibres. If these fibres do not break out-side, they can- tion at cross section failure area of flexural test specimen. The
not be pulled out. These fibres cut out take place due to shear or material which was used of chopped carbon fiber (30% by weight)
fracture. The fibre pull-out is an energy absorbing mechanism reinforced nylon 66 (70% by weight) composite material. This is
where exactly broken fibres can be out of the matrix as shown in optimum combinations of carbon fibre and nylon 66 for flexural
Fig. 5. Dark rings occur between matrix and fibres due to most strength. The carbon fibre matrix debonding from matrix is due
probably the local deformation of matrix around the fibres. to matrix material exposed near the fibre surface at the same time
carbon fibres are removed above the matrix materials. Brittle frac-
ture is observed could be due to plastic deformation of the matrix
5.2. Flexural strength after the carbon fibre and matrix debonding. Further more severe
damage to carbon fibres, crushed, fragmented fibres, delaminating
A high flexural strength value indicates specimens are having between carbon fibres and matrix were observed as shown in
more bending resistance and fibre can withstand the maximum Fig. 6.
part of loads. It has been analytically calculated for 0, 10, 20, 30%

(a) 1000X (b) 2500X (a) 1000X (b) 2500X

Fig. 4. FESEM test of chopped carbon fibre (30%) and Nylon 66 (70%) surfaces: (a) Fig. 5. FESEM of tensile test of chopped carbon fibre (30%) and Nylon 66(70%)
1000X, (b) 2500X. surfaces: (a) 1000X, (b) 2500X.

4
D.S. Choudhari and V.J. Kakhandki Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5 Table 6
Flexural strength. Compressive strength.

Materials Flexural strength (MPa) Materials Compressive strength (MPa)

00% CF/ PA 95.00 00% CF/ PA 66.00
10% CF/ PA 115.30 10% CF/ PA 70.40
20% CF/ PA 135.60 20% CF/ PA 74.80
30% CF/ PA 155.90 30% CF/ PA 79.20
Carbon steel 138.00 40% CF/ PA 83.60
% of difference 12.97 50% CF/ PA 88.00
60% CF/ PA 92.40
Carbon steel 90.00
% of difference 2.67
5.3. Compression strength

A high compressive strength value indicates the specimen is

having more compression resistance and fibres can withstand the
maximum part of loads. It has been analytically calculated for 0,
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% weight of carbon content in nylon 66 and
compared with carbon steel material. When the percentage of car-
bon content increases from 0 to 60, compressive strength increases
from 66.00 MPa to 92.40 MPa. Maximum value of composite is
2.67% more than carbon steel. It was observed that at 60% carbon
content, compressive strength is equal to carbon steel as shown
in Table 6.
(a) 1000X (b) 2500X
FESEM test was performed with 1000X and 2500X magnifica-
tion on longitudinal failure areas of compression test specimens Fig. 7. FESEM of Compression test of chopped carbon fibre (60%) and Nylon 66(40%)
chopped carbon fiber (60% by weight) reinforced nylon 66 (40% surfaces: (a) 1000X, (b) 2500X.
by weight). This is optimum combinations of carbon fibre and
nylon 66 for compressive strength. During compression test, strong
adhesion (bonding) between the carbon fibres and matrix was Table 7
observed and carbon fibres and matrix are pushed together with Density.
higher force, no much damage observed due to compression force,
Materials Density (Kg/m3)
only small voids and groves observed as shown in Fig. 7.
00% CF/ PA 1140
10% CF/ PA 1186
5.4. Density 20% CF/ PA 1232
30% CF/ PA 1278
40% CF/ PA 1324
A high density value indicates specimens having higher weight. 50% CF/ PA 1370
It has been analytically calculated for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% 60% CF/ PA 1416
weight of carbon content in nylon 66 and compared with carbon Carbon steel 7850
% of difference 81.96
steel material. When the percentage of carbon content increases
from 0 to 60, density increases from 1140 MPa to 1416 MPa. Max-
imum value of density for a 60% chopped carbon fibre composite is
81.96% more than carbon steel. It was observed that density of Table 8
composite material is 5.54 times less than carbon steel means Poisson’s ratio.
composite material is 5.54 times lighter than the carbon steel is
Materials Poisson’s ratio
shown in Table 7.
00% CF/ PA 0.400
10% CF/ PA 0.388
5.5. Poisson’s ratio 20% CF/ PA 0.376
30% CF/ PA 0.364
40% CF/ PA 0.352
It is a ratio of material to area contraction in lateral direction to 50% CF/ PA 0.340
the length expansion in directions parallel to load applied. It has 60% CF/ PA 0.328
been analytically calculated for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% weight Carbon steel 0.300
% of difference 9.33

of carbon content in nylon 66 and compared with carbon steel

material. As carbon content increases from 0 to 60%, Poisson’s ratio
decreases from 0.400 to 0.328. The percentage difference between
maximum Poisson’s Ratio of composites and carbon steel is 9.33 as
shown in Table 8.

6. Conclusion

Mechanical properties of different combinations of chopped

Fig. 6. FESEM of flexural test of chopped carbon fibre (30%) and Nylon 66 (70%) carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 composites are evaluated analyt-
surfaces: (a) 1000X, (b) 2500X. ically by rule of mixture method. By rule of mixture method 30%
5
D.S. Choudhari and V.J. Kakhandki Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon 66 composites optimum [3] K. Tanaka, S. Okuda, Y. Hinoue, T. Katayama, Effect of water absorption on the
fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength of carbon nanotube-grafted carbon fiber
tensile and flexural strength compared to carbon steel are
reinforced polyamide resin, J. Compos. Sci. (2019) 1–9.
observed. Similarly, 60% chopped carbon fibre reinforced nylon [4] A. Kovacic, N. Novak, M. Vesenjak, Polona Dobnik Dubrovski, Zoran Ren,
66 composites optimum compression strength are observed. Fur- Geometrical and mechanical properties of polyamide PA 12 bonds in
ther, from maximum tensile, flexural and compression strengths composite advanced pore morphology (APM) foam structures, Arch. Civ.
Mech. Eng. 18 (2018) 1198–1206.
of composites are 0.67%, 12.97% and 2.67% higher than carbon steel [5] Andre Duarte B.L. Ferreira, Paulo R.O. Nóvoa, António Torres Marques,
respectively. Maximum density is 1416 Kg/m3 which are 5.54 ‘‘Multifunctional Material Systems: A state-of-the-art Review”, Compos.
times lighter than the carbon steel material. Poisson’s ratio of com- Struct. 151, pp.2016, 3-35.
[6] Q. Meng, H.u. Jinlian, A review of shape memory polymer composites and
posite material is found more than carbon steel material. blends, Compos. A 40 (2009) 1661–1672.
In FESEM test reports for different test are: [7] W.u. Shang-Han, F.-Y. Wang, M. Chen-Chi, W.-C. Ma, C.-T. Kuo, H.-C. Kuan, W.-
J. Chen, Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of glass fiber and
carbon fiber reinforced polyamide-6 and polyamide-6rclay nano composites,
i) For Plain surfaces of optimum combination of chopped car- Mater. Lett. 49 (2001) 327–333.
bon fiber reinforced nylon 66 composite specimens no sur- [8] Luca Quagliato, Yonghee Kim, Joao Henrique Fonseca, Dosuck Han, Seungjong
face damage occurs in fibre and matrix, but number of Yun, Hyungtak Lee, Nara Park, Hyungyil Lee, Naksoo Kim, The influence of fiber
orientation and geometry-induced strain concentration on the fatigue life of
fibres layer was observed along the matrix adhesion. ii) In short carbon fibers reinforced polyamide6, Mater. Des. 190 (2020) 1–14.
the tensile test, it was observed that most fibres were pulled [9] Meltem Altin Karatasß, Hasan Gokkaya, A review on machinability of carbon
out and some of them break out due to shear or fracture. fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
composite materials, Defence Technol. (2018) 1–20.
Dark rings occur between matrix and fibres due to most
[10] Nevin Gamze Karsli, Ayse Aytac, Tensile and thermomechanical properties of
probably due to the local deformation of matrix around short carbon fibre reinforced polyamide 6 composites, J. Compos. 51 (2013)
the fibres. iii) In the flexural test, it was observed that brittle 270–275.
fracture; this could be due to plastic deformation of the [11] X. Chen, Y.u. Qiang, L. Liu, W. Ji, L.i. Yang, D. Fan, Research on mechanical
properties of carbon fiber/ polyamide reinforced PP composites, AIP Conf. Proc.
matrix after the carbon fibre and matrix debonding. Further 1890 (040004) (2017) 1–4.
more severe damage to carbon fibres, crushed, fragmented [12] A. Hassan, P.R. Hornsby, M.J. Folkes, Structure–property relationship of
fibres, delaminating between carbon fibres and matrix were injection-molded carbon fibre-reinforced polyamide 6,6 composites: the
effect of compounding routes, Polym. Test. 22 (2003) 185–189.
observed. iv) In the compression test, it was observed that [13] Young Shin Kim, Jae Kyung Kim, Euy Sik Jeon, ‘‘Effect of the compounding
strong adhesion of bonding between the carbon fibres and conditions of polyamide 6, carbon fiber, and Al2O3 on the mechanical &
matrix. During the test both pushed together with higher thermal properties of the composite polymer”, MDPI, Materials, 2019, pp.1-14.
[14] X. Wang, M. Jiang, Z. Zhou, J. Gou, D. Hui, 3D printing of polymer matrix
force, not much damage observed due to compression force, composites: A review and prospective, Compos. B 110 (2017) 442–458.
only small voids and groves. [15] P. Alam, C. Robert, C.M.O. Bradaigh, Tidal turbine blade composites - A review
on the effects of hygrothermal aging on the properties of CFRP, Compos. B 149
(2018) 248–259.
CRediT authorship contribution statement [16] A. Kausar, ‘‘Advances in carbon fiber reinforced polyamide-based composite
materials”, Adv. Mater. Sci., Vol 19, No.4(62), 2019, pp.67-82.
Dilip S. Choudhari: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal [17] M. Kalin, A. Kupec, The dominant effect of temperature on the fatigue
behaviour of polymer gears, Wear 376–377 (2017) 1339–1346.
analysis, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing - original
[18] Sung Soo Kim, Min Wook Shin, Ho Jang, Tribological properties of short glass
draft, Writing - review & editing. V.J. Kakhandki: Visualization, fiber reinforced polyamide 12 sliding on medium carbon steel, Wear 274–275
Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Project administration. (2012) 34–42.
[19] G. Mittal, K.Y. Rhee, V. Miskovic-Stankovic, D. Hui, Reinforcements in multi-
scale polymer composites: Processing, properties, and applications, Compos. B
Declaration of Competing Interest 138 (2018) 122–139.
[20] J. Liang, X.u. Yuqiang, Z. Wei, P. Song, G. Chen, W. Zhang, Mechanical
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- Properties, crystallization and melting behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced PA6
composites, J. Therm. Analysis Calorimetry (2014) 209–218.
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared [21] E.C. Botelho, M.C. Figiela, B.L. Rezendeb, Mechanical behavior of carbon fibre
to influence the work reported in this paper. reinforced polyamide composites, J. Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 1843–
1855.
[22] V.-T. Do, H.-D. Nguyen-Tran, D.-M. Chun, Effect of polypropylene on the
References mechanical properties and water absorption of carbon-fiber-reinforced-
polyamide-6/polypropylene composite, J. Compos. Struct. 150 (2016) 240–
[1] Santi Swarup Mohanty, Akshya Kumar Rout, Dipak Kumar Jesthi, Bharat 245.
Chandra Routara, Ramesh Kumar Nayak, Evaluation of mechanical and wear [23] Yi Li, Jinting Xu, Zhiyong Wei, Yuqiang Xu, Ping Song, Guangyi Chen, Lin Sang,
performance of glass/carbon fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composite, Ying Chang, Jicai Liang, ‘‘Mechanical properties and nonisothermal
Mater. Today Proc. 5 (2018) 19854–19861. crystallization of polyamide 6/carbon fiber composites toughened by
[2] X. Huang, Review - fabrication and properties of carbon fibers, MDPI J. Mater. maleated elastomers”, Polym. Compos. Soc. Plast. Eng., 2014, pp.2170-2179.
(2009) 2369–2403.