*RIGHT HAND SIDE (RULED)

EXPERIMENT NO. 16
TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES IN THE GIVEN FOOD SAMPLE
Aim: To test the presence of carbohydrates in the given food sample

Apparatus: Test tubes, burner, glass rod, water-bath

Chemicals required: Food stuffs as grape juice, sugarcane juice, starch, Molisch’s reagent, Fehling’s
solution, Tollen’s reagent and Benedict’s reagent.

Sl. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
1. Molisch’s test:
Take 1-2 mL of aqueous solution of A red violet ring is Carbohydrate is
carbohydrate and add few drops of Molisch’s produced at the present
reagent. Add 1 mL of conc. H2 SO4 slowly along junction of two layers
the side of the test tube.

2. Fehling’s test:
Take 2 mL of aqueous solution of sample and Reddish precipitate is Carbohydrate is
add 1-2 mL each of Fehling’s solution A and B. formed reducing sugar
Keep the test tube in boiling water batch

3. Benedict’s Test:
To 1-2 mL of aqueous solution of sample in a Reddish precipitate is Carbohydrate is
test tube add 1-2 mL of Benedict’s reagent. Keep formed reducing sugar
the test tube in a boiling water bath.

4. Tollen’s test:
Take 2-3 mL of aqueous solution of sample in a A shining silver mirror Carbohydrate is
test tube. Add 2-3 mL of Tollen’s reagent. Keep is formed reducing sugar
the test tube in a boiling water batch.

5. Iodine test (for Starch)

To the aqueous solution of the sample, add 1-2 Blue colour is obtained Starch is present
drops of iodine solution.

Result: The given food stuff contains carbohydrates.

 Experiment no-17
*RIGHT HAND SIDE (RULED)

TESTS FOR PROTEINS IN THE GIVEN FOOD SAMPLE

Aim: To test the presence of proteins in the given food sample

Apparatus: Test tubes, burner, glass rod

Chemicals required: Food stuff as egg albumin, besan. 1% CuSO4 solution, 4% NaOH solution,
conc. HNO3 , Ninhydrin

Sl. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
1. Biuret test: A bluish violet colour is Protein in
Take 1-2 mL of aqueous solution of protein and formed present
add 5-6 drops of NaOH solution. Add CuSO4
solution dropwise.

2. Xanthoproteic test: Yellow preicipitate is Protein is

Take 2 mL of protein solution and add few drops formed present
of conc. HNO3 and boil.

3. Ninhydrin Test: Appearance of blue colour Protein is

To 1-2 mL of protein solution in a test tube add on cooling present
few drops of Ninhydrin solution and boil.

4. Millon’s test: Protein is

To 1-2 mL of protein solution in a test tube add 2- White precipitate changes confirmed
3 drops of Millon’s reagent. to brick red on boiling

Result: The given food stuff contains proteins.

Experiment no-18
Tests for the fats in the given food sample
Aim :To test the presence of fat in the given food sample
Apparatus:test tube stand, test tubes, burner
Chemicals required: food sample, potassium bisulphite,chloroform, water, ethanol,

Sl.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Spot test:
Put a small amount of sample translucent spot Fat is present
on a filter paper and press with
another filter paper

2.Acrolein test:
Take a few drops of sample in a test I Fat is present
tubes. Add few drops potassium
bisulphite to it and heat

3. Solubility test:
Take a small amount of sample in sample does not dissolve in Fat is present
3 test tubes. Add water, alcohol water but is soluble in
and chloroform in 1,2,3 test tube chloroform
respectively

Result: The given food stuff contains fats.

 *RIGHT HAND SIDE (RULED)

EXPERIMENT NO. 19
Aim: To prepare a pure sample of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) [FeSO4 . (NH4 )2 SO4 . 6H2 O].

Theory: Mohr’s Salt is prepared by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulphate and
ammonium sulphate in water containing a little of sulphuric acid, and then subjecting the resulting
solution to crystallisation when light green crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate
[FeSO4 . (NH4 )2 SO4 . 6H2 O] separate out.

FeSO4 . 7H2 O + (NH4 )2 SO4 → FeSO4 . (NH4 )2 SO4 . 6H2 O + H2 O

Ferrous sulphate Ammonium sulphate Mohr’s salt
278 g 132 g 392 g

Apparatus: Beakers (250 mL), China-dish, funnel, funnel stand, glass rod, wash-bottle, tripod stand and
wire-guaze.

Chemicals required: Ferrous sulphate crystals, ammonium sulphate crystals, dilute sulphuric acid and
ethyl alcohol.

Procedure:

1. Take a 250 mL beaker and wash it with water. Transfer 7.0 g ferrous sulphate and 3.5 g
ammonium sulphate crystals to it. Add about 2-3 mL of dilute sulphuric acid to prevent the
hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
2. In another beaker boil about 20 mL of water for about 5 minutes to expel dissolved air.
3. Add the boiling hot water to the contents in the first beaker in small instalments at a time. Stir
with a glass rod until the salts have completely dissolved.
4. Filter the solution to remove undissolved impurities and transfer the filtrate to a China-dish.
5. Heat the solution in the China-dish for sometime to concentrate it to the crystallisation point.
6. Place the China-dish containing saturated solution over a beaker full of cold water. On cooling
crystals of Mohr’s salt separate out.
7. Decant off the mother liquor quickly. Wash the crystals in the China-dish with a small quantity
of alcohol to remove any sulphuric acid sticking to the crystals.
8. Dry the crystals by placing them between filter paper pads.

Result:

The weight of ferrous ammonium sulphate crystals obtained = ___________ g

 *LEFT HAND SIDE (UNRULED)

EXPERIMENT NO. 19 Type your text

Observations:

1. Weight of ferrous ammonium sulphate crystals obtained = ________ g

2. Expected yield = ≈10 g

3. Colour of the crystals = light green

4. Shape of the crystals = monoclinic crystal structure

 *RIGHT HAND SIDE (RULED)*

EXPERIMENT NO. 20
Aim: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and
hydrochloric acid.

Theory: According to the law of mass action, rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the
product of the molar concentrations of the reactants. In other words, the rate of reaction increases with
the increase in the concentration of the reactants. The effect of concentration of reactants on rate of a
reaction can be studied easily by the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

Na2 S2 O3 + 2HCl → S(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + SO2 (g) + H2 O(l)

The insoluble sulphur, formed during the reaction, gives a milky appearance, and makes the solution
opaque. Therefore, rate of the reaction can be studied by measuring the time taken to produce enough
sulphur to make some mark invisible on a paper kept under the conical flask in which the reaction is
carried out.

Apparatus: Stop-watch, two burettes and five conical flasks (100 mL)

Chemicals required: 0.1 M Na2 S2 O3 solution and 1 M HCl solution

Procedure:

1. Wash the conical flasks with water and label them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
2. With the help of a burette, add 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mL of 0.1M Na2 S2 O3 solution to the flasks
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
3. Now add 40, 30, 20 and 10 mL of distilled water to the flask 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively so that
volume of solution in each flask is 50 mL.
4. Take 10 mL of 1M HCl in a test tube with the help of a burette.
5. Add 10 mL of hydrochloric acid taken in a test tube to the conical flask No. 1 containing 10 mL
of 0.1M Na2 S2 O3 and 40 mL of distilled water and start the stop-watch. When half of the
hydrochloric acid solution has been added. Shake the contents of the conical flask and place it on
the tile with a cross mark as shown in Figure.
6. Go on observing from top to downwards in the flask and stop the stop-watch when the cross
mark just becomes invisible. Note down the time.
7. Repeat the experiment by adding 10 mL of 1M HCl to flasks 2, 3, 4 and 5 and record the time
taken in each case for the cross to become just invisible.

Result:

From the graph, it is clear that 1⁄t is directly proportional to the concentration of Na2 S2 O3 solution. But
1⁄ is a direct measure of rate of the reaction, therefore, rate of the reaction between Na S O and HCl
t 2 2 3

is directly proportional to the concentration of Na2 S2 O3 solution taken. Hence, rate of this reaction is
directly proportional to the concentration of Na2 S2 O3 , which is one of the reactants.
 *LEFT HAND SIDE (UNRULED)*

Observations:

Flask No. Volume Volume Total Conc. Of Volume Time (t) 𝟏

of of water volume of 𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐒𝟐 𝐎𝟑 of 1M HCl taken for 𝒕
𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐒𝟐 𝐎𝟑 in mL solution solution (mL) cross to (𝒔−𝟏 )
solution in mL become
in mL just
invisible
(s)
1 10 40 50 0.02 M 10
2 20 30 50 0.04 M 10
3 30 20 50 0.06 M 10
4 40 10 50 0.08 M 10
5 50 0 50 0.10 M 10

Plotting a graph:

Plot a graph between 1⁄t (in seconds) and the conc. of Na2 S2 O3 by taking 1⁄t along ordinate (vertical
axis) and conc. of Na2 S2 O3 along abscissa (horizontal axis). It should be a straight sloping line.