Lanual II Puc

Experiment Number : 1.
COLLOIDS
PREPARATION OF LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS AND LYOPHOBIC

COLLOIDS
Aim : To prepare
1. Lyophilic sol ( Egg albumin sol and starch sol)
2. Lyophobic sol [Fe(OH)3 sol and As2S3 sol].
LYOPHILIC SOLS
a. EGG ALBUMIN SOL : It consists of egg protein dispersed phase and water
dispersion medium.
Preparation : 5g of NaCl is dissolved in 100 mL H2O in a beaker to get 5% NaCl solution.
Egg albumin (protein) is added into NaCl solution with constant shaking until a colloidal
solution of egg albumin is obtained.
b. STARCH SOL : In starch sol solid starch is the dispersed phase and water acts as
dispersion medium.
Preparation : A paste of 500mg of starch is prepared in hot water in a beaker. The paste of
starch is added into boiling water taken in another breaker with constant stirring for about 10
minutes until a colloidal solution of starch is obtained.
LYPOHOBIC SOLS
a. FERRIC HYDROXIDE SOL [Fe(OH)3]
Fe(OH)3 sol consists of Fe(OH)3 as dispersed phase and water as dispersion medium.
Preparation : 2g FeCl3 are dissolved in 100mL of water taken in a beaker to get 2% FeCl3
solution. The solution is added drop by drop into boiling water taken in a separate beaker
with constant stirring until a brown colloidal solution of Fe(OH)3 is obtained.
b. ARSENOUS SULPHIDE SOL (As2S3).
As2S3 sol consists of As2S3 as dispersed phase and water as dispersion medium.
Preparation : 0.2g of arsenous oxide is dissolved in 100mL of boiling water to get 0.2%
As2O3 solution H2S is passed into it til the solution smells H2S. The solution is gently
warmed to remove the excess of H2S and filtered to get the sol.
1|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Experiment Number : 1.2
PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION BY DIALYSIS

Aim: To purify the colloidal solution by Dialysis.
Procedure:
1. A parchment / cellophane paper of 30cm X 30cm size is soaked with water and
then designed to the shape of a cone.
2. The egg albumin is placed in the cone and it is tied with a thread. The cone is
suspended in a beaker containing water for about half an hour.
3. The ions of the NaCl electrolyte present in the egg albumin will diffuse out into
the water. Hence the water in the beaker is tested for the presence of Na+ and Cl-.
4. The water in the beaker is replaced at every 30 minutes. The water is tested for the
presence of Na+ and Cl-. A negative test for the ions indicates the removal
impurities from the colloidal solution and hence it is purified.

CHEMICAL KINETICS
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF REACTION
Aim : To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid solution.
Principle :
Sodium thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid giving a translucent colloidal solution of
sulphur.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 + S
The rate of precipitation of sulphur in the solution increases in concentration of reactants. The
increase in concentration increases the number of molecular collisions / unit vol. of solution.
Material required : Burette, pipette, thermometer and stop clock, 0.1M Na2S2O3 and
1M HCl
Procedure:
1. 50mL of Na2S2O3 (0.1M) is taken in a 100mL beaker containing a ‘X’ pencil mark in
the centre of the outer surface of the bottom. It is then kept in a trough containing
water to attain constant temperature.
2. 1mL HCl (1M) solution slowly added from the burette with constant shaking. HCl
and Na2S2O3 will react together giving a yellow precipitate of sulphur. Therefore the
solution become gradually turbid and the ‘X’ mark become invisible.
3. A stop clock is started after adding about 0.5mL of HCl solution and the time at
which the ‘X’ mark become invisible is recorded.
4. The experiment is repeated with fresh sample of 0.1M Na2S2O3 by adding 2mL, 4mL,
8mL and 16mL of 1M HCl solution and the corresponding time at which the ‘X’ mark
is invisible are recorded.
Graph : A graph of volume of HCl v/s time is plotted. Vol. of HCl in mL
Time in sec
Tabulation :
Serial Volume of HCl added in Time ‘t’ in second taken for ‘X’
Number mL mark becomes invisible
1 1
2 2
3 4
4 8
5 16
Conclusion : Rate of reaction increases with increase in concentration of reactants.

Experiment Number 2.2
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF REACTION
Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate
and hydrochloric acid solution.
Principle :
Sodium thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid giving a translucent colloidal solution of
sulphur.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 + S
The rate of precipitation of sulphur in the solution increases in temperature. The increase in
temperature increases the kinetics energy of reactant molecules.
Material required : Burette, pipette, thermometer and stop clock, 0.1 M Na2S2O3 and
1M HCl
Procedure :
1. 50mL of Na2S2O3 (0.1M) is taken in a beaker containing ‘X’ mark of pencil in the
centre of the outer surface of the bottom is placed in a thermostat maintained at 300 C.
2. 5mL 1M HCl solution is added from the burette and the solution is shaken well. HCl
and Na2S2O3 wil react together forming a yellow precipitate of sulphur. Therefore the
solution become turbid and hence the ‘X’ mark become invisible.
3. A stop clock is started after adding 2.5mL of HCl solution and the time at which the
‘X’ mark become invisible is recorded.
4. The above procedure is repeated with fresh sample of Na2S2O3 solution kept in
thermostat at 40oC, 500C, 600C, 700C temperature and the time at which the ‘X’ mark
becomes invisible is recorded.
Graph : A graph of temperature v/s time is plotted.
Tabulation:
Serial Thermostat Temperature Time at which ‘X’ mark becomes
Number in oC invisible
1 300
2 400
3 500
4 600
5 700
Conclusion :
Rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature.

RATE OF THE REACTION
Aim : To study the rate of reaction between Potassium iodate(KIO3) and Sodium sulphite
(Na2SO3)
Principle : When potassium iodate and sodium sulphite solution are mixed the following
reaction takes place
KIO3 + 3Na2SO3 KI + 3Na2SO4
5KI + KIO3 + 3H2SO4 3K2SO4 + 3H2O + 3I2
The iodine liberated produces blue colour with the starch solution
Materials required : 2M H2SO4, 5% starch solution, 6% KIO3 and 6% Na2SO3, 5 conical

flasks.
Procedure :
1. 25mL of KIO3 is mixed with 25mL of 2M H2SO4 and 50 mL distilled water in ‘A’ labeled
conical flask and is kept in a water bath to attain constant temperature.
2. 20mL Na2SO4 + 5mL starch + 75mL distilled water is taken in ‘B’ labeled flask which
is kept in a water bath to obtain constant temperature.
3. 15mL Na2SO4 + 5mL + 80mL distilled water is taken in ‘C’ labeled flask which is kept
in a water bath to obtain constant temperature.
4. 10mL Na2SO4 +5mL starch + 85mL distilled water taken in ‘D’ labeled flask which is
kept in a water bath to obtain constant temperature.
5. 5mL Na2SO4 + 5mL starch + 90mL distilled water is taken in ‘E’ labeled flask which is
kept in a water bath to obtain constant temperature.
6. 25mL of ‘A’ and 25 mL of ‘B’ conical flask solution are mixed together in a seperate
conical flask. A stop clock is started after adding half of ‘A’ flask solution. The time
taken for the appearance of blue colour is recorded. The above procedure is repeated for
solutions of ‘C’ ,’D’ and ‘E’ flask and the time for the appearance of blue colour to the
solution is recorded.
7. The whole experiment is repeated twice and the average time for the appearance of blue
colour is found.
Tabulation:
Serial Composition of mixture Time taken for the Average
Number appearance of blue time
colour
I II
1 25mL ‘A’ + 25mL ‘B’
2 25mL ‘A’ + 25mL ‘C’
3 25mL ‘A’ + 25mL ‘D’
4 25mL ‘A’ + 25mL ‘E’
Conclusion : Rate of chemical reaction increases with time.

THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
HEAT OF SOLUTION
Aim : To determine the heat of solution of potassium nitrate or copper sulphate.
Definition : The amount of heat energy liberated or absorbed when 1 mole of a solute is
completely dissolved in excess of solvent such that the further dilution does not alter the heat
change is called heat of solution.
Materials required : 250 mL of polythene bottle with stirrer, Thermometer (1/10)0 C ,
10g KNO3
Chemical reaction : KNO3(s) + H2O(l) KNO3(aq)

Procedure :
About 10g powdered KNO3 crystals are taken in a clean and dry weighing bottle. It is
weighed accurately and the mass m1 g of it is noted. 200mL of distilled water is taken in a
250 mLpolythene bottle fitted with a thermometer and stirrer and its temperature T1 K is
noted. The crystals in the weighing bottle are transferred carefully into the polythene bottle
and stoppered immediately. It is stirred gently to dissolve the crystals. KNO3 dissolves by
decreasing the temperature of solution. The lowest temperature attained (T 2K) is noted. Now
the empty weighing bottle is weighed and its mass m2 g is noted.
Observation :
Mass of KNO3 crystals taken = W = ___________g
Temperature of distilled water = T1 = __________K
Lowest temperature attained by the solution = T2 = ____________K
Fall in temperature = T (T1 – T2) = ___________K
Mass of solution = m = (200 + W) = _________g
Specific heat of water = s = 4.2JK-1g-1
Calculation :
Heat absorbed = mass of solution(m) X specific heat X fall in temperature (t)
of solution (s)
Y = ________________J
Heat absorbed by 101.1g KNO3 (1mole) = 101.1 X Y J mol-1

W
(249.5g CuSO4.5H2O = 1 mol = ______________J
Result : Heat of solution of KNO3 = Hs = ___________kJ

HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
Aim : To determine the heat of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) with a strong base (NaOH)
Solution required : 100mL 1N HCl and 100mL 1N NaOH
Definition : The amount of heat energy liberated or absorbed when 1g equivalent mass of an
acid is completely neutralized by 1 g equivalent mass of a base in dilute solution is called
heat of neutralization.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H = -ve
Procedure
A 250mL polythene bottle fitted with a two holed cork is taken. A thermometer and a stirrer
are inserted into the bottle through the cork. This serve as calorimeter (heat absorbed by the
calorimeter is neglected). 100mL of 1N HCl is taken in the polythene bottle and its
temperature (Ta) is noted. 100mL of 1N NaOH is taken in a beaker and its temperature (Tb) is
noted. Now pour the NaOH solution into the polythene bottle, it is immediately stoppered and
stirred gently. HCl and NaOH make increase. The maximum temperature attained by the
solution (T2) is noted.
Observation :
Temperature of HCl solution = Ta = ____________K
Temperature of NaOH solution = Tb = ___________K
Average temperature before mixing = T1 = Ta + Tb = ____________K
2
Maximum temperature attained by the mixture = T2 = ___________K
Rise in temperature = T = (T2 - T1) = ______________K
Mass of the solution (100mL HCl + 100mL NaOH) = m = 200g.
Specific heat of water = s = 4.2JK-1g-1
Calculation :
Heat liberated = (m)mass of solution X (s)specific heat X (t)rise in temperature
= 200 X 4.2 X __________
=______________J
100mL of 1N acid or base contain 0.1g equivalent mass

1000mL of acid or base contain 1g equivalent mass
Heat liberated by the neutralization of 1000mL of 1N HCl = 10 X _______J
= ______ X 10-3Kj
Result : Heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH = Hn = ___________kJ

Experiment Number 4
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Aim : To study the variation in cell potential of the cell Zn / Zn2+ // Cu2+ / Cu with change
in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 / ZnSO4) at room temperature.
Theory : The Daniell cell is symbolically represented as

Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) // Cu2+(aq) / Cu(s)
If the concentration of Zn2+(aq) and Cu(aq) is 1M each. Then ,

Ecell = Eocu - Eozn
= + 0.34 - (-0.76)
= 1.1 V
On changing the concentration of metal ion in solution, the E cell values also changes. In this
experiment keeping the concentration of Zn2+ ion as constant, changing only the
concentration of Cu2+ ion , the emf of the cell is calculated using Nernst equation.
Ecell = Eocell + 2.303RT log [Cu2+]

nF [Zn2+]
Material required : A strip of copper , a strip of zinc, a large beaker, porous pot, a plastic
tube, cotton , 40mL of 1M CuSO4, 40mL of 1M ZnSO4, distilled water, a voltmeter with
oscillator clips.
Procedure :
1. About 100mL of 1M CuSO4 is taken in a porous pot. Copper metal strip is dipped in
it.
2. About 100mL of 1M ZnSO4 solution is taken in a large beaker. A Zinc metal strip is
dipped in it .
3. Porous pot is placed in the beaker. Thus Daniel cell is formed.
4. The copper plate with +ve terminal and zinc plate with the –ve terminal of the
voltmeter are connected.
5. As soon as the circuit is completed, electric current will begin to flow and then the
voltmeter reading is noted which indicates the emf of the cell. This reading number 1
6. The above procedure is repeated by keeping the concentration of ZnSO4 solution as
1M, but changing the concentration of CuSO4 solution by dilution to 0.2, 0.1 and
0.05M. These reading recorded as 2,3 and 4.
Electrode reaction are

At anode : Zn Zn2+ + 2e- (oxidation)
At cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (reduction)
In the cell : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu (overall reaction)
Emf of the cell can be calculated using Nernst equation

Ecell = 1.1 + 2.303 X 214 X T log [Cu2+(aq)]
2 X 96500
GALVANIC CELL
Observation and Calculation:
Reading Conc.of CuSO4 Observed emf of Calculated emf of the cell

Number solution the cell
1
2
3
4
Conclusion :

Experiment Number 5
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Aim : To separate the constituents of a mixture of compounds containing Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions
using ascending paper chromatography and to calculate the Rf (retardation factor) values.
Principle :
The cations Pb2+ and Cd2+ are separated by chromatography and they are coloured using the
developer ammonium sulphide. By measuring distances moved by these ions on the filter
paper their Rf values are calculated.
Procedure :
Using the solvent mixture ethanol, conc.HNO3 and distilled water in the ratio 8:1:1 (eluent)
when the solvent front moves on the filter paper carries the ions also to the different heights.
When the solvent front moves about 15cm on the filter paper, it is removed dried and the
spots of the ions are coloured by spraying ammonium sulphide (aq NH3 + H2S). PbS gives
black spot which CdS gives yellow spot. The distance of these spots moved from the
reference line are measured. The distance travelled by the solvent front is also measured.
There by Rf values of both Pb2+ ions and Cd2+ ions can be calculated.
Rf value of Pb2+ ion = Distance travelled by Pb2+ ions in cm

Distance travelled by the solvent front in cm
Rf value of Cd2+ ion = Distance travelled by Cd2+ ions in cm

Distance travelled by the solvent front in cm
10 | P a g e II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS (REDOX REACTION)
Aim : Determination of Molarity of KMnO4 using 0.1M Oxalic acid by volumetric analysis.
Principle :
Acidified KMnO4 will oxidise oxalic acid into CO2 and H2O. Hence known volume of
oxalic acid is titrated against KMnO4. Here KMnO4 acts as oxidizing agent and oxalic acid as
reducing agent.
KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 600C K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
Procedure :
1. Exactly 10mL of 0.1M oxalic acid is pipetted out into a clean conical flask and 1 test
tube full of dil.H2SO4 is added. The solution is heated to 600C.
2. The hot solution is titrated against KMnO4 taken in the burette until a permanent pale
pink colour is obtained. This is the end point of titration
3. The burette readings are recorded and the titration is repeated for agreeing values.
Observation :
1. Burette – KMnO4 solution.
2. Conical flask – 10mL 0.1M H2C2O4 + 1 test tube full of dil H2SO4 solution.
3. Indicator – KMnO4 is self indicator.
4. End point – Colorless to pale pink.
Titration of KMnO4 solution Vs Oxalic acid solution
Trial Number 1 2 3
Final Burette Reading (FBR) in mL
Initial Burette Reading (IBR) in mL
Volume of KMnO4 rundown in mL

Concordant value = _________ mL
Calculation :
By using the formula,
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
KMnO4 Oxalic acid
a1 = Number of electrons gained / formula unit of KMnO4 = 5
M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 = __________ M
V1 = Volume of KMnO4 = ___________ mL
a2 = Number of electrons lost / formula unit of Oxalic acid = 2

M2 = Molarity of Oxalic acid = 0.1M
V2 = Volume of Oxalic acid = 10mL
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
M1 = a2M2V2
a1V1
M1 = 2 X 0.1 X 10
5 X _____
M1 = _________M
Result : Molarity of KMnO4 solution is ____________M.

Aim : Determination of Molarity of KMnO4 using 0.1M FAS by volumetric analysis.
Principle : Acidified KMnO4 can oxidize FeSO4 of FAS into Fe2(SO4). Hence known
volume of FAS is titrated against KMnO4. Here KMnO4 acts as oxidizing agent and FeSO4 as
reducing agent.
2KMnO4 +8H2SO4+10FeSO4 K2SO4+2MnSO4+8H2O+5Fe2(SO4)3
Procedure:
1. Exactly 10mL of 0.1M FAS is pipetted out into a clean conical flask and about 1 test
tube full of dilute H2SO4 is added.
2. The solution of the conical flask is titrated against KMnO4 taken in the burette until a
permanent pale pink colour is obtained. This is the end point of titration.
3. The burette reading are recorded and repeated the titration for agreeing values.
Observation :
1. Burette – KMnO4 solution.
2. Conical flask – 10mL of 0.1M FAS + 1 test tube full of dilute H2SO4 solution.
3. Indicator – KMnO4 is self indicator.
4. End point – Colorless to pale pink.
Titration of KMnO4 solution Vs FAS solution
Trial Number 1 2 3
Final Burette Reading (FBR) in mL
Initial Burette Reading (IBR) in mL
Volume of KMnO4 rundown in mL

Concordant value = _________ mL
Calculation :
By using the formula,
𝑎1 𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑎2 𝑀2 𝑉2
KMnO4 FAS
a1 = Number of electrons gained / formula unit of KMnO4 = 5
M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 = __________ M
V1 = Volume of KMnO4 = ___________ mL
a2 = Number of electrons lost / formula unit of FAS = 1
M2 = Molarity of FAS = 0.1M
V2 = Volume of FAS = 10mL
a1M1V1 = a2M2V2
M1 = a2M2V2
a1V1
M1 = 1 X 0.1 X 10
5 X _____
M1 = _________M
Result : Molarity of KMnO4 solution is ____________M.

Experiment Number 7
SYSTEMATIC SEMIMICRO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
INORGANIC SALT
Aim: To detect one cation and one anion in the given inorganic salt.
Steps involved: 1. Preliminary test
2. Detection of acid radical
3. Detection of basic radical
4. Report of salt
1. Preliminary Test:
a. State - Crystalline / Amorphous
b. Colour - Colourless / pale pink
c. Solubility –
Water Dilute HCl
Cold Hot Cold Hot
2. Detection of acid radical:

Group Group Reagent Radical Present
Group I Dilute HCl CO32-
Group II Conc. H2SO4 Cl- , NO3- , Br -
Group III No reagent SO42-
Analysis of I group acid radical

Experiment Observation Inference
Salt + dilute HCl Brisk effervescence liberating I group acid radical CO32-,
colourless, odourless gas is carbonate may be present.
evolved.
Confirmatory test for carbonate (CO32-)

Lime water test
Salt + water heat, gas liberated is lime water does not turns milky I group acid radical CO32-,
passed into test tube containing carbonate is confirmed.
lime water
Analysis of II group acid radical

Colourless pungent smell gas is
liberated, which gives dense II group acid radical Cl-
Salt in a dry test tube + conc. H2SO4 white fumes when glass rod chloride may be
dipped in NH4OH is exposed to present.
mouth of the test tube.

II group acid radical
White fumes followed by
Br-, bromide may be
reddish brown fumes.
present.
II group acid radical
If no reaction in cold add a piece of Reddish brown fumes are
NO3-, nitrate may be
copper and heat the test tube evolved.
present.
Confirmatory test for chloride (Cl-)

Chromyl chloride test
Salt + crystals of K2Cr2O7 in a dry Reddish orange vapours are
test tube + conc. H2SO4 liberated.
The above vapours are passed into Yellow solution is obtained

test tube containing NaOH
To the above yellow solution Bright yellow precipitate is II group acid radical Cl-,
acetic acid and lead acetate are formed. chloride is confirmed.
added
Silver nitrate test

Salt solution + silver nitrate Curdy white precipitate is II group acid radical Cl-,
solution formed which is soluble in chloride is confirmed.
excess of NH4OH
Confirmatory test for bromide (Br -)

Globule test
Salt + water shaken to dissolve + An orange red globule is II group acid radical Br -,
3 drops of CCl4 and Cl2 water formed bromide is confirmed.
mixture is shaken well
Silver nitrate test

Salt solution + silver nitrate Pale yellow precipitate is II group acid radical Br -,
solution formed which is sparingly bromide is confirmed.
soluble in excess of NH4OH
Confirmatory test for nitrate (NO3-)

Brown Ring test
Salt solution + equal volume of A brown ring is formed at the II group acid radical NO3-,
freshly prepared FeSO4 solution + junction of two liquids nitrate is confirmed.
conc. H2SO4 is added slowly
along the sides of the test tube.
Analysis of III group acid radical
Salt solution + BaCl2 solution + A thick white precipitate is III group acid radical SO42-,
excess of dil. HCl to the white formed which is insoluble in dil. sulphate is present and
precipitate formed HCl confirmed.
3. Detection of Basic Radical

Group Group Reagent Radical Present
Group 0 No reagent NH4+
Group I Dilute HCl Pb2+
Group II Dilute HCl + H2S gas Pb2+
Group III NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH Al3+ , Fe3+
Group IV NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH + H2S gas Zn2+ , Mn2+
Group V NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Sr2+
Group VI NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH + Na2HSO4 Mg2+
Analysis of 0 Group Basic radical

Salt + NaOH solution, boil A pungent smelling gas NH3 is 0 group basic radical NH4+
evolved which gives dense may be present.
white fumes when glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl is exposed
to the mouth of the test tube
Confirmatory test for Ammonium (NH4+)

Nessler's Reagent test
Salt solution + Nessler's reagent + Reddish brown precipitate is 0 group basic radical NH4+
NaOH solution slightly excess formed is confirmed.
Preparation of Original Solution

About half a test tube of solvent is taken and salt is added little by little with constant
shaking until a clear homogenous saturated solution is formed.
Analysis of I group basic radical
Original solution + dil. HCl No precipitate is formed I group basic radical Pb2+ is
absent.
Analysis of II group basic radical

Original solution + dil. HCl + No precipitate is formed II group basic radical Pb2+ is
H2S gas absent.

Analysis of III group basic radical
Original solution + NH4Cl(s)+ Gelatinous white precipitate is III group basic radical Al3+
NH4OH excess formed may be present.
Confirmatory test for Al3+

Original solution + NaOH solution white gelatinous precipitate is
first small quantity followed by formed, soluble in excess of
excess NaOH giving a clear solution
To the above clear solution Gelatinous white precipitate III group basic radical Al3+
NH4Cl(s) is added and boil , cool reappears is confirmed
under tap water
Blue litmus Test

Original solution + blue litmus A blue floating mass is formed III group basic radical Al3+
solution + drops of NH4OH is confirmed.
solution
Analysis of IV group basic radical

Original solution + two spatula Flesh or white precipitate is formed IV group basic radical Zn2+
of NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH excess or Mn2+ may be present.
+ H2S gas
Confirmatory test for Zn2+

Original solution + NaOH white precipitate soluble in excess IV group basic radical Zn2+
solution of NaOH is formed is confirmed
Original solution+ K4[Fe(CN)6] IV group basic radical Zn2+
Bluish white precipitate is formed
solution is confirmed.
Confirmatory test for Mn2+

Original solution + NaOH white precipitate is obtained IV group basic radical Mn2+
solution which slowly turns into brown is confirmed.
on exposure to air
Permanganic acid test

Original solution + pinch of PbO2 A pink supernatant solution is IV group basic radical Mn2+
+ 1mL of conc. HNO3 boil, cool obtained is confirmed.
the mixture, dilute and decant the
solution
Analysis of V group basic radical
Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + White precipitate is formed V group basic radical Ba2+
NH4OH excess + (NH4)2CO3 or Sr 2+ or Ca2+ may be
solution present.
Confirmatory test for Ba2+

Original solution + K2CrO4 Yellow precipitate is obtained V group basic radical Ba2+ is
solution confirmed.
Flame test
A paste of the given salt is Apple green colour is imparted V group basic radical Ba2+ is
prepared with few drops of conc. to the flame. confirmed.
HCl and is exposed to the
colourless flame through Pt wire.
Confirmatory test for Sr2+

Original solution + (NH4)2SO4 white precipitate is formed V group basic radical Sr2+ is
solution heat and scratch the sides confirmed.
of test tube with a glass rod.
Flame test
A paste of the given salt is Crimson red colour is imparted V group basic radical Sr2+ is
prepared with few drops of conc. to the flame. confirmed.
Confirmatory test for Ca2+

Original solution + (NH4)2C2O4 white precipitate is formed V group basic radical Ca2+ is
solution confirmed.
Flame test
A paste of the given salt is Brick red colour is imparted to V group basic radical Ca2+ is
prepared with few drops of conc. the flame. confirmed.
Analysis of VI group basic radical

Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + White crystalline precipitate is VI group basic radical Mg2+
NH4OH excess + Na2HPO4 formed is present and confirmed.
scratch the sides of test tube with
a glass rod
4. Report of Salt
The given salt contains Acid radical ____________ & Basic radical _______________.
Experiment Number 8
TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Aim : To identify the functional groups present in organic compounds.
1. Test for unsaturation.
a. Bromine water test.
Organic compound dissolved in Orange colour of the bromine is Indicates the presence of
CCl4 + few drops of bromine discharged. unsaturated compounds.
water with continuous shaking.
b. Baeyer’s test.
Organic compound dissolved in Pink colour of KMnO4 is Indicates the presence of
acetone + few drops of alkaline discharged. unsaturated compounds.
potassium permanganate solution.
II Test for alcohol group (R-OH)

a. Ceric ammonium nitrate test.
Organic compound + few drops of Pink or red colour appears. Indicates the presence of
ceric ammonium nitrate solution. alcohol group.
Shake well
b. Luca’s test
a. No turbidity Indicates 10 alcohol
Organic compound + Lucas b. Turbidity appear after 5 Indicates 20 alcohol
reagent (Conc.HCl and anhydrous minutes
ZnCl2). c. Turbidity appear Indicated 30 alcohol
immediately
III Test for phenolic group (Ar-OH)

a. Neutral Ferric chloride test
Organic compound + few drops of A blue, green, violet or red Indicates the presence of
neutral FeCl3 solution. colour is obtained. phenolic compound.
b. Phthalic anhydride Test

Organic compound + phthalic Pink solution is obtained. Indicates the presence of
anhydride + conc. H2SO4, heat, phenolic group.
cool and add NaOH.
IV Test for aldehyde and ketone group

a. 2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine(2,4-DNP) test
Organic compound + 2,4-DNP Crystalline orange precipetate is Indicates the presence of
solution. obtained. aldehyde or ketone group.
b. Tollen’s test (-CHO)
Organic compound + tollen’s Silver mirror is obtained. Indicates the presence of
reagent. Heated on water bath, aldehyde group.
cool.
c. Schiff’s reagent test (-CHO)
Organic compound + schiff’s A red/pink/violet colour is Indicates the presence of
reagent. obtained. aldehyde group.
d. m-dinitro benzene test (-CO-)
Organic compound + a small A violet colour is obtained. Indicates the presence of
amount of powered m-dinito ketone group.
benzene + NaOH shaken.
e. Sodium nitroprusside test (-CO-)
Organic compound + sodium A red colour is obtained. Indicates the presence of
nitroprusside + NaOH. ketone group.
V Test for carboxylic acid group (R-COOH)

a. Litmus test
Organic compound + blue litmus Litmus paper turns red. Indicates the presence of
paper. carboxylic group.
b. Sodium bicarbonate test
Organic compound + NaHCO3 Brisk effervescence is obtained. Indicates the presence of
solution. carboxylic acid group.
c. Esterification test
Organic compound + few drops of A fruity smell is obtained. Indicates the presence of
alcohol + 2-3 drops of carboxylic acid group .
conc.H2SO4 + heated on a water
bath. Cool the content and poured
into cold water containing
Na2CO3.
VI Test for amine group (-NH2)

a. Carbylamine test
Organic compound + CHCl3 + Fowl or bad smell is obtained. Indicates the presence of
alcoholic KOH heated. primary amine.
b. Diazotisation test
Organic compound dissolved in A red or orange dye is obtained. Indicates the presence of
dilute HCl, cooled in ice + ice primary aromatic amine
cooled solution of NaNO2 and β- group.
naphthol in NaOH.

Experiment Number 9
PREPARATION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE

(FAS OR MOHR’S SALT)
Aim: Preparation of ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS or Mohr’s salt)

Materials Required: 7g iron filings 10mL conc.H2SO4, Ammonium hydroxide solution
(NH4OH)
Chemical Reaction : FeSO4+ (NH4)SO4+ 6H2O FeSO4 (NH4)SO4.6H2O
Procedure:
1. 10mL of conc.H2SO4 is dissolved in 40mL of distilled water to get 1:4 dilute
sulphuric acid solutions. The solution is divided into two equal parts ‘A’ and ‘B’ is
taken.
2. 25mL of part ‘A’ solution is taken in a beaker and 7g of iron filings are added in to it.
The mixture is heated with constant stirring. The following reaction takes place giving
ferrous sulphate and hydrogen gas.
Fe + 2H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
3. 425mL of part ‘B’ solution along with a red litmus paper is taken in another beaker.
Ammonia solution is added with constant stirring until the red litmus paper turns blue
colour. The following reaction takes place giving ammonium sulphate and water.
H2SO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O
4. The part ‘A’ and ‘B’ solution are intermixed and the resulting solution is boiled and
cooled to get white crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate. The crystals are separated
by filtration and dried between the folds of filter paper.
Result: The yield of FAS is ______________g.

Experiment Number 10
PREPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND

Aim : To prepare acetanilide from aniline.
Materials required : Aniline (5mL), Acetic anhydride (5mL), Glacial acetic acid (5mL),
Ethanol, funnel, Round bottom flask (100mL), beaker (250mL).
Chemical Reaction :
Aniline acetic anhydride Acetanilide Acetic acid
Procedure :
1. 5mL of aniline is dissolved in a mixture of 5mL acetic anhydride and 5mL glacial
acetic acid with constant shaking in a round bottom flask.
2. The mixture is refluxed on a sand bath for about 15 minutes. Aniline reacts with acetic
acid anhydride giving acetanilide.
3. The reaction mixture is poured into a beaker containing 100mL of ice water.
Acetanilide precipitates from the solution as white solid. It is separated by filtration
and purified by recrystallization from hot water containing little alcohol.
Result: The yield of Acetanilide is ______________g.

Experiment Number 11
TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, AND PROTEINS

Test for carbohydrates
Molisch test (carbohydrates general test)
Aqueous solution of the A deep violet ring is formed at Carbohydrates is present
compound + alcoholic solution of the junction of two layers.
α-naphthol + conc.H2SO4 is added
carefully along the sides of the
test tube
General test for reducing sugars

a. Benedict’s reagent test
Solution of the compound + A red precipetate is formed. Carbohydrate is reducing
Benedict’s reagent. The test tube sugar.
is heated on a water bath
b. Fehling’s solution test
Solution of the compound + A red precipetate is formed. Carbohydrate is reducing
Fehling’s solution. The test tube is sugar.
heated on a water bath.
c. Tollen’s reagent test
Solution of the compound + A black precipitate of silver or a Carbohydrate is reducing
Tollen’s reagent. The test tube is shining silver mirror is sugar.
heated on a water bath. observed.
Test to distinguish monosaccharide from disaccharide

Barfoed’s test
Solution of compound + Barfoed’s Orange red precipitate. Carbohydrate is a
reagent. The test tube heated on a monosaccharide.
water bath. No orange red precipitate Carbohdrate is a
disaccharide
Test to distinguish Ketose sugar and aldose sugar.

Seliwanoff’s test

Solution of the compound + Red colour or precipitate is Carbohydrate is ketohexose.
Seliwanoff’s reagent. The test formed.
tube is heated on water barh. Blue green colour Carbohydrate is ketopentose
NO colour or precipitate Carbohydrate is aldose.

Test for polysaccharides (starch)
Iodine test
Solution of the compound (starch) A blue colour. Starch is confirmed.
+ few drops of iodine solution.
Test for oils and fats

Acrolein test
3 drops of the oil or melted fat + A pungent smell due to the Oil or fat is present.
few crystals of potassium formation of acrolein.
hydrogen sulphate. The mixture is
heated gently.
Test for proteins

a. Biuret test (for peptide bonds)
Protein solution (egg albumin or A violet colour is observed. Protein is present.
casein) + 2mL of 10% NaOH +
few drops of CuSO4 solution,
warm the mixture.
b. Ninhydrin test
Protein solution + Ninhydrin A blue colour is observed. Protein is present.
solution heated and cooled.
c. Xanthoproteic test(for proteins containing benzene ring)
Protein solution + few drops Yellow colour observed which Protein is present.
conc.HNO3 warmed the mixture. turns to orange red on adding
NaOH solution.

VIVA QUESTIONS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
ALCOHOL
1. Which is the functional group of alcohol ?
-OH (alcohol group)
2. Name a test for alcohol ?
Ceric ammonium nitrate test.
3. Explain Ceric ammonium nitrate test ?
When an alcohol is shaken with ceric ammonium nitrate solution, pink or red
colour appears.
4. Which type of alcohol reacts instantaneously with Lucas reagent ?
Tertiary alcohol.
5. Which type of alcohol reacts slowly with Lucas reagent ?
Primary alcohol.
6. Name the chemical reagent used to distinguish primary alcohol, secondary alcohol
and tertiary alcohol ?
Lucas reagent.
7. What is Lucas reagent ?
A mixture of anhydrous ZnCl2 and concentrated HCl is called Lucas reagent.
8. What is meaning of 20 alcohol ?
The alcohol in which –OH group is attached to secandory carbon atom.
9. What is the general formula of primary alcohol ?
R-CH2-OH
10. What is the general formula of secondary alcohol ?
R-CH-RI
OH
PHENOLS
1. What is phenolic –OH group ?
-OH group which is directly bonded to Benzene ring.
2. Phenol does not displace CO2 from NaHCO3 solution. Why?
Since phenol is less acidic than carbonic acid.
3. Write any two test for phenols ?
Neutral Ferric chloride test and phathalein dye test.
4. Explain Neutral Feric chloride test for phenol ?
When phenol is treated with neutral ferric chloride a violet colour is observed.
5. Explain phathaliein dye test for phenol ?
Phenol is mixed with phathalic anhydride and conc. H2SO4 the mixture is heated
cooled and poured into dilute sodium hydroxide, a pink coloured solution is formed.
6. Why pink colour is formed in phathalein dye test ?
It is due to formation of phenolphathalein.
7. Name the organic compound formed in phathalein dye test for phenol ?
Phenolphathalein
8. What is neutral ferric chloride solution ?

Aqueous solution of ferric chloride is acidic due to hydrolysis it is made neutral
by adding NH4OH.
9. Write the formula of phenol ?
10. Why phenol should not be touched with bare hands ?

It is highly corrosive.
Aldehydes and Ketones

1. What is the common functional group found in aldehydes and ketones ?
Carbonyl group ( >C=O)
2. What is the functional group of aldehydes ?
-CHO
3. What is the functional group of ketones ?
>C=O
4. Name the common test for aldehydes and ketones ?
2,4-DNP hydrazine test.
5. Expand 2,4-DNP hydrazine ?
2,4-DInito phenyl hydrazine.
6. Which coloured precipitate is obtained when aldehyde or ketone is treated with 2,4-
DNP hydrazine ?
Orange colour precipitate.
7. Name the orange colour product formed when the benzaldehyde is treated with 2,4-
DNP hydrazine ?
Benzaldehyde-2,4-DNP hydrazine.
8. What is tollen’s reagent ?
Ammonical silver nitrate solution
9. Explain Tollen’s test ?
When an aldehyde is heated with Tollen’s reagent a black precipitate (silver
mirror) is formed.
10. Name a test for ketones ?
m-dinitrobenzene test or sodium nitroprusside test
Carboxylic Acids
1. What is the functional group of carboxylic acid ?
-COOH
2. Explain litmus test for carboxylic acids ?
When a blue litmus paper or blue litmus solution is treated with a carboxylic acid ,
it turns to red.
3. Explain sodium bicarbonate test for carboxylic acids ?
When a carboxylic acid is treated with sodium bicarbonate effervescence occurs
due to liberation of carbon dioxide gas.
4. How can you confirm liberation of CO2 gas during sodium bicarbonate test for
carboxylic acids ?

By passing CO2 gas into lime water, which turns milky.
5. What is lime water ?
Solution of calcium hydroxide.
6. Explain esterification test for carboxylic acid ?
A carboxylic acid is mixed with an alcohol and a few drops of conc. H2SO4. The
mixture is heated and poured into sodium carbonate solution, fruity odour is
obtained.
7. Name the ester formed when the acetic acid is heated with ethanol in presence of
conc.H2SO4 ?
Ethyl acetate.
8. Other than Carboxylic acid which acid is used in esterification test ?
conc.H2SO4
9. What is the role of conc.H2SO4 in esterification ?
Dehydrating agent.
10. Name the tests for carboxylic acid ?
Litmus test , Sodium bicarbonate test and esterification test.
Amines
1. What is the general formula of 10 ,20 ,30 amines.
10 amines R-NH2
20 amines R-NH-RI
30 amines R-N-RI
RII
2. Name the confirmatory test for primary amines ?
Carbylamine test which is answered by both aliphatic and aromatic primary
amzxines.
3. How do you distinguish aliphatic and aromatic primary amines ?
By azo-dye test which is answered only by aromatic primary amnines.
4. Which is the functional group of primary amines ?
-NH2(amino group)
5. Which type of amine answer the carbylamine test ?
All primary amines.
6. What type of odour is observed in carbylamine test ?
Offensive or bad odour is observed.
7. Explain azo dye test for primary amine ?
A aromatic primary amine is dissolved in dil.HCl and mixed with ice cold
sodium nitrite solution, to this β-napthol solution in NaOH is added, a red dye is
formed.
8. Explain carbylamine test for primary amines?
When a primary amine is heated with chloroform and alcoholic potash (KOH) a
bad smell of carbylamine is observed.
9. Why bad smell is observed in carbylamine test ?
Due to liberation of carbylamine.
10. What is alcoholic potash ?
A solution of KOH dissolved in alcohol.

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Experiment Number : 1.

PREPARATION OF LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS AND LYOPHOBIC

b. ARSENOUS SULPHIDE SOL (As2S3).

1|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION BY DIALYSIS

2|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Conclusion : Rate of reaction increases with increase in concentration of reactants.

3|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

4|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Materials required : 2M H2SO4, 5% starch solution, 6% KIO3 and 6% Na2SO3, 5 conical

3 25mL ‘A’ + 25mL ‘D’

4 25mL ‘A’ + 25mL ‘E’

Conclusion : Rate of chemical reaction increases with time.

Chemical reaction : KNO3(s) + H2O(l) KNO3(aq)

Heat absorbed by 101.1g KNO3 (1mole) = 101.1 X Y J mol-1

Result : Heat of solution of KNO3 = Hs = ___________kJ

6|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Solution required : 100mL 1N HCl and 100mL 1N NaOH

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H = -ve

= 200 X 4.2 X __________

100mL of 1N acid or base contain 0.1g equivalent mass

Result : Heat of neutralization of HCl and NaOH = Hn = ___________kJ

7|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Theory : The Daniell cell is symbolically represented as

If the concentration of Zn2+(aq) and Cu(aq) is 1M each. Then ,

Ecell = Eocell + 2.303RT log [Cu2+]

Electrode reaction are

8|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Observation and Calculation:

Reading Conc.of CuSO4 Observed emf of Calculated emf of the cell

9|Page II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Rf value of Pb2+ ion = Distance travelled by Pb2+ ions in cm

Rf value of Cd2+ ion = Distance travelled by Cd2+ ions in cm

10 | P a g e II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS (REDOX REACTION)

Final Burette Reading (FBR) in mL

Initial Burette Reading (IBR) in mL

Volume of KMnO4 rundown in mL

11 | P a g e II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Result : Molarity of KMnO4 solution is ____________M.

12 | P a g e II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Final Burette Reading (FBR) in mL

Initial Burette Reading (IBR) in mL

Volume of KMnO4 rundown in mL

Result : Molarity of KMnO4 solution is ____________M.

14 | P a g e II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

2. Detection of acid radical:

Analysis of I group acid radical

Confirmatory test for carbonate (CO32-)

Analysis of II group acid radical

15 | P a g e II PUC CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Confirmatory test for chloride (Cl-)

The above vapours are passed into Yellow solution is obtained

Silver nitrate test

Confirmatory test for bromide (Br -)

Silver nitrate test

Confirmatory test for nitrate (NO3-)

3. Detection of Basic Radical

Analysis of 0 Group Basic radical

Confirmatory test for Ammonium (NH4+)