Female Genitourinary and Pelvic Floor

Reconstruction
Francisco E. Martins •
Henriette Veiby Holm •
Jaspreet S. Sandhu •
Kurt A McCammon
Editors

Female Genitourinary
and Pelvic Floor
Reconstruction

With 422 Figures and 78 Tables

Editors
Francisco E. Martins Henriette Veiby Holm
University of Lisbon University of Oslo
Lisbon, Portugal Oslo, Norway

Jaspreet S. Sandhu Kurt A McCammon

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Eastern Virginia Medical School
New York, NY, USA Norfolk, VA, USA

ISBN 978-3-031-19597-6 ISBN 978-3-031-19598-3 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19598-3
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First, I would like to thank my co-editors for their outstanding
and tireless contribution, and support with this book. I would also
like to express my appreciation and gratitude to my several
surgical mentors, my countless good colleagues, and my
dedicated fellows and residents who have taught, supported, and
encouraged my vocation in the field of male and female urologic
reconstruction. To all the patients that I had the privilege to treat,
care for, learn from, and who teach me daily the meaning of
dignity in the face of adversity, my sincere thanks. To the ones
I will always love, most especially my recently departed wife and
colleague Natasha and our children Filipe, Daniela, and Tomás
for the unswerving inspiration, strength, love, unconditional
support, and sacrifice they shared with me for the long hours
dedicated to this project and life in general. This book is my
humble dedication to them. I certainly would never have made it
without them.
Francisco E. Martins
Foreword

It was with pleasure that I accepted the invitation from Professor Martins to
write a Foreword for this most impressive textbook, which covers virtually all
aspects of lower urinary, genital, and pelvic floor abnormalities in women and
their relevant anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and management. The
co-editors are all experts with sub-specialization in various areas of such as
pathology and dysfunction and have chosen their individual chapter authors
with great care. The chapter authors are all experts in their own right with a
history of referenced experience in the areas of their particular contributions.
The book covers all the major subjects described in its title and, in addition,
various subjects such as the history, basic science, epidemiology, and diag-
nostic evaluation in this field. Besides topics strictly related to genitourinary
and pelvic floor reconstruction, readers will find within the 65 chapter, the
topics of lower urinary tract storage and emptying disorders, fecal inconti-
nence, and defecatory dysfunction. Genitourinary and pelvic trauma, congen-
ital defects, and genital-affirming surgery are covered as well. The book should
find a place in the libraries of urologists, urogynecologists, pelvic surgeons,
and trauma surgeons and should stand the test of time quite well.

Emeritus Founders Professor Alan J. Wein, MD, PhD (hon), FACS

Chief of Urology and Program Director
Department of Surgery
Perelman School of Medicine at the
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

vii
Foreword

Gender medicine is quite a young discipline and historically evolved from the
International Women’s Movement in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2001, the
American Institute of Medicine published its report “Exploring the biological
contributions to human health: does sex matter?” [1], representing a starting
point of gender-specific medicine, which since then steadily evolved to the
present date. Against this background, embracing female genitourinary and
pelvic floor reconstruction in one book is a perfect contribution to personalized
medicine for females. I would like to thank and congratulate the editors
Francisco Martins, Henriette V. Holm, Jaspreet Sandhu, and Kurt McCammon
for their commitment to further improve health care in women by this book.
Including 65 chapters the book covers the history, anatomy, physiology,
and all areas of specific problems. It starts with the historical milestones in
genitourinary and pelvic floor reconstruction and gives an insight on the
embryology and development of congenital anomalies in females. Pelvic
floor disorders and incontinence are increasing with age. Taking the demo-
graphic changes in industrial countries into consideration, a significant rise can
be expected with a major socioeconomic impact and burden to the healthcare
systems. Thus, there is an urgent need for established standards with respect to
diagnostics, treatments, and follow-up. Consequently, a large part of the book
focusses on the evaluation and management (conservative and surgical) of the
underlying disorders and diseases. For reconstruction, minimal invasive tech-
niques are addressed as well as open surgical procedures. In addition, there is a
focus on possible and common complications and their management. Besides
common diseases and disorders, rare conditions such as urethral strictures or
diverticula are also addressed. Solutions are offered for challenging conditions
as for trauma, bladder pain syndrome, or severe irradiation damage. In prin-
ciple, all types of urinary diversion can be used in females but some, such as
neobladders, might have a different functional outcome compared to males – a
topic also addressed in the book. Gender-assigning surgery has become an
increasing part of genitourinary reconstructions in males as well as females,
another actual and important subject covered. Moreover, a chapter on stem
cells and tissue engineering provides a careful look into potential future
treatment. Even though the same principles for reconstruction of the genito-
urinary tract are used in males and females, there are significant differences in
the surgical approach and steps. In this book, the surgical techniques for
reconstruction are described in detail by well-known and experienced

ix
x Foreword

surgeons. The editors succeeded in bringing together experts from all over the
world as authors, thus guaranteeing a sophisticated and global perspective.
It always needs someone to take the initiative for such a contribution, which
means a tremendous amount of work in addition to our daily routine and
patient care. I would like to thank my colleague and dear friend Francisco
Martins for taking this step. It undermines his dedication to the field of
reconstructive urology and his active role in the international community of
reconstructive urologists.
I highly recommend this book to everyone interested in reconstructive
urology.

Professor of Urology Margit Fisch, M.D., FEAPU, FEBU

Past President ESGURS
Past President GURS
Past President DGU

References

1. Wizemann TM, Mary-Lou P, Hrsg. Exploring the biological contributions

to human health: Does sex matter? Washington: National Academies Press;
2001.
Preface

This book on female genitourinary and pelvic floor reconstruction is the

end-result of the work of an international panel of renowned experts in the
field, who kindly lent their time, efforts, and patience to make this project a on
historical perspectives, innovations, challenges, and controversies in the field
of female genitourinary and pelvic floor disorders.
As the human population lives longer and general health has improved, the
prevalence of these genitourinary and pelvic floor problems has also been on
the rise. The term female pelvic medicine has been adopted recently to
incorporate a broad array of inter-related clinical conditions that range from
lower urinary tract dysfunctions and disorders, pelvic organ prolapses and
anatomical anomalies, urinary voiding dysfunctions, defecatory dysfunction,
sexual dysfunction, to several chronic pelvic pain problems. It has been
reported and estimated that more than half of the adult females will suffer
from one or more of these problems for some period in their lifetimes and
about 11% will undergo surgical treatment for genitourinary and pelvic floor
problems by 80 years of age. Financial costs and global healthcare burden
associated with genitourinary and pelvic floor disorders result in huge adverse
psychosocial impact, which ultimately reflects on quality of life. Both the
increase and demand for healthcare services related to these problems will, at
least, double the growth rate of the world population over the next 40 years.
Research in genitourinary and pelvic floor disorders is based on and
supported by a few principles. The first principle is to increase knowledge
on pathophysiology of the specific disorders, a principle that is transversal to
other medical specialties. Clinical research to enhance patient outcomes is
another important principle. A third principle, critical and unique to recon-
structive surgery, deals with advances in wound healing, an essential compo-
nent for the success of any reconstructive surgery as well as the optimization of
overall clinical management.
International interest in genitourinary and pelvic floor disorders of the
female patient has promoted awareness of the high prevalence of these health
problems in an increasingly ageing population. A widespread need for educa-
tion and training in the field of genitourinary and pelvic floor disorders and
reconstructive surgery is critical as demands are on the rise and both quantity
and quality of life have become an increasingly relevant issue.

xi
xii Preface

This book includes 65 chapters divided into 10 sections. Section 1 includes

chapters 1 through 6 and features a historical perspective of the field, dating
millennia back in time, as well as its basic science and epidemiology. Section 2
includes chapters 7 through 11 and features clinical diagnosis and essential
diagnostic tools needed for the various disorders included. Section 3 includes
chapters 12 through 27 and features disorders of bladder storage and emptying.
Section 4 includes chapters 28 through 38 and features pelvic organ prolapse
disorders. Section 5 groups chapters 39 through 49 and describes urethral
reconstruction associated with fistulae, diverticula, and urethral strictures.
Section 6 includes chapters 50 and 51 that deal with ureteral injuries and
their surgical reconstruction. Section 7 includes chapters 52 through 54 and
discusses chronic pelvic pain, irritative voiding disorders, and female sexual
dysfunction. Section 8 comprises chapters 55 and 56 and discusses fecal
incontinence and defecatory prolapse and dysfunction. Section 9 covers chap-
ters 57 through 59 and deals with the use of bowel in genitourinary and pelvic
reconstruction. Section 10 includes chapters 60 and 61 that cover genitouri-
nary and pelvic trauma inflicted iatrogenically, by obstetric trauma and by
genital mutilation, an unfortunate procedure still perpetrated in some parts of
the globe in the twenty-first century. Finally, section 11 includes chapters
62 through 65 that discuss topics related to vaginoplaty, neovagina construc-
tion due to congenital anomalies and trauma, and gender-affirming surgery. All
authors in this book are hand-picked experts that have detailed the best
approaches and thoughts on these challenging disorders and their respective
reconstructions. We could not feel more grateful and proud. We hope that this
book will be a valuable resource and an important reference text to help
improve scientific knowledge and standards of clinical practice of all involved
with genitourinary and pelvic floor reconstruction to take better care of their
patients.

Lisbon, Portugal Francisco E. Martins

Oslo, Norway Henriette Veiby Holm
New York, USA Jaspreet S. Sandhu
Norfolk, USA Kurt A McCammon
October 2023 Editors
Acknowledgments

The editors would like to thank all contributors of this book for their hard
efforts, precious time, inexhaustible patience, and kind help devoted to this
challenging project and for making it a reality. We would also like to thank the
Springer editorial staff, especially Monika Conji, for the tremendous volume
of administrative collaboration, support, and exemplary work, including an
enormous, tireless, overzealous, and prompt assistance with this project. All
these generous attributes facilitated this project immensely.
Finally, a word of appreciation and enormous gratitude to all our family
members and friends for their patience, understanding, and encouragement.

Francisco E. Martins
Henriette Veiby Holm
Jaspreet S. Sandhu
Kurt A McCammon

xiii
Contents

Volume 1

Part I History, Basic Science, and Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Historical Milestones in Female Genitourinary and

Pelvic Floor Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Francisco E. Martins, Natalia Martins, and Liliya Tryfonyuk

2 Embryology and Development of Congenital Anomalies

of the Pelvis and Female Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Vishen Naidoo, Ejikeme Mbajiorgu, and Ahmed Adam

3 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

John T. Stoffel

4 Pathophysiology of Female Micturition Disorders . . . . . . . . 71

Alex Gomelsky, Ann C. Stolzle, and William P. Armstrong

5 The Epidemiology and Socioeconomic Impact of

Female GU and Pelvic Floor Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Gabriela Gonzalez and Jennifer T. Anger

6 Measurement of Urinary Symptoms, Health-Related

Quality of Life, and Outcomes of Treatment of
Genitourinary and Pelvic Floor Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ly Hoang Roberts, Annah Vollstedt, Priya Padmanabhan, and
Larry T. Sirls

Part II Diagnostic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

7 Clinical Evaluation of the Female Lower Urinary

Tract and Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Stephanie Gleicher and Natasha Ginzburg

8 Ultrasound Imaging of the Female Lower Urinary

Tract and Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Lewis Chan, Vincent Tse, and Tom Jarvis

xv
xvi Contents

9 Electrophysiologic Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . 139

Simon Podnar and David B. Vodušek

10 Urodynamic Evaluation: Traditional, Video, and

Ambulatory Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Miguel Miranda and Ricardo Pereira e Silva

11 Endoscopic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Francisco E. Martins, Natalia Martins, Liliya Tryfonyuk, and
José Bernal Riquelme

Part III Bladder Storage and Emptying Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

12 Idiopathic Urinary Retention in the Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Abdulghani Khogeer, Lysanne Campeau, and
Mélanie Aubé-Peterkin

13 Overview of Diagnosis and Pharmacological Treatment

of Overactive and Underactive Bladder Disorders . . . . . . . . 207
S. Saad, N. Osman, O. A. Alsulaiman, and C. R. Chapple

14 Behavioral Modification and Conservative

Management of Overactive Bladder and Underactive
Bladder Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Alain P. Bourcier and Jean A. Juras

15 Bladder Dysfunction and Pelvic Pain: The Role of Sacral,

Tibial, and Pudendal Neuromodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Ly Hoang Roberts, Annah Vollstedt, Jason Gilleran, and
Kenneth M. Peters

16 Voiding Dysfunction After Female Pelvic Surgery . . . . . . . . 275

Shirin Razdan and Angelo E. Gousse

17 Bladder Augmentation and Urinary Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Henriette Veiby Holm

18 Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Evaluation of Stress

Urinary Incontinence: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Helal Syed and Matthias Hofer

19 Pudendal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: Clinical Aspects

and Laparoscopic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Renaud Bollens, Fabienne Absil, and Fouad Aoun

20 Retropubic Suspension Operations for Stress Urinary

Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Jennifer A. Locke, Sarah Neu, and Sender Herschorn

21 Sling Operations for Stress Urinary Incontinence and Their

Historical Evolution: Autologous, Cadaveric, and Synthetic
Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Felicity Reeves and Tamsin Greenwell
Contents xvii

22 Complications of Stress-Urinary Incontinence

Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Bilal Chughtai, Christina Sze, and Stephanie Sansone
23 Artificial Urinary Sphincter for Female Stress Urinary
Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Amélie Bazinet, Emmanuel Chartier-Kastler, and
Stéphanie Gazdovich
24 Urethral Bulking Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Quentin Alimi, Béatrice Bouchard, and Jacques Corcos
25 Laparoscopic Burch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Tamara Grisales and Kathryn Goldrath
26 Management of Urinary Incontinence in the Female
Neurologic Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Oluwarotimi S. Nettey, Katherine E. Fero, and Ja-Hong Kim
27 Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering in Female Urinary
Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Elisabeth M. Sebesta and Melissa R. Kaufman

Part IV Pelvic Organ Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

28 Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Pelvic Organ

Prolapse: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Connie N. Wang and Doreen E. Chung
29 Transvaginal Repair of Cystocele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Rita Jen, Atieh Novin, and David Ginsberg
30 Laparoscopic Paravaginal Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Nikolaos Thanatsis, Matthew L. Izett-Kay, and
Arvind Vashisht
31 Minimally Invasive Approaches in the Treatment of Pelvic
Organ Prolapse: Laparoscopic and Robotic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Justina Tam, Dena E. Moskowitz, Katherine A. Amin, and
Una J. Lee
32 Complications of the Use of Synthetic Mesh Materials
in Stress Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic
Organ Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Michelle E. Van Kuiken and Anne M. Suskind
33 Vaginal Vault Prolapse: Options for Transvaginal
Surgical Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Michele Torosis and Victor Nitti
34 Role of Vaginal Hysterectomy in the Treatment of
Vaginal Middle Compartment Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Luiz Gustavo Oliveira Brito, Cassio Luis Zanettini Riccetto,
and Paulo Cesar Rodrigues Palma
xviii Contents

35 Minimally Invasive Sacrocolpopexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Priyanka Kancherla and Natasha Ginzburg

36 Open Abdominal Sacrocolpopexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Frederico Ferronha, Jose Bernal Riquelme, and
Francisco E. Martins

37 Management of Vaginal Posterior Compartment

Prolapse: Is There Ever a Case for Graft/Mesh? . . . . . . . . . 643
Olivia H. Chang and Suzette E. Sutherland

38 Vaginal Surgery Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Jamaal C. Jackson and Sarah A. Adelstein

Volume 2

Part V Urethral Reconstruction: Fistulae, Diverticula,

and Strictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

39 Overview, Epidemiology, and Etiopathogenetic

Differences in Urogenital Fistulae in the Resourced
and Resource-Limited Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Heléna Gresty, Madina Ndoye, and Tamsin Greenwell

40 Urethrovaginal Fistula Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Christopher Gonzales-Alabastro, Bailey Goyette, and
Stephanie J. Kielb

41 Reconstruction of the Absent or Severely

Damaged Urethra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Elisabeth M. Sebesta, W. Stuart Reynolds, and Roger R.
Dmochowski

42 Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair: Minimally

Invasive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Caroline A. Brandon and Benjamin M. Brucker

43 Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair: Vaginal Approach . . . . . . . . . 761

Annah Vollstedt, Ly Hoang Roberts, and Larry T. Sirls

44 Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair: Abdominal Approach . . . . . . 785

F. Reeves and A. Lawrence

45 Rectovaginal Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

Christine A. Burke, Jennifer E. Park, and Tamara Grisales

46 Ureterovaginal Fistula Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Kelsey E. Gallo, Michael W. Witthaus, and Jill C. Buckley

47 Female Urethral Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

Ignacio Alvarez de Toledo
Contents xix

48 Surgical Reconstruction of Pelvic Fracture Urethral

Injuries in Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Pankaj M. Joshi, Sanjay B. Kulkarni, Bobby Viswaroop, and
Ganesh Gopalakrishnan
49 Surgical Repair of Urethral Diverticula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
S. Saad, N. Osman, O. A. Alsulaiman, and C. R. Chapple

Part VI Ureteral Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

50 Surgical Reconstruction of Ureteral Defects:

Strictures, External Trauma, Iatrogenic,
and Radiation Induced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Gillian Stearns and Jaspreet S. Sandhu
51 Techniques of Ureteral Reimplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Andrew Lai, Rabun Jones, Grace Chen, and Diana Bowen

Part VII Pelvic Pain, Irritative Voiding Disorders, and

Female Sexual Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

52 Pathophysiology and Clinical Evaluation of

Chronic Pelvic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Elise J. B. De and Jan Alberto Paredes Mogica
53 Bladder Pain Syndrome: Interstitial Cystitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Francisco Cruz, Rui Pinto, and Pedro Abreu Mendes
54 Female Sexual Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Francisco E. Martins, Farzana Cassim, Oleksandr Yatsina, and
Jan Adlam

Part VIII Fecal Incontinence and Defecatory

Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

55 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of

Defecatory Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Amythis Soltani, Domnique Malacarne Pape, and
Cara L. Grimes
56 Management of Fecal Incontinence, Constipation,
and Rectal Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Johannes Kurt Schultz and Tom Øresland

Part IX Use of Bowel in Genitourinary and Pelvic

Reconstruction and Other Complex Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

57 Indications and Use of Bowel in Female Lower

Urinary Tract Reconstruction: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Warren Lo and Jun Jiet Ng
xx Contents

58 Options for Surgical Reconstruction of the

Heavily Irradiated Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Jas Singh, Margaret S. Roubaud, Thomas G. Smith III, and
O. Lenaine Westney
59 Use and Complications of Neobladder and Continent
Urinary Diversion in Female Pelvic Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
Bastian Amend, Kathrin Meisterhofer, Jens Bedke, and
Arnulf Stenzl

Part X Genitourinary and Pelvic Trauma: Iatrogenic

and Violent Causes (War and Civil Causes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127

60 Surgical Reconstruction of the Urinary Tract Following

Obstetric and Pelvic Iatrogenic Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Farzana Cassim, Jan Adlam, and Madina Ndoye
61 Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Madina Ndoye, Serigne Gueye, Lamine Niang,
Farzana Cassim, and Jan Adlam

Part XI Vaginoplasty and Neovagina Construction

in Congenital Defects, Trauma, and Gender
Affirming Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183

62 (Neo) Vaginoplasty in Female Pelvic

Congenital Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
Manuel Belmonte Chico Goerne, David Bouhadana,
Mohamed El-Sherbiny, and Mélanie Aubé-Peterkin
63 Genital Reconstruction in Male-to-Female Gender
Affirmation Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Marta R. Bizic, Marko T. Bencic, and Mirosav L. Djordjevic
64 Complications of Gender-Affirmation Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 1227
Silke Riechardt
65 Functional and Aesthetic Surgery of
Female Genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
S. Pusica, B. Stojanovic, and Mirosav L. Djordjevic
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253
About the Editors

Francisco E. Martins is a Consultant Urologist

with specialization on male and female genitouri-
nary reconstruction, focusing on the complica-
tions of the treatments of pelvic malignancies,
minimally invasive treatment options for penile
and urethral cancers, and andrology. He obtained
his Medical Degree from the Faculty of Medicine,
University of Lisbon, in 1983. He was conferred
the title Specialist in Urology by the Portuguese
Medical Association, College of Urology, in
1993. He did temporary Urology residency train-
ing at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Har-
vard University in Boston (International
Exchange Urology Residency Program,
September–December 1991), and a research and
clinical fellowship at the University of Southern
California in Los Angeles (1993–1994). His areas
of major clinical and research interest are in
Genito-urethral and Pelvic Trauma Reconstruc-
tion, Vesicovaginal and Rectovaginal Fistula,
Female Pelvic Medicine, Erectile Dysfunction,
Urinary Diversion, and Penile and Urethral Can-
cer. He has been Consultant Urological Surgeon at
Santa Maria University Hospital (2008–present).
In May 2017, he was elected to the GURS
Board of Directors (Genitourinary Reconstructive
Surgeons). In October 2017, September 2018, and
March 2021, he was awarded Honorary Member-
ship of the Hungarian Urological Association
(HUA), the South African Urological Association
(SAUA), and the Philippine Society of Genitouri-
nary Reconstructive Society, respectively. In May
2019, he was elected President of the GURS
(Society of Genito-Urinary Reconstructive Sur-
geons). He is a member of several national and

xxi
xxii About the Editors

international societies and associations, including

the Portuguese Urological Association, European
Association of Urology (EAU), American Uro-
logical Association, Société Internationale
d’Urologie (SIU), Canadian Urological Associa-
tion (CUA), Hungarian Urological Society
(HUA), and Society of Urodynamics and Func-
tional Urology (SUFU).
He is a member of the first EAU Guidelines
Panel for Urethral Strictures and a peer reviewer
for several journals, including Actas Urológicas
Españolas, Advances in Urology, Biomed
Research International, British Journal of Medi-
cine and Medical Research, European Urology,
International Urology and Nephrology, Journal
of Men’s Health, Journal of Surgery, World Jour-
nal of Urology and Journal of Urology, and Urol-
ogy Video Journal. He has presented and lectured
at numerous national and international meetings,
conferences, and congresses and has published
and co-authored over 80 articles in peer-reviewed
journals and 7 book chapters and has edited
4 books on erectile dysfunction, penile cancer,
and male, as well as female, genitourethral recon-
struction. He has also published four special
issues for Advances in Urology, Biomed Research
International, Translational Andrology and Urol-
ogy, and Journal of Clinical Medicine.

Henriette Veiby Holm is a consultant urological

surgeon with specialization on female and male
genitourinary reconstruction. She has a special
focus on the complications of the treatments of
pelvic lower urinary tract disorders, both benign
and malignant, and other pelvic disorders. Female
and male urethral surgery, urological implants,
and andrological surgery are among her speciali-
ties. She also specializes in neurogenic dysfunc-
tion of the lower urinary tract and offers minor and
major reconstructive urological surgery.
Holm obtained her medical degree from the
Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University in
Budapest, in 2004 and her Ph.D. from the Faculty
of Medicine, University of Oslo, in 2015. She was
conferred the title Specialist in Urology by the
Norwegian Medical Association in 2020. She
About the Editors xxiii

currently works as consultant urological surgeon

at the Section of Reconstructive Urology and
Neurourology, Department of Urology, Oslo Uni-
versity Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norway. She is
member of several national and international soci-
eties and associations, including the Norwegian
Urological Association, Nordic Urological Asso-
ciation, European Association of Urology (EAU),
Société Internationale d’Urologie (SIU), and
Society of Genito-Urinary Reconstructive Sur-
geons (GURS).
Holm is chair of the Nordic Urological Asso-
ciation Collaboration Group on Lower Urinary
Tract Disorders and is a member of the editorial
board of the Scandinavian Journal of Urology.
She is a peer reviewer for several international
journals including the British Journal of Urology
International, Journal of Urology, Neurourology
and Urodynamics, and Scandinavian Journal of
Urology. She is a member of the Nordic Implanter
Advisory Board and a former member of the
Nordic Advisory Board on Botulinumtoxin in
Urology.

Jaspreet S. Sandhu is an Attending Urologist

within the Department of Surgery (Urology Ser-
vice) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
His primary interest is to understand, predict, pre-
vent, and treat voiding dysfunction caused by
cancer or its treatments, with a focus on the treat-
ment of male and female incontinence and urinary
tract/pelvic reconstruction. In addition,
Dr. Sandhu has a strong interest in the surgical
treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and
voiding dysfunction caused by advanced cancers.
He has been active, serving on committee and as
faculty for annual meetings, in the American Uro-
logical Association; the Society of Urodynamics,
Female Pelvic Medicine, and Urogenital Recon-
struction; the Society of Genitourinary Recon-
structive Surgeons; and the Society for
International Urology. Dr. Sandhu has authored
over 200 peer-reviewed manuscripts, review arti-
cles, and book chapters.
xxiv About the Editors

Kurt A McCammon is the Devine Chair in

Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgery and Chair-
man and Professor of the Department of Urology
at Eastern Virginia Medical School. He is the
Program Director of the Urology Residency Pro-
gram and also the Program Director of the Adult
and Pediatric Genitourinary Reconstructive Sur-
gery Fellowship Program at Eastern Virginia
Medical School. He received his medical degree
from the Medical College of Ohio and then went
on to do his urology residency at Eastern Virginia
Medical School (EVMS) followed by a 2 year
fellowship in genitourinary reconstructive surgery
also at EVMS. He received the Distinguished
Alumnus Award from the University of Toledo
in October 2011.
Dr. McCammon is past president of the Soci-
ety of Genitourinary Surgeons and is the Chair of
the Board of IVUmed. He is a member of the
American Urological Association (AUA) and cur-
rently is the Mid-Atlantic representative to the
AUA. He is also a member of the American
College of Surgeons, the IVUmed, and Société
Internationale d’Urologie. He is Diplomate of the
American Board of Urology.
Dr. McCammon lectures both nationally and
internationally on the topics of male and female
reconstruction and has also authored numerous
chapters and publications on pelvic reconstruc-
tion. His clinical interests include female urology,
pelvic reconstruction, urethral reconstruction, and
male incontinence.
Contributors

Fabienne Absil Gynaecology, Epicura Hospital, Ath, Belgium

Ahmed Adam Division of Urology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johan-

nesburg, South Africa

Sarah A. Adelstein Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Jan Adlam Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecoogy, Stellenbosch Uni-

versity/Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Quentin Alimi Department of Urology, McGill University, Jewish General

Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada

O. A. Alsulaiman Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals

NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Ignacio Alvarez de Toledo Buenos Aires British Hospital, University of

Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Bastian Amend Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tuebingen,

Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

Katherine A. Amin Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller

School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

Jennifer T. Anger Department of Urology, University of California, San

Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

Fouad Aoun Urology, Hôtel Dieu de France, Université Saint Joseph,

Beyrouth, Lebanon

William P. Armstrong LSU Health Shreveport School of Medicine, Shreve-

port, LA, USA

Mélanie Aubé-Peterkin Department of Surgery/Urology, McGill University

Health Center and Lachine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada

Amélie Bazinet Department of Urology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital,

University of Montreal, QC, Canada

Jens Bedke Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tuebingen,

Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
xxv
xxvi Contributors

Manuel Belmonte Chico Goerne Sexual Medicine and Genitourinary

Reconstructive Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC,
Canada
Marko T. Bencic Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Surgery, Belgrade, Serbia
Marta R. Bizic Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Surgery, Belgrade, Serbia
Renaud Bollens Urology, Centre Hospitalier de Wallonie Picarde, Tournai,
Belgium
Urology Department, Catholic University of North of France, Lille, France
Béatrice Bouchard Department of Urology, McGill University, Jewish Gen-
eral Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
David Bouhadana McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Alain P. Bourcier Centre d’Imagerie Médicale Cardinet, International Com-
mittee of Postpartum Management, Paris, France
Diana Bowen Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Caroline A. Brandon New York University School of Medicine, New York,
NY, USA
Luiz Gustavo Oliveira Brito Division of Gynecological Surgery, Depart-
ment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State Uni-
versity of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Benjamin M. Brucker New York University School of Medicine, New
York, NY, USA
Jill C. Buckley UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA
Christine A. Burke University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
Lysanne Campeau Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, Mon-
treal, QC, Canada
Farzana Cassim Division of Urology, Stellenbosch University/Tygerberg
Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
Lewis Chan Department of Urology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital
and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Olivia H. Chang Division of Female Urology, Voiding Dysfunction and
Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Urology, University of Califor-
nia Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Contributors xxvii

C. R. Chapple Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS

Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Emmanuel Chartier-Kastler Department of Urology, Sorbonne Université,

Academic Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

Grace Chen Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chi-

cago, IL, USA

Bilal Chughtai Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York

Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York
Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA

Doreen E. Chung Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving

Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Jacques Corcos Department of Urology, McGill University, Jewish General

Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada

Francisco Cruz Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of University

of Porto, Hospital São João, I3S Institute for Investigation and Innovation in
Health, Porto, Portugal

Elise J. B. De Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Mirosav L. Djordjevic Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Sur-

gery, Belgrade, Serbia

Roger R. Dmochowski Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Med-

ical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

Mohamed El-Sherbiny Department of Surgery and Pediatric surgery,

McGill University Health Center and Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal,
QC, Canada

Katherine E. Fero Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medi-

cine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Frederico Ferronha Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Lisboa Central, Lis-

bon, Portugal

Kelsey E. Gallo UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA

Stéphanie Gazdovich Department of Urology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont

Hospital, University of Montreal, QC, Canada

Jason Gilleran William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Hospital,

Oakland University, Royal Oak, MI, USA

David Ginsberg USC Institute of Urology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Natasha Ginzburg Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical Univer-

sity, Syracuse, NY, USA
xxviii Contributors

Stephanie Gleicher Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical

Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Kathryn Goldrath University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
Alex Gomelsky Department of Urology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreve-
port, LA, USA
Christopher Gonzales-Alabastro Department of Urology, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Gabriela Gonzalez Department of Urology, University of California, Davis
School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
Ganesh Gopalakrishnan Vedanayagam Hospital, Coimbatore, India
Angelo E. Gousse Department of Urology, Larkin Hospital Palm Springs
Teaching Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
Bailey Goyette Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of
MIssouri, Columbia, USA
Tamsin Greenwell University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Heléna Gresty University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Cara L. Grimes Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology,
New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Tamara Grisales University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
Serigne Gueye Cheikh Anta Diop University/Hospital General Idrissa
Poueye, Dakar, Senegal
Sender Herschorn Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Ly Hoang Roberts William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Hos-
pital, Oakland University, Royal Oak, MI, USA
Matthias Hofer Urology San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
Henriette Veiby Holm Section of reconstructive urology and neurourology,
Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo,
Norway
Matthew L. Izett-Kay Department of Urogynaecology, The John Radcliffe
Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Women’s Centre,
Oxford University, Oxford, UK
Jamaal C. Jackson Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Tom Jarvis Department of Urology, Prince of Wales Hospital and University
of NSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
Contributors xxix

Rita Jen USC Institute of Urology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Rabun Jones Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL, USA
Pankaj M. Joshi UROKUL, Pune, India
Jean A. Juras Centre d’Imagerie Médicale Cardinet, Paris, France
Priyanka Kancherla Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical Uni-
versity, Syracuse, NY, USA
Melissa R. Kaufman Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Abdulghani Khogeer Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Stephanie J. Kielb Department of Urology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Ja-Hong Kim Division of Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
Michelle E. Van Kuiken Department of Urology, University of California,
San Francisco, CA, USA
Sanjay B. Kulkarni UROKUL, Pune, India
Andrew Lai Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chi-
cago, IL, USA
A. Lawrence Counties Manukau and Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New
Zealand
Una J. Lee Section of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Virginia Mason
Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA, USA
Warren Lo Urology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Jennifer A. Locke Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Francisco E. Martins Department of Urology, Reconstructive Urology Unit,
School of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria, CHULN, University of Lisbon,
Lisbon, Portugal
Natalia Martins Urology Division, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon,
Portugal
Ejikeme Mbajiorgu School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Wit-
watersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Kathrin Meisterhofer Department of Urology, University Hospital of
Tuebingen; Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
xxx Contributors

Pedro Abreu Mendes Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of Uni-

versity of Porto, Hospital São João, I3S Institute for Investigation and Inno-
vation in Health, Porto, Portugal
Miguel Miranda Urology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lis-
boa Norte, Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
Dena E. Moskowitz Department of Urology, University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
Vishen Naidoo Division of Urology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johan-
nesburg, South Africa
Madina Ndoye Department of Urology, Cheikh Anta Diop University/Hos-
pital General Idrissa Poueye, Dakar, Senegal
Oluwarotimi S. Nettey Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Sarah Neu Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jun Jiet Ng Urogynecology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Lamine Niang Cheikh Anta Diop University/Hospital General Idrissa
Poueye, Dakar, Senegal
Victor Nitti Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery,
Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School
of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Atieh Novin USC Institute of Urology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Tom Øresland Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
N. Osman Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foun-
dation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Priya Padmanabhan Oakland University William Beaumont School of
Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
Paulo Cesar Rodrigues Palma Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical
Sciences, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Domnique Malacarne Pape Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Jan Alberto Paredes Mogica Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico
Jennifer E. Park University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
Ricardo Pereira e Silva Urology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
Lisboa; Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
Kenneth M. Peters William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Hos-
pital, Oakland University, Royal Oak, MI, USA
Contributors xxxi

Rui Pinto Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of University of

Porto, Hospital São João, I3S Institute for Investigation and Innovation in
Health, Porto, Portugal
Simon Podnar Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
S. Pusica Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Surgery, Belgrade,
Serbia
Shirin Razdan Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
F. Reeves Department of Urology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Mel-
bourne, Australia
Felicity Reeves Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
W. Stuart Reynolds Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Cassio Luis Zanettini Riccetto Division of Female Urology, Department of
Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas –
UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Silke Riechardt Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-
Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Jose Bernal Riquelme Urology Division, Hospital Sotero Del Rio, Santiago,
Chile
Margaret S. Roubaud Department of Plastic Surgery, Division of Surgery,
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
S. Saad Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Founda-
tion Trust, Sheffield, UK
Jaspreet S. Sandhu Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York,
NY, USA
Stephanie Sansone Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New
York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York
Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
Johannes Kurt Schultz Department of GI Surgery, Akershus University
Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
Elisabeth M. Sebesta Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medi-
cal Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Jas Singh Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Larry T. Sirls Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine,
Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
xxxii Contributors

Thomas G. Smith III Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, The

University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Amythis Soltani Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Westchester

Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA

Gillian Stearns Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA

Arnulf Stenzl Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tuebingen;

Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany

John T. Stoffel University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

B. Stojanovic Belgrade Center for Urogenital Reconstructive Surgery, Bel-

grade, Serbia
School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Ann C. Stolzle LSU Health Shreveport School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA,

USA

Anne M. Suskind Department of Urology, University of California, San

Francisco, CA, USA

Suzette E. Sutherland UW Medicine Pelvic Health Center, Department of

Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

Helal Syed Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital

Los Angeles | University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los
Angeles, CA, USA

Christina Sze Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine/New York

Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA

Justina Tam Section of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Virginia Mason

Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA, USA
Urogynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Nikolaos Thanatsis Urogynaecology and Pelvic Floor Unit, University Col-

lege London Hospital, London, UK

Michele Torosis Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive

Surgery, Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Liliya Tryfonyuk Urology Division, Rivne Regional Hospital, Rivne,

Ukraine

Vincent Tse Department of Urology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital

and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Arvind Vashisht Urogynaecology and Pelvic Floor Unit, University College

London Hospital, London, UK

Bobby Viswaroop Vedanayagam Hospital, Coimbatore, India

Contributors xxxiii

David B. Vodušek Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, Division of Neu-

rology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Annah Vollstedt Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and
Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
Connie N. Wang Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Med-
ical Center, New York, NY, USA
O. Lenaine Westney Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, The
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Michael W. Witthaus UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA
Oleksandr Yatsina Department of Urological Surgery, National Cancer
Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine