Mixed convection magnetohydrodynamics of different forms

of triangular cavity Involving CuO/Water nanofluid.

Roubi Abdelhak1, Allali Abderrazak1, Fares Redouane2, Yacine Khelili1.
1
Department of Mechanical, Laboratory of Industrial Technology Study and Research 1, University
Saad Dahlab, Blida 1, Algeria
2
LGIDD, Relizane University, 48000, Algeria
3
Department of Mathematics, Capital university of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad,
44000, Pakistan3
4
Department of Mathematics, Lahore College for Women University, 54000, Lahore, Pakisten4
Correspond author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT

The current research studied the two-dimensional mixed heat transfer in three different
cavities with inlet/outlet opening, The heat source is located on a part of the bottom wall,
Several parameters such as (10≤Re≤150); (0.1≤Ri≤10); (0≤Ha≤100); (0.02≤ φ ≤0.08). Were
analyzed on three different models. The results showed a difference in the presence of the
magnetic field, We notice an increase in the value of the Reynolds number leads to a decrease
in the velocity of heat flow. The heat transfer value increases in the second keffiyeh to give a
maximum value, While it is low in the first and third cavity. In addition . With increasing
concentration of the nanofluids, The average number of Nusselt in the three cavities
increased. It is hoped that these results will be useful in optimizing convection.
Keywords: Nanofluid, Heat Transfer, Reynolds Numbers, Triangular Cavity, Hartmann
Number. different form of cavity Magnetic field.

Nomenclature
a Length (m)
B0 Intensity of magnetic field
Cp specific heat at constant pressure (J/Kg K)

Gr Grashof number, g β f (TH _ TC) H3/ϑ 2f

g gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

H cavity height (m)
Ha Hartmann number
h heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
k Thermal conductivity (W/m K)
L Dimension of the cavity (m)
Nu Nusselt number
Nu* normalized Nusselt number, Num(φ)/¿ Num (φ =0)
Pr Prandtl number, ϑ f /α f
P pressure (Pa)

P dimensionless pressure, p/ ρ f μ 20

Ri Richardson number, g β ¿
Re Reynolds number, ρ f μ 0 H /μ f
T temperature (K)
To temperature of reference (K), (TH + TC)/2
U dimensionless velocity vector (m/s)
u0 velocity of the flow at the inlet (m/s)
u⃗ velocity vector (m/s)
U, V dimensionless velocity, u/u0, v/u0
u, v velocity components in x, y direction (m/s)
X, Y dimensionless Cartesian coordinates, x/H, y/H
x, y cartesian coordinates (m)

Greek symbols
α Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
β Thermal expansion coefficient (1/K)
μ Dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)
ϑ Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
ρ Density (kg/m3)
θ Dimensionless temperature, (T - TC)/(TH - TC)
∅ Solid volume fraction
Subscripts
C Cold
H Hot
f pure fluid
avg average
min minimum
max maximum
nf nanofluid
 1. Introduction
Nanofluids have recently been used as an alternative to traditional liquids such as
oil, Water and others due to their efficiency and high quality in heat transfer
convection due to their great importance in several fields such as industry,
Medicine and others. Nanofluid technology has become a research and
development destination by researchers and manufacturers to raise the quality of
products and systems that suffer from the problem of heat convection.

Sourtiji et al have performed a numerical study on mixed convection flow and

heat transfer inside a square cavity with inlet and outlet ports [1]. Subsequently,
Another numerical study of mixed convection, this time using a trapezoidal
cavity, Was performed by Tmartnhad et al. The two openings are fitted to the
cavity plates. The inlet opening is either vertical or horizontal, Whereas the outlet
opening is mounted horizontally on the bottom wall [2]. Vajjha and Das
performed a comprehensive analysis to assess the effects on Nano fluid
performance due to variations in density, Specific heat, Thermal conductivity and
viscosity [3]. The analysis made by Yadav et al is designed to study the effect of
a uniform vertical magnetic field on the onset of convection in an electrically
conductive Nano fluid layer with a new set of physical boundary conditions [4].
Yang and Du first summarised non-Newtonian Nano fluids. Then, Two well-
known models, Namely the Power-law model and the Bingham model, Are
given, Followed by empirical studies on non-Newtonian fluids or Nano fluids [5].
Zeeshan Shehzad and Ellahi have investigated the energy activation in a radiative
Couette-Poiseuille MHD flow of Nano fluid in a horizontal channel with
convective boundary <conditions [6]. Buongiorno's mathematical model
effectively depicts the analysis of current flow. Mohsen Izadi Maleki et al.
Numerically studied the natural convection heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid in
a porous cavity facing a variable magnetic field [7]. Irfan et al review the most
recent advances in nanotechnology using the properties of nonlinear mixed
convection and binary chemical reaction with time-dependent Arrhenius
activation energy in a Carreau nanometer [8]. The energy and concentration
terminologies include Brownian nanoparticles and thermophoresis. The silent
characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), The non-uniform heat
sink/source and thermal radiation are described. A recent work conducted by
Amine et al has investigated the behaviour of a triangular cavity filled with an
Ag-MgO/water nanofluid under natural MHD convection and fitted with a
rotating circular barrier, While the right-angled corner is fitted with a quarter-
circle porous medium and maintained at a fixed hot temperature Th [9]. Many
parameters are being evaluated such as the Rayleigh number (10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 106),
The Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 80) and the Darcy number (10 -5 ≤ Da ≤ 0.15).
Bianco et al. Have analysed the turbulent convection of the Al2O3-water
nanofluid inside a tube of circular cross-section exposed to a constant wall
temperature [10]. The study is carried out numerically using the mixing model.
The research concentrates on the performance analysis of the Al 2O3-water
nanofluid in the given device. The current study was carried out by Ullah et al
gives a mathematical and computational analysis of forced and free convection in
a square-shaped enclosure with an inlet and outlet opening [11].The flow field is
modelled by CuO nanoparticles with the assumption of a porous medium. The
left boundary is uniformly heated whilst the right side is cold set. The force flow
constraint is applied to the opening ports and the other parts are maintained
adiabatic. To be more accurate, Mixed convection transport in the regime remains
due to the thermal difference between the heated source and the cold fluid. Giwa
et al concentrated on the application of numerical and experimental techniques to
the hydromagnetic behaviour of nanofluids in square-shaped enclosures [12]. The
concept of bioconvection, Bio-nanofluid (green nanofluid), Ionic nanofluid and
hybrid nanofluid was also examined for the first time in relation to natural
convection. Special cases of natural MHD convection in cavities involving
micropolar and hybrid nanofluids are also described in this paper. The laminar
forced convection of a nanofluid composed of Al 2O3 and water was studied
numerically by M Izadi et al [13]. Hussain et al investigated the mixed
convection of an Al2O3–Cu water-based hybrid nanofuid inside a wavy channel
with a circular cylinder. A two-dimensional system of partial differential
equations was discretized using the Galerkin finite element method. They came to
the conclusion that the Reynolds number is critical in determining fluid flow and
heat transmission. As the Reynolds number rises, the fluid's behavior shifts from
slower to faster. Furthermore, they discovered that the velocity increases with
each hump, and that the bottom wavy wall has a considerable enrichment in the
local Nusselt number[14].The dynamic viscosity is supposed to be a function of
the magnetic field vector.Kefayati analysed the laminar mixed convection of non-
Newtonian nanofluids in a square cavity driven by a lid in the presence of a
vertical magnetic field by the Finite Difference Boltzmann Method (FDLBM)
[15].The cavity is filled with water and copper (Cu) nanoparticles as the mixture
exhibits shear thinning behaviour. This study was done for some relevant
parameters of the Richardson number. Kulkarni et al. noticed that the heat
transfer coefficient of nanofluids increases with volume concentration[16]. In
order to identify how the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids increase with
volume concentration, experiments were conducted on copper oxide, Aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide nanofluids, Each in a mixture of ethylene glycol and
water. The calculations were made for conventional finned tube heat exchangers
used in buildings in colder areas.Yimin and Qiang constructed an experimental
system to study the convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of the
nanofluid in a tube [17].The convective heat transfer coefficient and the friction
factor of the Cu-water nanofluid for laminar and turbulent flow are
taken.Murshed and Nieto de Castro provided a numerical study of entropy
generation and heat transfer by mixed convection of a Cu-water nanofluid flow in
an inclined open cavity uniformly heated from the left wall [18].Mehrez et al
presented a review of the current state of the art on the research and development
of conductive (thermal conductivity) and convective heat transfer characteristics
of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids [19]. Qi et al conducted a study on the
natural convection heat transfer of Fe 3O4-water nanofluids in a rectangular cavity
under an adjustable magnetic field [20].M Sheikholeslami and Ellahi presented a
magneto hydrodynamic nanofluid hydrothermal treatment in a bottom-heated
cubic cavity [21].The mathematical model is composed of the continuity and
momentum equations, Meanwhile a novel model is suggested to view the effects
of Brownian motion on the effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of the
nanofluid. M Sheikholeslami has provided a magnetohydrodynamic hydrothermal analysis
of the nanofluid in an open porous cavity using the Lattice Boltzmann method [22].The
influence of Brownian motion on the properties of the nanofluid is examined using the Koo-
Kleinstreuer-Li (KKL) model. Mohsen Sheikholeslami has studied the forced convection of
CuO-H2O nanofluid in a porous cavity controlled by a lid under the impact of a magnetic field
[23] .The shape effect of nanoparticles and the impact of Brownian motion on the properties
of the nanofluid are considered .M Sheikholeslami has simulated a nanofluid flow in a three-
dimensional porous cavity under the impact of a magnetic field using the Lattice Boltzmann
method. The chamber is filled with Al2O3-H2O nanofluid [24]. Shirvan et al numerically
studied the effect of field application on mixed convection heat transfer in a ventilated square
cavity filled with a base fluid (water). The upper wall of the cavity was maintained at a
constant temperature while the lower wall was maintained at a constant heat flux.The right
and left walls are both adiabatic.An external flow comes into the cavity through a hole in the
left vertical wall and exits through the right one [25]. Sourtiji et al performed a numerical
study of unsteady mixed convection flows through a nanofluid of alumina and water in a
square cavity with inlet and outlet ports due to the oscillation of the inflow [26]. The work
developed by Fares et al consists of the characterization of the stationary laminar flow of a
nanofluid passing through a square cavity, Together with a quantification of the convective
exchanges which occur in it [27]. The cavity is square geometrically shaped by a flow of an
Ag-MgO / Water hybrid nanofluid. The work developed by F Mebarek-Oudina et al provides
a description of the laminar flow of nanoliquids in a trapezoidal cavity, In addition to
measuring the convective exchanges within it [28]. Zeeshan Shehzad and Ellahi used
convection conditions to explore the activation of energy in the MHD radiative flow nanofluid
in a horizontal channel [29]. Buongiorno's mathematical model effectively describes the
current analysis. Giwa et al focused on the application of numerical and experimental
methods to hydromagnetic nanofluids in square-shaped enclosures [30]. The concept of
bioconvection, Bio-nanofluid, Ionic nanofluid has also been examined for the first time in
natural convection. Special cases of MHD natural convection involving micropolar and
hybrid nanofluids are also discussed. M Sheikholeslami and Ellahi have shown that magneto
hydrodynamic hydrothermal treatment of the nanofluid in a bottom-heated cubic cavity [31].
Alklaibi et al investigated the effectiveness of water-based hybrid MWCNT/Fe3O4
nanofluids as a plate heat exchanger coolant in an experimental study. They discovered that
utilizing MWCNT + Fe3O4/water nanofluids increases plate heat exchanger performance
across several parameters. The enhancement increases as the concentration of nanoparticles
and the velocity of coolant flow rise. [32]. Fares et al evaluated the incremental aspect of
generated entropy inside a porous square-shaped container filled by Ag/Water nanofluid. The
Darcy-Forchheimer model was used to mathematically express porosity, while the Lorentz
force law was used to encapsulate the magnetic field effect . They concluded that the use of a
uniform magnetization had the effect of restricting the upward flow of nanofluid into the
cavity [33],

The main objective of our study is to analyze three triangular cavity while keeping the same
hot wall at the bottom and changing the right wall of the triangular cavity. Additionally, This
paper aims to investigate the mixed convective heat transfer of nano-fluids (cuo/water) within
a triangular cavite with a fixed cylinder inside, Subject to a fixed magnetic field. The effect of
various control variables such as φ, Ri, Re, Ha, numbers on the flow characteristics and heat
transfer was investigated.

2. Characterization of problem

In this investigation, Liquid flow and heat transport exist inside a triangular enclosure filled
through Newtonian nanoliquid media. The shape of a size L × H and a diameter (2r) of a
cylinder that is subtracted from the main geometry. The interior is filled with homogeneous
material. A graphical problem with the essential geometric parameters of the enclosure is
demonstrated in Fig. 1. The housing filled with a nanofluid layer (CuO /H 2O). That is located
in the area. Apiece of the down, sidewall is considered hot, the inlet wall is cold. An
adiabatically cylinder that is positioned at the center of the enclosure. It is supposed that the
flow is laminar, steady, Incompressible nanofluid and in the two-dimensional system

Fig. 1: Graphical illustration (A,B,C) of the physical domains.

 Fig. 2: Graphical illustration of mesh distribution of the calculational area

3. Formulation of the Mathematical Model

3.1. Mathematical Formulation
In the present problem, it is considered that the flow is laminar, two-dimensional, steady and
incompressible and the fluid is assumed to be Newtonian. Considering the Bossiness
approximation, the dimensional governing equations in Cartesian coordinates are given as
follows:
∇ u⃗ =0 (1)
u . ∇ u⃗ ) =−∆ p+ μnf ( ∇2 u⃗ ) + ( ρβ )nf g(T −Tc)
ρnf ( ⃗ (2)
2
u⃗ . ∇ T =α nf ∇ T (3)
The above equations are non-dimensionalized by using the following dimensionless
parameters:
x y u ϑ p T −Tc ρ f u0 H ρf (c p) f
X= ,Y = , U= ,V = ,P= 2 ,
θ= , ℜ= , Pr= ,
H H u0 u0 ρf 0 u0 T H −Tc μf Kf

Gr g β f ( T H −Tc ) H
√
3
g β f (T H −Tc) H σ nf
Ri= 2 = 2 ,Gr= 2 , Ha=B0 L
ℜ u0 ϑf ρnf ϑ f
(4)
The dimensionless governing equations can be given by the following forms
⃗ =0
∇U (5)

⃗ ⃗=
U .∇U
(1−φ )+ φ
1
ρs
ρf
[ 1
−∆ P+ ℜ
1
(1−φ ) 2.5
∇2 ⃗
(
Ri ρ β
)]
U + ℜ 1−φ+φ s s θ
ρf β f (6)

K nf
1 Kf
⃗
U . ∇ θ=
2
∇ θ (7)
ℜ . Pr ( ρc p )s
( 1−φ ) +φ
(ρ c p )f
3.2 Thermophysical properties of nanofluid
The effective density, the effective specific, the thermal diffusivity heat and the thermal
expansion coefficient of the nanofluid can be estimated by the following expressions:
ρnf =( 1−φ ) ρf +φ ρs (8)
( ρ C p )nf =( 1−φ ) ( ρC p )f + φ ( ρ C p ) s (9)
¿ (10)
k nf
α nf = (11)
¿¿¿
The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid using the model proposed by Maxwell [34] and the
dynamic viscosity provided by Brinkman [35]which are expressed in the following form:
k nf k s+ 2 k f −2 φ ( k f −k s )
=
kf k s+ 2 k f + φ ( k f −k s )
(12)
μf
μnf = (13)
( 1−φ )2.5
The local Nusselt number, Nu, is used to characterize the heat flux between the heated wall
and the fluid in the cavity. It is expressed as:
h H −K nf ∂ θ
Nu=
Kf
=
Kf ∂ X ( ) x=0
(14)

The average Nusselt number, Nuavg, is obtained by integrating the local Nusselt number all
along the heated wall. It characterizes theoverall heat transfer in the cavity. It is expressed as
follows:
b
1
Nuavg= ∫ Nudx
b 0
(15)

With b is the hot wall long

Designed for nanoparticle CuO, the properties are obtained [14]
Table 1: Thermophysical properties of water and copper. [14]

Property Fluid (water) CuO

Cp (J/kg k) 4179 540
ρ (Kg/m3) 997.1 6500
K (W/mk) 0.613 18
β 10-5 (1/k) 21 29

3.3 Boundary Conditions

The dimensionless boundary conditions can be written as follows:

 Hot walls: u = v = 0, T = TH; U = V = 0, θ=1 (16)

  Cold wall: u =-u0, v = 0 , T = Tc; U = -U0 ,V =0, θ=0 (17)
∂T
 Adiabatic walls and over the cylinder surfaces: u = v = 0, =0 (18)
∂n

4. Validation and Grid Independency Analysis

Six various grids were used to validate that the results are not grid dependent. The Nu avg
(shown in Table 2), was used as the independence of the flux and heat with respect to the
number of grids. Due to the various results, the fourth grid has been preferred as the final grid.
The confidence of the numerical method of solution is one of the main criteria for obtaining
results.

Table 2: Effect of the mesh size on average Nusselt number with Ra = 106, Ha = 20
Grid (Element Number) 1138 1477 2136 5527 15815 19573
Nuavg 1.9934 2.0156 2.0500 2.1397 2.1397 2.1397

Previous studies by Alireza al [36] and Ghassemi et al [37] were used to validate to our model
as shown in Table 3 and Table 4.

Table 3: A comparison: Nusselt average number at φ =0.04 and Ha=0 with ref [36]

Re=30 Re=100
θs Ref[35] Present study Ref[35] Present study

288.15 1.57 1.575 2.56 2.52

303.15 2.51 2.53 3.83 3.79
333.15 6.05 6.10 6.97 6.99

Table 4: A comparison at φ =0.06 between the present study and Ref[36]. Ref[37]

Ra Ha Present study Ref[35] Ghasemi et al [36]

103 30 1.186 1.182 1.184
0 4.955 4.966 4.968
104
30 1.29.7 1.290 1.291
105 30 3.104 3.107 3.108
60 1.81 1.805 1.806
 5. Results and discussion
As mentioned in introduction the effect of natural convection magnetohydrodynamics of a
triangular cavity involving CuO/Water nanofluid for different form of cavity has been
discussed in this paper. Dimensional Parameters comprising Reynolds number Re
(10≤Re≤150), Richardson number Ri (0.1≤Ri≤10) and Hartmann number Ha (0≤Ha≤100) are
used in this study.

5.1 Effect of magnetic field on the streamlines

This section discusses how the intensity of magnetic fields affects the streamlines of the flow.
For this purpose the effect of Richard number and Re number for constant value of Hartmann
number has been analyzed.
Fig.3. demonstrates the changes of the streamlines (Ψ) for diverse values of Richard number
Ri ( 0.1 , 0.5 ,1 , 5 ,10) at Ha = 0 , Re= 10 φ = 0.02 for different forms of cavity illustrates
the variation of streamline contours with different Ri for a nanoparticle volume fraction
Ri=0.1

Ri=0.5

Ri=1

Ri=5

Ri=10

Fig.3. Changes of the streamlines (Ψ) for diverse Ri (0.1, 0.5, 1 ,5 ,10) at Ha = 0 , Re=10 φ=0.02 for
different form of cavity.
(φ=0.02) and Ha=0 , Re=10 . The results show that the distribution of streamlines becomes
better as the value of Ri increases. Furthermore, The higher value of the flux function
increases. This phenomenon means a stronger vortex, And thus a higher velocity of the vortex
in the enclosure. The second characteristic is that the density of the streamlines near the walls,
Increases. This means that the temperature gradient increases near the walls. Therefore, The
size of the vortex increases in this area. Thus, The flow model of the flow function clearly
shows that a cold fluid flow enters the cavity and moves towards the outlet.

Fig.4. illustrates the changes of the streamlines (Ψ) for diverse Re (10, 50, 100, 150) at Ha=0,
φ=0.02, Ri=0.1, For different forms of cavity.
Fig.4. also illustrates that at higher values of Re, the buoyancy forces are stronger, resulting in
better convective motion of the fluid. At higher Re, The buoyancy effect becomes stronger,
Resulting in maximum free convective transport from the heated left wall to the cooled right
wall. It is worth mentioning that the intensity of the flow curves increases in the middle of the
cavity, See Figure 5. In addition, It can be concluded by this section that the streamlines of
convection flow are affected by changing the values of Re numbers with the constant
behavior of Ha number.

Re=10

Re=50

Re=100
 Re=150

Fig.4. Changes of the streamlines (Ψ) for diverse Re (10, 50, 100, 150) at Ha = 0, φ =0.02,
Ri=0.1 , for different form of cavity

5.2 Effect of magnetic field on the temperature

This section analyses the effect of magnetic fields on the temperature function. For this
purpose the effect of Richard number and Re number for constant value of Hartmann number
and has been analyzed.
Fig.5. illustrates the Changes of the temperature (T) for diverse values of Richard number Ri
(0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10) at Ha = 0, Re= 10 and φ=0.02 for different form of cavity. The results show
that the heat transfer rates significantly affect the thermal boundary state and the morphology
of the nanoparticles. For an increase in Ri, The temperature transfer value increases
significantly. In addition, the variation of Ri leads to significant variations in the temperature
field. The enhancement of the Richardson number value minimizes the density of isothermal
lines. In addition, The flow field ignored the vortex velocity decreases when Ri is larger. In
addition, An increase in Ri leads to an increase in buoyancy force. The buoyancy force is due
to the difference between the density of the cold and hot fluid in the cold and hot wall region,
Respectively. A vortex is created due to the movement of the fluid in the chamber. The speed
of the vortex increases with increasing Ra number value, Which leads to improved heat
transfer. This means that conduction contributes more to the heat transfer. For the lowest
value of Ri (Ri=1), There is no convective motion of the fluid in the enclosure, Which is
indicated by the parallel shape of the isotherms. The magnetic field plays a decisive role in the
efficiency of heat transport in the cavity. Otherwise, By increasing Ri, The contribution of
heat conduction becomes more powerful.

Ri=0.
1
 Ri=0.
5

Ri=1

Ri=5

Ri=10

Fig.5. Changes of the temperature (T) for diverse Ri ( 0.1 , 0.5, 1, 5,10) at Ha=0 , Re= 10, φ=0.02
for different form of cavity

Fig.6. Demonstrates the changes of the temperature (T) for diverse Re (10, 50 ,100 ,150) at
Ha=0, φ=0.02 , Ri=0.1 For different form of cavity. By increasing Re, The convection mode
of heat transfer is significantly more important. The isothermal lines become more distorted
and indicate better heat dissipation inside the cavity. In addition, It can be seen by this section
that the temperature of flow has been changed by changing the values of Re numbers with the
constant behavior of Ha number. Where, The variation of Re illustrates the significant impact
on the heat transport performance in the cavity.

Re=10

Re=50

Re=10
0

Re=15
0

Fig.6. Changes of the temperature (T) for diverse Re ( 10 , 50 , 100 , 150) at Ha = 0 ,φ = 0.02,
Ri=0.1, for different form of cavity

5.3 Effect of various parameters on Nusselt number

This section involves the variation of Nusselt number for distinct values of Re number, Ri
number and Ha number.

Fig.7. represents the variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse Ri at Ha = 0 and φ =0.02, Effect
of Ri for on the average Nusselt number and the average Nusselt number increases. The
influence of Ri on Nu is distinct for high Reynolds numbers compared to low Reynolds
numbers; However, for Re=10, the average Nusselt number remains uniform as Ri increases
because the rate of heat transfer occurs solely by conduction independent of magnetic field
effects. From this calculation, we can see that it is the convection effect that determines the
evolution of the mean Nusselt number as a function of the value of Ri. It can been seen from
this figure that the values of Nusselt number is increasing for the rising values of Ri, So a
direct relation is obtained between Nu and Ri.

B
 C

Fig.7. Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse Ri of different forms of cavity at Ha=0 and
φ=0.02
Fig.8. illustrates the variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse Ha at φ = 0.02 and Ha=0. The
evolution of the average Nusselt number as a function of the Reynold's number Re for
different Ha. As can be seen, the average Nusselt number accelerates with increasing values
of the Reynold's number for the parameter Ha. And decreases by increasing the Hartmann
number in the second cavity (B). The heat transfer rate increases and this increase decreases
by changing the magnetic field. This behavior can be attributed to the external magnetic field,
Which dominates the suppression of the flow field. As a result, Nuavg is expected to increase
with Ha. Also, A constant effect of Re on Nu can be observed from this figure.

II

A
 B

Fig.8. Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse Ha of different forms of cavity at φ = 0.02 and
Ha=0.
Fig.9. Demonstrates the variations of Nu avg with Re for diverse φ at Ha = 0 and Ri=0.1. The
behavior of the dependence of the Nusselt number on the volume fraction of the NPs is
presented in this Figure. The average Nu increases with the Reynold number, and this
increase is significant for Re> 50.

Fig.10. Represents the variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha = 0 and
φ =0.02 and Ri=0.1. Fig.10 displays the average Nusselt number as a function of Re number
for different cavity shapes. The results showed an improvement of Nuavg at the second cavity
of the right wall, which is folded inward. The results showed an improvement of Nuavg at the
second cavity of the right wall, Which is folded inward. The latter is characterized by a low
Nuavg compared to the first and second. Furthermore, It can be seen that the better the
Reynolds, The better the Nuavg.
II

C
Fig 9: Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse φ of different forms of cavity at Ha = 0 and
Ri=0.1.

Fig 10: Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha = 0 and φ =0.02 and
Ri=0.1
Fig11 shows the variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha=0 and φ=0.02
and Ri=10 with an increase in the number of Richard in three cavities. We notice a large
convergence in Nuavg when Ri=10. Therefore, the change in cavity shape does not affect the
heat transfer at high Richard Ri=10.

Fig 11: Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha = 0 and φ =0.02 and
Ri=10.
Fig12 illustrates the variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha = 0 and φ
=0.06 and Ri=0.1. Fig13 demonstrates the Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of
cavity at Ha=50 and φ =0.02 and Ri=0.1. Fig 12 and13 study Nuavg at different cavity shapes.
When the values of Ha and φ are larger with the increase of Reynolds number, we observe an
improvement of Nusselt in the second cavity (B), better than in the first (A) and third (C)
cavity. Thus, the improvement in Ha and φ improves the convective heat transfer.

Fig 12: Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha = 0 and φ =0.06 and
Ri=0.1

Fig 13: Variations of Nuavg with Re for diverse forms of cavity at Ha =50 and φ =0.02 and
Ri=0.1
 6. Conclusion
The effects of two-dimensional mixed heat transfer in a different cavity with inlet/outlet
opening with the location of the heat source on a portion of the lower wall, were analyzed on
three different sufficiency models. The following results can be deduced from this numerical
study:

 Despite the three studied cavities, an inverse relationship between velocity and
temperature was observed. When we increase the speed, the temperature decreases and
vice versa. The size of the relationship between speed and temperature varies. High
temperature and low speed have a higher value in the second cavity than in the first and
third cavity.

 By increasing the Hartmann number, increasing the intensity of the magnetic field
leads to an increase in the thickness of the heat streamlines and this results in a clear
decrease in the average Nusselt number in the second cavity.

 By increasing the value of Reynolds number, the velocity of heat flow decreases which
gives us slower fluid flow.

 The second cavity shape helps in improving heat transfer much better than the other
two shapes

Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the General Direction of Scientific
Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT), Algeria.

Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the
article and on request from the corresponding author.

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