Alexandria Engineering Journal (2018) 57, 1867–1875

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Differential transform method for unsteady

nanofluid flow and heat transfer
Muhammad Usman a,*, Muhammad Hamid a, Umar Khan b,
Syed Tauseef Mohyud Din c, Muhammad Asad Iqbal d, Wei Wang a

a
School of Mathematical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
b
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, HITEC University, Taxila Cantt, Pakistan
d
Department of Mathematics, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerain Sharif, AJK, Pakistan

Received 1 December 2016; revised 3 March 2017; accepted 27 March 2017

Available online 26 June 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract In this article, unsteady two phases of nanofluid flow and heat transfer between moving
Differential transform parallel plates in the presence of the magnetic field were tackled by Differential transform method
method; (DTM). System of ordinary differential equations was obtained using the similarity transformation.
Nanofluid; Comparison with numerical method Runge-Kutta of order four specifies that Differential trans-
Heat transfer; form method is very applicable to solve these problems. We investigate the numerical results of dif-
Thermophoresis ferent values of parameters e.g. the squeeze number, Eckert number and Hartmann number. This
sort of results can help the engineers to create higher and researchers to analyze quicker and easier.
Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction solve these sort of problems [3–5]. Due to the increasing needs
of energy, heat transfer phenomena’s have gained considerable
Nonlinear fluid models have gained considerable importance importance now. Recently, nanofluids technology was intro-
and interest for scientists due to its various applications. These duced and many researchers are devoting their time to study
nanofluids were studied by many scholars by changing the nanofluids behavior and properties for transfer of heat phe-
effects of various parameters. Sheikholeslami et. al. [1] investi- nomena. Nanofluids can be used in different engineering appli-
gated rotation of magnetic-hydrodynamic (MHD) viscous flow cations such as cooling of electronic equipment, different
and heat transfer for porous and stretching surfaces. Further- chemical processes and heat exchangers.
more, Sheikholeslami et. al. [2] inspected the steady deposition According to researchers, nanofluids treat as standard pure
of fluid on an inclined rotating disk in three dimensions. After fluids. Heat transfer increment due to adding of nano-particles
that, several other researchers have used different methods to in a heated enclosure was examined by Khanafer et al. [6]. Free
convection heat transfer increment for nanofluids in a horizon-
* Corresponding author. tal concentric annuli was studied by Abu-Nada et. al. [7].
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Usman). Rashidi et. al. [8] performed thermodynamics analysis of elec-
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria trically conducting incompressible nanofluid flowing over a
University. porous tatting disk. Sheikholeslami et al. [9,10] studied heat
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.03.052
1110-0168 Ó 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1868 M. Usman et al.

transfer and nanofluid flow specifications for a rotating system ble transformations and laws of conservation, resulting in
where the nanofluid is flowing between two parallel plates and highly nonlinear ordinary differential equation solved via dif-
MHD free convection of nanofluid in an eccentric semi annu- ferential transform method. The basic advantage of this tech-
lus. The study of Cu-water nanofluid flow with transfer heat nique is that it is free from round off errors, assumption of
and influence of magneto-hydrodynamic and Ferro- small parameters, discretization, identification of Lagrange
hydrodynamic are presented in [11,12]. In the domain of multiplier and use of Adomian’s polynomials. Detailed com-
nanofluids, it is important to highlight some study with various parison of results obtained via RK-4, DTM and already pub-
physical effects. We are citing few references here such as lished work is also discussed. The graphical plots and error
MHD natural convection [13], transfer heat and flow of estimations endorsing that DTM is reliable and efficient tech-
nanofluids for blowing and suction processes [14], in the pres- nique to find the solutions for a wide class of nonlinear prob-
ence of magnetic field entropy generation [15]. It was supposed lems and can be considered as a best alternative to existing
that there are no whatsoever slip velocities between fluid mole- analytical techniques [2,25–30]. Moreover, we realize a
cules and nanoparticles. decrease in skin friction coefficient while enhancing Squeeze
Mostly in above-mentioned investigations, it also assumed and Hartmann numbers. Additional physical changes also
that the concentration of fluid particles is uniform, but in- deliberate by means of various permeable parameters.
actual convection of nanofluids, there is some slip mechanism
such as Brownian motion and thermophoresis due to which 2. Mathematical model
the concentration of nanofluids may not be uniform. Nield
et al. [16] studied the natural convection of nanofluids flow The model of mass and heat transfer analysis in the unsteady
in a horizontal layer made up of porous medium. Influence 2D squeezing flow of nanofluid between the infinite parallel
of thermophoresis and Brownian motion on slip flow was stud- plates present as shown in Fig. 1. Two plate’s separated by
ied by Sheikholeslami [17]. Khan et al. [18] investigated the pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h ¼ L 1  ct. The two plates are squeezed when c > 0 and
boundary layer flow of a nanofluid passing over a stretching
they are separated when c < 0. At t ¼ 1=c they touch each
sheet. Latest, researcher work regarding MHD nanofluids with
other. The heat generation and viscous dissipation effect are
influence of various parameters cite as impacts on thermal ! !
radiation on MHD nanofluids [19]. Existence of Lorentz forces reserved. Suppose that the uniform magnetic field B ¼ B ey is
with the influence of Joule heat [20], nanofluids studied [21] applied, here the unit vector in the Cartesian coordinate repre-
!
with unsteady and magnetic field effects, convection heat sented by ey . Electric current and electromagnetic force
transfer of nanofluids [22], in the occurrence of MFD viscosity denoted by J and F are given by
impacts study of convection free magnetic nanofluids [23], ! !
effects of CuO–H2O nanofluid flow, heat and mass transfer J ¼ rðV þ BÞ;
for nanofluids arising in biosciences [24].
Solution of fluid problems is very significant. In the past, ! ! !
F ¼ rðV þ BÞ  B;
numerous estimated techniques developed and applied on var-
ious physical problems to achieve this purpose. The study of respectively. The relevant equations governing the flow are
squeezing unsteady nanofluid and Jeffery-Hamel flows via [8,17,26]
ADM [25,26]. Condensation of 3-dimensional film was investi-
@u @v
gated via Perturbation method [2]. Usman obtained a pertur- þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
bation solution for MHD vicious and incompressible fluid @x @y
flow [27]. Some work related to various analytical techniques    2 
could be found in [28,29]. Hamid et. al. [30] combined the @u @u @u @p @ u @2u
qf þu þv ¼ þl þ  rB2 u; ð2Þ
Lagrange multipliers with differential analytical techniques @t @x @y @x @x2 @y2
to improve the accuracy level. Among these methods, solution
   2 
of the problems with better accuracy rate is vital. Therefore, @u @u @u @p @ v @2v
we present the solution of said system using an algorithm qf þu þv ¼ þl þ ; ð3Þ
@t @x @y @y @x2 @y2
named DTM. Zhou [31] first introduced the concept of this
method in 1986 and solved linear and nonlinear problems aris-  2   2
@T @T @T @ T @2T 4l @u
ing in electrical circuit. Ho and Chen [32] utilized two dimen- þu þv ¼a þ þ
@t @x @y @x2 @y2 ðqcp Þf @x
sional differential transform methods to solve PDEs. Hassan     
[33] provided a comparison for Adomian’s decomposition ðqcP Þp @C @T @C @T DT
þ DB : þ : þ
and differential transformation techniques. Sheikholeslami ðqcP Þf @x @x @y @y Tc
and Ganji [34] used this technique to investigate the heat trans- (   2 )#
2
fer and nanofluid flow between parallel plates. Recently, @T @T rnf B0
2
 þ þ ðu2 Þ; ð4Þ
Mohyud-Din et. al. [35] explored the transfer of heat analysis @x @y ðqCp Þnf
for squeezing flow of a Casson fluid by means of said algo-
 2   
rithm. Cited work [2,25–35] and careful literature survey wit- @C @C @C @ C @2C DT @ 2 T @ 2 T
nesses that analytical techniques can provide better solution þu þv ¼ DB þ þ þ ; ð5Þ
@t @x @y @x2 @y2 Tc @x2 @y2
for nonlinear physical problems.
Present study devoted to unsteady two-phase simulation of where u; v; T; C; P; qf ; l; k; Cp and DB represent the velocity in
nanofluid flow and heat transfer between moving parallel x direction, velocity in y direction, temperature, concentration,
plates in the presence of the magnetic field. System of nonlin- pressure, base fluid’s density, dynamic viscosity, thermal con-
ear ordinary differential equations was obtained via compati- ductivity, specific heat and diffusion coefficient of diffusing
Differential transform method for unsteady nanofluid flow 1869

Figure 1 Systematic diagram of the problem.

Figure 2 Impact of S on velocity.

Figure 3 Impact of Ha on velocity.

species respectively. The boundary condition associated with After using the relation (8) into Eqs. (2) and (3) and then elim-
the above model is given as follows: inating the pressure gradient yields the following equation
0000
dh F ðgÞ  S½gF000 ðgÞ þ 3F00 ðgÞ þ F0 ðgÞF00 ðgÞ  FðgÞF000 ðgÞ  Ha2 F00 ðgÞ ¼ 0;
as y ! hðtÞ; C ¼ 0; v ¼ vw ¼ ; T ¼ TH ; C ¼ CH ð6Þ
dt ð9Þ
@u @T @C Now Eqs. (4) and (5) are obtained using the parameters pre-
as y ! 0; v¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 0: ð7Þ
@y @y @y sent in relation to (8)
h00 ðgÞ þ PrS½FðgÞh0 ðgÞ  gh0 ðgÞ þ PrEcðF00 Þ þ Nb/0 ðgÞh0 ðgÞ
2
Introducing the dimensionless parameters
þ Ntðh0 Þ þ PrHaEcðF02 Þ ¼ 0;
2
y cx cl ð10Þ
g ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; u ¼ F0 ðgÞ; v ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi FðgÞ;
l 1  ct 2ð1  ctÞ 2 1  ct
T C Nt 00
h¼ ; /¼ : ð8Þ /00 ðgÞ þ S  Sc½FðgÞ/0 ðgÞ  g/0 ðgÞ þ h ðgÞ ¼ 0; ð11Þ
TH Ch Nb
and the boundary condition reduces to
1870 M. Usman et al.

Figure 4 Impact of S on temperature. Figure 6 Impact of Ec on temperature.

Figure 7 Impact of Pr on temperature.

Figure 5 Impact of Ha on temperature.
 2
cl2 lðqcp Þf qf cx
S¼ q; Pr ¼ ; Ec ¼ ;
2l f qf a ðqcp Þf 2ð1  ctÞ
FðgÞ ¼ 0; F00 ðgÞ ¼ 0; h0 ðgÞ ¼ 0; /0 ðgÞ ¼ 0; for g ! 0; ð12Þ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
l r
Sc ¼ ; Ha ¼ lB ð1  ctÞ;
qf D l
FðgÞ ¼ 1; F0 ðgÞ ¼ 0; hðgÞ ¼ 1; /ðgÞ ¼ 1; for g ! 1: ð13Þ

Here S; Pr; Ec; Sc; Ha; Nb; and Nt represent the squeeze ðqcÞp DB ðCh Þ ðqcÞp DT ðTH Þ
Nb ¼ ; Nt ¼ ;
number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, Schmidt number, ðqcÞf a ðqcÞf aTc
Hartman number, Brownian motion parameter, and
thermophoretic parameter respectively, given as follows: The Nusselt number is givens as
Differential transform method for unsteady nanofluid flow 1871

Figure 8 Impact of Nt on temperature. Figure 10 Impact of Ha on concentration.

Figure 9 Impact of S on concentration. Figure 11 Impact of Nt on concentration.

  3. Solution procedure
lk @T
Nu ¼  :
TH @y y¼hðtÞ
The differential transformation of the kth derivative of a func-
In terms of Eq. (8), it will reduces to tion fðxÞ is defined by
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  
Nu ¼ 1  atNu ¼ h0 ð1Þ; ð14Þ 1 dk fðxÞ
FðkÞ ¼ ; ð16Þ
k! dxk x¼x0
Cf ¼ l2 =x2 ð1  atÞRex Cf ¼ f00 ð1Þ: ð15Þ
and the inverse differential transformation of fðkÞ is defined by
1872 M. Usman et al.

Figure 12 Impact of Nb on concentration. Figure 14 Growth of error.

X1  
1 dk fðxÞ
fðxÞ ¼ ðx  x0 Þk :
k¼0
k! dxk x¼x0

which is the Taylor series for fðxÞat x ¼ x0 . .From equation

(16) and equation (17) following theorems can be deduced

Theorem 1. If fðxÞ ¼ gðxÞ  hðxÞ then FðkÞ ¼ GðkÞ  HðkÞ.

Theorem 2. If fðxÞ ¼ cgðxÞ; then FðkÞ ¼ cGðkÞ; where c is a

constant

m
ðkþmÞ!
m ; then FðkÞ ¼
Theorem 3. If fðxÞ ¼ d dxgðxÞ k!
Gðk þ mÞ:

Theorem 4. If fðxÞ ¼ gðxÞhðxÞ; then

P
FðkÞ ¼ kk1¼0 Gðk1 ÞHðk  k1 Þ:

k
Theorem 5. If fðxÞ ¼ ekx ;then FðkÞ ¼ kk! :

 If fðxÞ¼ x FðkÞ ¼ dðk  nÞ;

n
Theorem 6. then where
1; k ¼ n
dðk  nÞ ¼ :
0; k – n

Figure 13 Impact of Sc on concentration. Theorem 7. If fðxÞ ¼ g1 ðxÞg2 ðxÞ . . . gn ðxÞ; then

X
k X
kn1 X
k2
X
1
FðkÞ ¼ ... G1 ðk1 ÞG2 ðk2  k1 Þ . . . Gn ðk  kn1 Þ:
fðxÞ ¼ FðkÞðx  x0 Þk ; ð17Þ kn1 ¼0kn2 ¼0 k1 ¼0
k¼0

In real applications, the function fðxÞ can be expressed as a Theorem 8. If fðtÞ ¼ ð1 þ tÞm then FðkÞ ¼ mðm1Þ...ðmkþ1Þ :
k!
finite series and equation (17) can be written as
X
n
Theorem 9. If fðtÞ ¼ sinðxt þ aÞ then FðkÞ ¼ xk! sin
k pk
þa :
fðxÞ ¼ FðkÞðx  x0 Þk : ð18Þ 2
k¼0
k

Substituting equation (16) into equation (17), gives Theorem 10. If fðtÞ ¼ cosðxt þ aÞ then FðkÞ ¼ xk! cos pk
2
þa :
Differential transform method for unsteady nanofluid flow 1873

Table 1 Comparison of velocity, temperature and concentration with the numerical method RK-4 for
Ec ¼ 0:1; Nt ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:1; Sc ¼ 0:5; Pr ¼ 10; S ¼ 0:5; Ha ¼ 6:.
g F by RK-4 F by DTM h by RK-4 h by DTM / by RK-4 / by DTM
0.0 0.00000000 0.00000000 4.76574144 4.76574144 2.74191277 2.74191277
0.1 0.11890447 0.11890447 4.72338137 4.72338137 2.69955603 2.69955603
0.2 0.23759716 0.23759716 4.59723747 4.59723747 2.57346189 2.57346189
0.3 0.35578331 0.35578331 4.39011184 4.39011184 2.36654888 2.36654888
0.4 0.47296979 0.47296979 4.10665014 4.10665014 2.08364713 2.08364713
0.5 0.58827253 0.58827253 3.75327712 3.75327712 1.73141803 1.73141803
0.6 0.70007182 0.70007182 3.33792926 3.33792926 1.31806122 1.31806122
0.7 0.80538200 0.80538200 2.86889079 2.86889079 0.85211147 0.85211147
0.8 0.89869135 0.89869135 2.35007707 2.35007707 0.33766556 0.33766556
0.9 0.96982416 0.96982416 1.76302682 1.76302682 0.24370320 0.24370320
1.0 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000

According to the differential transform method and theo- ~ ¼ 0; Fð1Þ

Fð0Þ ~ ¼ A; Fð2Þ ~ ¼ B; ~
~ ¼ 0; Fð3Þ hð0Þ ¼ C; ~
hð1Þ
rems 1–10 we obtain the iterative scheme for Eq. (1215) given ~ ~
¼ 0; /ð0Þ ¼ D; /ð1Þ ¼ 0;
below:
where A; B; C and D can be determined using
~ þ 4Þ
ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þðk þ 3Þðk þ 4ÞFðk
" Fðg ¼ 1Þ ¼ 1; F0 ðg ¼ 1Þ ¼ 0; hðg ¼ 1Þ ¼ 1; /ðg ¼ 1Þ ¼ 1. Using
X
k the iterative formulas (19)-(21) we get approximants for F; h
S ~  r þ 3Þ
dðr  1Þðk þ r  1Þðk  r þ 2Þðk  r þ 3ÞFðk and /:
r¼0

X
k
4. Results and discussion
~ þ 2Þ þ
þ3ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2ÞFðk ðr þ 1Þðk  r þ 1Þðk  r þ 2Þ
r¼0
In this section a brief study of the impact of emerging param-
X
k
~ þ 1ÞFðk
Fðr ~  r þ 2Þ  ðk  r þ 1Þðk  r þ 2Þðk  r þ 3Þ eters is to be discussed. The effects of squeeze number ‘S’ and
r¼0 Hartman number ‘Ha’ on the velocity profile are discussed in
~ Fðk
FðkÞ ~  r þ 3Þ  Ha2 ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2ÞFðk
~ þ 2Þ ¼ 0; ð19Þ Figs. 2 and 3.
According to Fig. 2, by increasing squeeze number, velocity
decreases for 0:2 < g < 0:8. In the similar way the behavior of
ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þ~hðk þ 2Þ velocity is observed in Fig. 3, where by increasing value of
"
Xk Hartman number velocity decreases.
þ PrS ~ ~
ðk  r þ 1ÞFðrÞ hðk  r þ 1Þ In figures Figs. 4–8, the effects of squeeze number, Hart-
r¼0
# man number, Eckert number, Prandtl number and ther-
X
k mophoretic parameter on the temperature are observed.
 dðr  1Þðk  r þ 1Þ~
hðk  r þ 1Þ From Fig. 4, it is observed that squeeze number is inversely
r¼0
proportional to temperature because increase in value of
X
k
squeeze number reduces the initial temperature. Fig. 5 illus-
 PrEc ~ þ 2ÞFðk
ðr þ 1Þðr þ 2Þðk  r þ 1Þðk  r þ 2ÞFðk ~  r þ 2Þ
r¼0
trates that the temperature increases as we increase the value
of the Hartman number unlike Fig. 3.
X
k
þ Nt ~ þ 1ÞFðk
ðr þ 1Þðk  r þ 1ÞFðk ~  r þ 1Þ By increase in Eckert number, an increase in temperature is
r¼0 observed which is explained in Fig. 6. Prandtl number is
X
k directly proportional to temperature because increase in a
þ Nb ðr þ 1Þðk  r þ 1Þ~ ~  r þ 1Þ
hðk þ 1Þ/ðk rapid raise in temperature is observed which is confirmed in
r¼0

X
k
Table 2 Comparison of DTM values of skin friction coeffi-
þ PrHaEc ~ þ 1ÞFðk
ðr þ 1Þðk  r þ 1ÞFðk ~  r þ 1Þ ¼ 0; ð20Þ
r¼0 cient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood numbers for
different values of S and Ha ¼ 0 with Homotopy analysis
" method [36]
Xk
~ þ 2Þ þ S  Sc
ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þ/ðk ~ /ðk
ðk  r þ 1ÞFðrÞ ~  r þ 1Þ
S Cf ¼ f00 ð1Þ Nu ¼ h0 ð1Þ;
r¼0
# Mustafa [36] Present work Mustafa [36] Present work
X
k
~  r þ 1Þ
 dðr  1Þðk  r þ 1Þ/ðk 1.0 2.170090 2.170091 3.319899 3.319900
r¼0 0.5 2.614038 2.614039 3.129491 3.129490
Nt 0.01 3.007134 3.007134 3.047092 3.047093
þ ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þ~hðk þ 2Þ ¼ 0: ð21Þ 0.5 3.336449 3.336450 3.026324 3.026324
Nb
2.0 4.167389 4.167388 3.118551 3.118550
The boundary condition reduces to
1874 M. Usman et al.

Table 3 Convergence analysis of velocity, temperature and concentration using Differential transform method for
Ec ¼ 0:1; Nt ¼ 0:1; Nb ¼ 0:1; Sc ¼ 0:5; Pr ¼ 10; S ¼ 0:5 and Ha ¼ 2:.
g 5th order approx. 7th order approx. 10th order approx. RK-4
For velocity FðgÞ
0.2 0.2754125476 0.2754051420 0.2754051695 0.2754051697
0.4 0.5360124352 0.5360367854 0.5360362793 0.5360362792
0.6 0.7635014782 0.7635343652 0.7635348433 0.7635348437
0.8 0.9316125301 0.9316061592 0.9316068621 0.9316068620
For temperature hðgÞ
0.2 2.4339365210 2.4339523574 2.4339525948 2.4339525955
0.4 2.2739524307 2.2739235620 2.2739284958 2.2739284963
0.6 2.0148965320 2.0148533541 2.0148537209 2.0148537203
0.8 1.6330078456 1.6330069501 1.6330032521 1.6330032516
For concentration /ðgÞ
0.2 0.4199125630 0.4199144563 0.4199147459 0.4199147462
0.4 0.2603365200 0.2603877896 0.2603875189 0.2603875184
0.6 0.0032784520 0.0032354568 0.0032358511 0.0032358508
0.8 0.3742012546 0.3742118546 0.3742112219 0.3742112221

Fig. 7. According to Fig. 8, increase in thermophoretic param- investigate the solution of the discussed model. The graphical
eter results in increase in temperature. In this figure we study of different parameters on the solution is also presented.
observed a slight increase in temperature profile as enhanced It can be observed that the obtained solutions are agree well
Nt. with RK-4 and shows the suggested algorithm can be extended
In Figs. 9–12, the effects of squeeze number, Hartman num- such type of others problem.
ber, thermophoretic parameter, Brownian motion parameter
and Schmidt number on the concentration are observed.
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