VII. Moral Self

GE 101
Moral Self
Morality
● refers to the system of belief and values that
ensures that individuals will keep their
obligations to others in the society and
behave in ways that do not interfere with the
rights and interests of others (Gerrig &
Zimbardo, 2002) .
● Moral is related to the sense or a standard

that determines what is right and what is
wrong. It distinguishes correct from incorrect,
or appropriate to inappropriate.
● Morality as something that's personal and

normative
Dilemma
A dilemma is a problematic
situation in which a difficult
choice must be made or a
situation requiring a choice
between equally undesirable
alternatives. It is any difficult or
perplexing situation or problem.
Dilemma
❏ Should a teenager using Snapchat, Instagram, or TikTok
have their social media use monitored?
❏ While ghosting someone is not the nicest of ways to end a
relationship, is it morally wrong?
❏ Should you lie to a sick loved one?
❏ As a teenager, will you abort a child with Down Syndrome?
❏ Should you tell your friend if her boyfriend is cheating?
Questions from:
15 Ethical Dilemma Examples You See in the Real-World by Sarah Kristenson, 2022
Heinz Dilemma
Moral Reasoning
● Refers to the judgements people make about what courses
of action are correct or incorrect in particular situations
(Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002).
Theory of Moral Development
● Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) came up
with the theory of moral development
by studying the concept of moral
reasoning. Shaped by and tied up to
Jean Piaget’s stages of intellectual
development.
Piaget’s Stages of
Intellectual
Development
1. Sensorimotor stage
● The child learns and develops knowledge
about his/her environment by relating
sensory experiences to motor actions.
● They're constantly experimenting because
they don't know how things react. They
shake or throw things, put things in their
mouth, and learn about the world
through trial and error. The later substages
include goal-oriented behavior that leads
to a desired result. For instance, they may
cry to see if you’ll attend to them.
● From Birth to 2 years old
2. Preoperational Stage
● The child learns to use symbols to represent
words, images, and ideas, which is why
children in this stage engage in pretend
play.
● Children engaged in imaginative activities

are thinking on two levels at once—one
imaginative and the other realistic.
● Their knowledge is based on their own

personal knowledge rather than
conventional knowledge.
● 2 to 7 years old
3. Concrete Operational Stage
● The child develops the ability to
perform a number of logical
operations on concrete objects that
are present.
● Children have the the ability to think

about the steps of a process in any
order and the ability to decenter, or
focus on more than one feature of a
problem at a time.
● 7 to 11 years old
4. Formal Operational Stage
● The individual acquires the ability to
solve abstract problems in a logical
manner.
● The period when the individual can

“operate” on “forms” or
representations.
● They show willingness to think about

possibilities and can
analyze/evaluate events from
different perspectives.
● 11 years old and beyond

PARENTING STYLES
One of the factor
which affects
individual’s
development is
environmental
influence. Its is
characterized by
forces outside of the
individual like how
he/she has been
raised or reared by
his/her parents.
Authoritarian
● Parents attempts to shape, control,
and evaluate the behavior and
attitudes of their children in
accordance with an absolute set of
conduct standards that usually
comes from religious or respected
authorities.
Authoritative
● Parents direct their children’s
activities in a rational and intelligent
way. They are supportive, loving and
committed; support a
give-and-take relationship; discuss
their rules and policies with their
children; and encourage children to
present their viewpoints.
Permissive
● Parents are less controlling and
behave with an accepting and
non-punishing attitude towards their
children’s desires, actions, and
impulses.
Uninvolved or Neglectful
● Parents who take on a “hands-of”
stand in the affairs of their children.
Effects of Parenting Styles
● Authoritarian parents are demanding, and their children have
less behavioral problems which are easily prevented. However
study shows that children reared under autocratic parents tend
to become withdrawn, fearful, and dependent. These children
may suffer from low self-esteem. They may carry these traits until
adolescence or adulthood.
● Authoritative parents have children who are independent,

reliable, rationale, and confident. These children generally feel
good about themselves.
Effects of Parenting Styles
● Permissive parents rarely impose rules and are non-punishing.
Thus they tend to have children who did not put structure and
order in things that they do. For these children anything goes.
● Uninvolved parents are detached and indifferent to the needs of

their children. As such, children grow up feeling unloved and
cannot follow instructions. Some also fall prey or resort to
substance abuse as a form of distraction or a way to get
attention.

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GE 101

● Moral is related to the sense or a standard

● Morality as something that's personal and

● Children engaged in imaginative activities

● Their knowledge is based on their own

● Children have the the ability to think

● The period when the individual can

● They show willingness to think about

● 11 years old and beyond

● Authoritative parents have children who are independent,

● Uninvolved parents are detached and indifferent to the needs of

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