WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER FOR

ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING SOLAR PANEL

A PROJECT REPORT
PHASE I
Submitted by

MITHUN KUMAR N J (2116200901048)

SWETHA S (2116200901080)
THANISH V (2116200901082)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THANDALAM, CHENNAI-602 105

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

NOVEMBER 2023
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report “WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER FOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLES USING SOLAR PANEL” is the bonafide work of MITHUN
KUMAR NJ(2116200901048),SWETHA S (2116200901080), THANISH V
(2116200901082) who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified
further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form part
of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Dr.C.KAMALAKANNAN Dr.A.SANGARI
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Professor and Head Professor
Department of EEE Department of EEE
Rajalakshmi Engineering College Rajalakshmi Engineering
Thandalam, Chennai-602105 College
Thandalam, Chennai- 602105

Submitted for the exam held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ABSTRACT

This work details the design of a solar-powered wireless charging for electric
vehicles, a solution to the dual problems of expensive gasoline and harmful
emissions. This project provides an efficient, high-frequency charging solution,
leveraging the solar energy and wireless transfer for eco-friendly and adaptable EV
charging. For its operation, the system employs a solar panel with Incremental
conductance MPPT to extract maximum power from the solar panel, Boost
converter to increase the output voltage, Inverter to convert DC to AC Supply, High
frequency Ideal Transformer to transfer the power, Rectifier to convert AC to DC
supply, Buck Converter to increase the current rating suitable for battery charging
and Load. Buck converter employs outer voltage PI controller and Inner current PI
controller to increase the output current. This Technology addresses the need for
efficient and eco- friendly transportation solutions while emphasizing adaptability
and scalability for widespread implementation. So, the technology proves the
viability of a road- integrated, solar-powered wireless charging system for Electric
vehicles.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide Dr. A

SANGARI, Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
for providing an opportunity to work on this project “WIRELESS ENERGY
TRANSFER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING SOLAR PANEL”
We also thank for her enthusiastic guidance and encouragement in completing
the project.
We extend our thanks to project coordinator Dr. A. SANGARI Associate
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her kind
co- operation.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. C. KAMALAKANNAN, Professor
and Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her
guidance and support during this project.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. RAMAREDDY, Professor and
Dean, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his guidance
and support during this project.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. M. SUBBIAH, Professor Emeritus,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his guidance and
support during this project.
We express our thanks to Dr. S.N. MURUGESAN, Principal,
Rajalakshmi Engineering College and management for his support and the facilities
provided to complete our project on time.

We also express our gratitude to our parents and friends for their moral
support and valuable suggestions during the course of the project.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
NO. TITLE PG.NO

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
1.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY 9
1.4 OBJECTIVES 9
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 10

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 12
2.2.1 Block Diagram Explanation 13
2.3 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 13
2.3.1 PV Panel 13
2.3.2 Design of Solar PV Array 14
2.3.3 Incremental Maximum Power Point Tracking 16
2.3.4 Design of DC-DC Boost Converter 18

iii
 2.3.5 Inverter 22
2.3.6 Ideal Transformer 23
2.3.7 Rectifier 24
2.3.8 Design of DC-DC Buck Converter 25
3. SIMULATION RESULTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION 28
3.2 SIMULATION CIRCUIT 28
3.3 SIMULATION OUTPUT 29
3.3.1 PV Panel Array 29
3.3.2 Boost Converter 31
3.3.3 Inverter 33
3.3.4 Rectifier 34
3.3.5 Buck Converter 35
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE 36
3.5 CONCLUSION 37
4. CONCLUSION AND RESULT
4.1 CONCLUSION 38
4.2 FUTURE SCOPE 38

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PG.NO

2.1 Functional block diagram of transmitter side 12

2.2 Functional block diagram of receiver side 12
2.3 Elementary circuit diagram of PV panel 15
2.4 Power voltage characteristics of a PV panel for the solar 16
irradiation level of1000w/m2 using IC
2.5 Flow chart of MPPT 17
2.6 Boost converter 18
2.7 DC-DC boost converter circuit diagram during on stage 19
2.8 DC-DC boost converter circuit diagram during off stage 20
2.9 Inverter circuit 22
2.10 Ideal transformer circuit 23
2.11 Rectifier circuit 24
2.12 DC-DC buck converter 25
2.13 DC-DC buck converter circuit during on 25
2.14 DC-DC buck converter circuit during off stage 26
3.1 Transmitter side simulation circuit diagram of the 28
proposed system
3.2 Receiver side simulation circuit diagram of the proposed 29
System
3.3 Solar radiance waveform 30
3.4 PV voltage waveform 30
3.5 PV current waveform 31
3.6 Carrier and reference signal waveform 31
3.7 Gate pulse of boost converter waveform 32

v
3.8 Inductor current waveform 32
3.9 Boost converter output current waveform 32
3.10 Boost converter output voltage waveform 33
3.11 Inverter output voltage 33
3.12 Inverter output current 34
3.13 Rectifier output voltage waveform 34
3.14 Reference and carrier signal of buck converter waveform 35
3.15 Gate pulse of buck converter waveform 35
3.16 Inductor current in buck converter waveform 36
3.17 Buck converter output current waveform 36
3.18 Buck converter output voltage 36
Waveform

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLES TITLE PG.NO

2.1 Solar Panel Ratings 14

2.2 Parameters of Ideal Transformer 24

vii
 LIST OF
ABRREVIATIONS

EV - Electric Vehicle
MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking
PI - Proportional Integral
RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

FEA - Finite Element Analysis
ICPT - Inductively Coupled Power Transfer
WPT - Wireless Power Transfer
PV - Photo Voltaic

0
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In the field of transportation, Electric vehicles (EVs) are predicted to take

over the automobile market in the near future. The charging procedure for EVs
must be regulated in this context in order to preserve the quality of the power
networks. In spite of this, with the growth of EVs, there will be a significant
quantity of energy stored in the batteries. EV interactivity will be important
technology in future smart grids, contributing to the autonomy of the power grid.
Due to decreasing carbon dioxide emissions and rising fossil fuels, the EV has
become more competitive than the conventional internal combustion engine
vehicle.
In spite of these drawbacks, the EV was not generally adopted in the market
because of its high vehicle cost. There is a dearth of fast-charging stations and a
paucity of all-EVs. There are two types of EVs: those that are powered entirely by
electric power and those that are partially powered by electric power. In addition to
their low operating costs and little impact on the environment, EVs utilize little or
no fossil fuels at all. EVs will be the primary means of transportation in the future
to enhance charging station efficiency.

The portable EV charger was tested by lowering charging time with

renewable energy. A hybrid power system is used in this study to provide a unique
service to long-distance EV drivers. Between major highways, there aren't any
places for these drivers to refuel their automobiles with electricity. The wireless
EV charger is a great choice for people to use electricity to charge their EVs.

1
 Because of rising fossil fuel prices and declining CO2 emissions, EVs are now
more cost-competitive than traditional Considered as continuous vehicles. It is
possible for EVs to be powered entirely or in part by electricity. Due to their lack
of moving parts and little impact on the environment, electric cars have lower
operating expenses than gasoline-powered counterparts.

Our project system uses a solar panel, incremental conductance MPPT, Boost
converter, Inverter, high frequency transformer, Rectifier, Buck Converter, PI
Controller and Error detector to build the system. Through this innovation the
battery of car can be charged with High frequency Range and constant voltage
can be maintained which results in fast charging and it also has the advantage of
distant wireless energy transfer between the transmitter and receiver.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Ram vara prasad, bugatha & geethanjali, m & sonia, m & ganeesh, s &
krishna, p (2022) paper titled “Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System”
This paper describes the design of solar powered charging stations for charging
electric vehicles and describes the design of solar powered charging stations for
charging electric vehicles that solves the key downside of fuel and pollution. Electric
vehicles have now hit the road worldwide and are slowly growing in numbers. Apart
from environmental benefits electric vehicles have also proven helpful in reducing
cost of travel by replacing fuel by electricity which is way cheaper. Well here we
develop an EV charging system that solves with a unique innovative solution. This
EV charging of vehicles without any wires, No need of stop for charging, vehicle
charges while moving, Solar power for keeping the charging system going, No
external power supply needed. The system makes use of a solar panel, battery,
2
transformer, regulator circuitry, copper coils, AC to DC converter, atmega controller
and LCD display to develop the system. The system demonstrates how electric
vehicles can be charged while moving on the road, eliminating the need to stop for
charging. Thus the system demonstrates a solar powered wireless charging system for
electric vehicles that can be integrated in the road.

Ashwin Kavasseri Venkitaraman, Venkata Satya Rahul Kosuru (2023) paper

titled “Trends and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Motor Drivelines” Considering
the need to optimize electric vehicle performance and the impact of efficient
driveline configurations in achieving this, a brief study has been conducted. The
drivelines of electric vehicles (EV) are critically examined in this survey. Also,
promising motor topologies for usage in electric vehicles are presented.
Additionally, the benefits and drawbacks of each kind of electric motor are
examined from a system viewpoint. The majority of commercially available EV are
powered by a permanent magnet motor or single induction type motors and a
standard mechanical differential driveline. Considering these, a holistic review has
been performed by including driveline configurations and different battery types.
The authors suggest that motors be evaluated and contrasted using a
standardized driving cycle.

Kai Song , Yu Lan , Xian Zhang , Jinhai Jiang, Chuanyu Sun, Guang Yang,
Fengshuo Yang and Hao(2023) paper titled “A Review on Interoperability of
Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles” Wireless charging technology
has become an important development trend in future electric vehicle (EV) power
supply technology due to its safety, flexibility, and convenience. With its
industrialized development, interoperability has become an essential technical link.

3
The interoperability of wireless charging systems refers to the ability of output
performance to meet specified indicators when different transmitter and receiver
devices are matched. This study reviews the research status of the interoperability
of EV wireless charging technology. First, the definition and composition of the
interoperability of wireless charging systems are briefly given. Then, the article
provides a review of standards about interoperability so far. The interoperability of
various magnetic couplers and compensation topologies is also analyzed and
summarized. After that, the paper reviews the existing interoperability evaluation
methods. Finally, this work highlights the existing problems and challenges in
current research of interoperability. We hope that this work will contribute to the
further development of EV wireless charging technology.

Geetha Palani, Usha Sengamalai, Pradeep Vishnuram and Benedetto Nastasi

(2023) paper titled “Challenges and Barriers of Wireless Charging
Technologies for Electric Vehicles” Electric vehicles could be a significant aid in
lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Even though extensive study has been done on
the features and traits of electric vehicles and the nature of their charging
infrastructure, network modeling for electric vehicle manufacturing has been
limited and unchanging. The necessity of wireless electric vehicle charging, based
on magnetic resonance coupling, drove the primary aims for this review work.
Herein, we examined the basic theoretical framework for wireless power
transmission systems for EV charging and performed a software-in-the-loop
analysis, in addition to carrying out a performance analysis of an EV charging
system based on magnetic resonance. This study also covered power pad designs
and created workable remedies for the following issues: how power pad positioning
affected the function of wireless charging Systems. how to develop strategies to

4
keep power efficiency at its highest level. Moreover, safety features of wireless
charging systems, owing to interruption from foreign objects and or living objects,
were analyzed, and solutions were proposed to ensure such systems would operate
as safely and optimally as possible.

Saeid Ghazizadeh, Kafeel Ahmed, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Saad Mekhilef,

Jaideep Chandran and Alex Stojcevski(2023) paper titled “Critical Analysis
of Simulation of Misalignment in Wireless Charging of Electric
Vehicles Batteries” The transition from conventional to electric transportation has
become inevitable in recent years owing to the significant impact of electric
vehicles (EVs) on energy sustainability, reduction of global warming and carbon
emission reduction. Despite the rapidly growing global adoption of EVs in today’s
electrical and transportation networks, energy storage in EVs, particularly in
regards to bulky size and charging process, still remains a major bottleneck. As a
result, wireless charging of EVs via inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT)
through coupled coils is becoming a promising solution. However, the efficiency of
charging EV batteries via wireless charging is hugely affected by misalignment
between the primary and secondary coils. This paper presents an in-depth analysis
of various key factors affecting the efficiency of EV battery charging. Finite
element analysis (FEA) using Ansys Maxwell® is performed on commonly used
coil designs such as circular and rectangular coils under various misalignment
conditions. In addition, various reactive power compensation topologies applied in
ICPT are investigated and the behavior of each topology is observed in simulation.
It is revealed that circular structures with S– S compensation topology show more
robustness in misalignment conditions and maintain the desired efficiency for a
wider range of displacement. A critical analysis of coil designs, compensation
techniques and the combination of both factors is accomplished and conclusions are

5
presented.

J. Joyce Jacob, Abinaya, DivyaPriya, Ms.Poonam Khatarkar, Abdullaeva

Barno, G.Sathish kumar(2023) paper titled “Electric vehicle wireless charging
using RFID” Electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging using radiofrequency
identification (RFID) is a novel technology that enables the charging of electric
vehicles without the need for wires or cables. The technology utilizes RFID tags that
are installed on the EV, which communicate with the charging pad through
electromagnetic fields. The charging process is initiated when the RFID reader
detects the presence of the EV with the installed RFID tag, and the charging pad is
activated. The power transfer is then enabled between the charging pad and the EV,
allowing for the charging process to begin. RFID-based wireless charging
technology offers numerous benefits over traditional wired charging systems. For
instance, it eliminates the need for physical connectors, thereby reducing the wear
and tear of components and increasing the convenience of charging. Moreover, the
technology is more efficient, with minimal energy losses, and reduces the risk of
electrical hazards. It also minimizes the impact of weather conditions and road
debris on the charging process, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor
charging application. In conclusion, EV wireless charging using RFID is a promising
technology that can potentially revolutionize the EV charging industry. It offers
numerous benefits, including increased convenience, efficiency, and safety, and has
the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact of transportation.

Achraf Saadaoui, Mohammed Ouassaid and Mohamed Maaroufi(2023) paper

titled“Overview of Integration of Power Electronic Topologies and Advanced
Control Techniques of Ultra-Fast EV Charging Stations in Standalone Micro
6
grids”For longer journeys, when drivers of electric vehicles need a charge on the
road, the best solution is off-board ultra-fast chargers, which offer a short charging
time for electric vehicle batteries. Consequently, the ultra-fast charging of batteries
is a major issue in electric mobility development globally. Current research in the
area of power electronics for electric vehicle charging applications is focused on new
high-power chargers. These chargers will significantly increase the charging power
of electric vehicles, which will reduce the charging time. Furthermore, electric
vehicles can be deployed to achieve improved efficiency and high-quality power if
vehicle-to micro grid (V2G) is applied. In this paper, standards for ultra-fast
charging stations and types of fast charging methods are reviewed. Various power
electronic topologies, the modular design approach used in ultra-fast charging, and
integration of the latter into standalone microgrids are also discussed in this paper.
Finally, advanced control techniques for ultra-fast chargers are addressed.

Pradeep Vishnuram, Suresh P , Narayanamoorthi R , Vijayakumar K and

Benedetto Nastasi(2023) paper titled “Wireless Chargers for Electric Vehicle: A
Systematic Review on Converter Topologies, Environmental Assessment, and
Review Policy” The delivery of electricity employing an electromagnetic field that
extends across an intervening region is called a wireless power transfer (WPT).
This approach paves the way for electric vehicles (EVs) to use newly available
options to reduce their environmental impact. This article is a review that examines
the WPT technology for use in electric vehicle applications from both the technical
aspect and the environmental impact. This review will attempt to accomplish the
following objectives: (1) describe the present state of the technology behind the
development and application of a WPT across the transportation industry; (2)
substantiate the actual implementation of WPT EV systems; and (3) estimate the

7
functioning of the autonomous system, as well as detect the potential stumbling
blocks and openings for enhancement. The most recent advancements and
implementation in compensating topologies, power electronics converters, and
control techniques are dissected and debated scientifically to improve the system’s
performance. To evaluate the performance from a sustainable perspective, energy,
environmental, and economic factors are utilized, and at the same time, policy
drivers and health and safety problems are researched.

Jing Chen , Ao Zhu , Zhengqing Zhang , Shuai Yu , Rui Li , Weilong Zhang

and Jiuqing Cai(2023) paper titled “Modeling and Centralized-ZVS Control for
Wireless Charging Electric Vehicles Supplied by Parallel Modular Multi-
Inverters”In this paper, a parallel modular multi-inverter (PMMI) topology is
proposed to supply high power for wireless charging electric vehicles (EVs). A
major challenge in the implementation of PMMI topology is zero-voltage switching
(ZVS) for all inverters to avoid high-frequency switching losses. Therefore, a
centralized-ZVS control and master–slave frequency following (MSFF) strategy are
presented to realize ZVS for all PMMIs by a single controller structure without
extra controllers needed on the slave inverters. Meanwhile, a modeling method
directly related to the ZVS angle and operating frequency for an arbitrary number
of PMMIs is proposed and linearized to analyze the system dynamic characteristics
at the operating point. Additionally, to obtain the desired dynamic performance, an
optimal controller coefficient (OCC) configuration method is proposed for the
design of controller parameters. Finally, a laboratory wireless power transfer (WPT)
prototype supplied by three PMMIs is designed, built, and tested to verify the
correctness of the theoretical analysis. Experimental results show that the ZVS
angle of all PMMIs can maintain at the present value with the desired settling time
under the PI controller parameters. The measured whole system power transmission

8
efficiency is 94.1% at a 10 W load.

S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Rejaul Islam, Osama A. Mohammed (2023) paper

titled “Overview of Power Electronic Converters in Electric Vehicle
Applications” A rapidly growing market of electric vehicles (EVs) has been
witnessed in the last decade due to being environmentally friendly, having enough
resources, and being cost-efficient. For EV applications, several conductive charging
rectifiers, power train dc-dc converters, and motor driving inverters have been
discussed in this paper. To develop more efficient and environmentally friendly EVs,
power converters such as AC-DC, DC-DC, and DC-AC are critical applications of
modern power electronics. After this brief review, for the charging section, the
Vienna rectifier presents great performance, for the powertrain high-power DC-DC
converter section, the multi-device interleaved dc-dc boost converter seems to be an
excellent candidate for EV application. For the powertrain DC-AC inverter, the third
harmonic injected seven level inverters can be considered a well-suited candidate for
an electric vehicle's powertrain. In this paper along with the description, the result of
these power converter topologies (AC-DC, DC-DC, DC-AC) have been discussed.

1.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE SURVEY

The above literature survey concludes about Dynamic wireless charging for
electric vehicles using solar panels is a leading technology that enables EVs to
charge while in motion. Solar panels are installed on roads or charging lanes to
capture sunlight and convert it into electricity. EVs equipped with receiver coils on
their underside pick up this energy as they drive over the charging infrastructure,
continuously replenishing their batteries.
.
9
1.4 OBJECTIVES

● To design and simulate Solar Panel for EVs.

● To design and simulate Buck and Boost converter for EVs.
● To design and simulate high frequency Ideal transformer for wireless energy
transfer between Transmitter and Receiver.
● To design outer voltage PI controller and inner current PI controller for
effective voltage regulation to charge the battery using MATLAB/Simulink
software.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

This thesis is organized into four chapters. The description about each chapter is
as follows.
Chapter 1 deals with the introduction, literature survey, objectives and the chapter

wise organization.

Chapter 2 explains the functional block diagram and gives each block explanation.

Chapter 3 describes the software, simulation, results and closed loop operation of the

system.

Chapter 4 presents the conclusion and the scope for future work.

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 CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

To Charge the Electric vehicles efficiently, the PV source converts Solar

energy to Electrical energy, which is a DC source. The Incremental conductance
MPPT is a fully electronic system that varies the electrical operating point of the
modules so that the modules are able to deliver maximum available power.

A DC-to-DC boost converter is connected to it, and the voltage from that is
given to an inverter. The inverter converts the voltage to AC so that it is given to the
primary side of the Transformer.

The Rectifier receives the AC voltage from the secondary side of the
transformer and the output DC voltage enters Buck-Boost Converter and the output
voltage of the Converter is stored in the battery for charging the vehicle in motion.
Errors can occur when the actual output differs from the desired output.

The battery is connected with the error detector, which produces an error signal
(feedback) when the actual output differs from the desired output. Then the PI
controller which is connected to the Error Detector takes the Feedback from it and
corrects the actual output obtained for the desired output.

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2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER SIDE:
Fig.2.1 shows the Functional Block Diagram of Transmitter Side

DC-DC INVERTER Primary

PV Source BOOST DC to AC Transformer
Converter

MPPT

Fig.2.1 Functional Block Diagram of

Transmitter Side

RECEIVER SIDE:
Fig.2.2 Shows the functional block diagram of receiver side.

DC-DC
Secondary AC – DC Battery
BUCK
Transformer Rectifier
Converter

PI
+I ref
CONTROLL
ER

Fig .2.2 Functional Block Diagram of Receiver Side

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2.2.1 Block Diagram Explanation

The system begins with a photovoltaic (PV) panel, which captures sunlight and
converts it into a direct current (DC) source. This stored DC energy is then
transferred using a DC-DC boost converter. Boost converter is used to increase
voltage levels from an input suppl. To ensure maximum power extraction from the
PV module, an Incremental conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
system is utilized. It optimizes the power transfer process. The boosted voltage is
directed to an inverter, which transforms the DC source into an AC source. In this
setup, a single-phase inverter operating at 25 kHz is employed.

The converted AC voltage is then sent to the primary transformer. This

transformer adjusts the frequency and enables wireless power transfer between the
primary and secondary transformers, allowing for dynamic charging of the vehicle.
From the secondary transformer, the AC power supply is converted back to DC using
a rectifier. Subsequently, the converted DC power source is supplied to a DC-DC
buck converter. A buck converter is a type of DC-DC converter that increases low
DC current to a higher level. Additionally, it stabilizes fluctuating PV voltage to a
consistent DC voltage and is more efficient due to its less complex control circuit.
Finally, the battery which is connected to the buck converter begins to charge. This
entire system ensures an efficient and continuous charging process for electric
vehicles using solar energy.

2.3 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

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2.3.1 PV Panel
Photovoltaic panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate
electricity. A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10
photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a
photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and
residential applications.

The solar panel used here in Table 2.1 Solar Panel Ratings is maximum of
100W. A solar cell is an energy generator with a diode inside. It is obvious that solar
cells themselves cannot supply a considerable amount of energy as they are very
small. To generate a more reasonable amount of power, these solar cells are grouped
in modules and those modules in arrays.
Table 2.1. Solar Panel Ratings
SPECIFICATIONS RATINGS
Max Power (PMAX) 100 w
Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmpp) 18v
Current at Maximum Power (Impp) 5.56 A
Open Circuit Voltage (voc) 21.8 v
Short Circuit current (Isc) 6.05 A
Power Tolerance +5%
Operating Temperature range -40 to 850C

2.3.2 Design of Solar PV Array

PV cells are grouped together in larger units called solar modules which are
connected further in series and parallel combination to form a solar PV array for
obtaining the desired power rating. The photovoltaic panel can be designed by using
the following mathematical equations. The PV module operating temperature (T ak)

14
and module reference temperature (T rk) are converted into Kelvin and are listed
below,

Module photocurrent, (1.1)

Modules reverse saturation current, (1.2)

Module saturation current (1.3)

The output current of the PV module is given by,

(1.4)

where, VPV is the output voltage of the PV module (V), IPV is the output current
of the PV module (A), Insol is the PV module illumination (W/m2), Trk is the
reference temperature (°C), Tak is the PV panel temperature (°C), Ki is the short
circuit current temperature co-efficient (0.0017A/°C), Isco Ref is the PV module
short circuit current at 25°C, q is the charge of the electron 1.6×10-19 C, Eg is the
silicon band gap 1.1eV, A is the ideality factor, Np number of solar cells connected in
parallel, Ns number of solar cells connected in series, Rsh is resistance in parallel and
Rs is resistor in series as shown in Fig. 2.3.Elementary Circuit Diagram of PV Panel.

15
 Fig. 2.3 Elementary Circuit Diagram of PV Panel

PV panel is composed of a number of solar cells connected in series and

parallel to supply the needed power to DC-DC SEPIC converter. The PV panel
current is derived from the equivalent circuit.

2.3.3 Incremental Maximum Power Point Tracking

16
 The MPPT of PV system is a significant factor to attain higher conversion
efficiency. Incremental Conductance based MPPT is chosen here because of its high
tracking accuracy. PV panel output characteristics are extremely non-linear;
following the maximum power of PV panel is more significant by using MPPT
technique. The realization of IC based MPPT is shown in the form of flowchart as
Figure 2.4, where VRef is the reference voltage at which the PV panel is forced to

operate.

Figure 2.4 Power-Voltage characteristics of a PV panel for the irradiation level of

1000W/m2 using IC method

Here, IC method is tried for achieving MPPT. It works by searching the

voltage operating point at which the instantaneous conductance is equal to the
incremental conductance. It can also track the true maximum power point irrespective
of PV array characteristics.

17
Fig. 2.4 Flow Chart of MPPT

18
2.3.4 Design of DC-DC Boost Converter:

Fig.2.6 shows the circuit diagram of boost converter. In this converter, the
output voltage is always greater than the input voltage. The Inductor stores energy
during ON period Ton. Diode D is reversed biased and isolates the output stage.
When the power MOSFET is OFF, the output stage receives energy from the inductor
as well as from the input. The current which was flowing through the transistor would
now flow through L, D, C and load.

Fig. 2.6 Boost converter

Mode I: (t0 < t t 1)

The Switch S is turned on by applying base signal, at t=0, S1 comes to on state. At

this time, diode D is reverse biased. Due to this load is isolated from the input. The
input supplies energy to inductor L and current increases linearly, the load current is
supplied by the output capacitor C2.

19
 Figure 2.7 DC-DC boost converter circuit during ON stage

Current through inductor L rises linearly from I1 to I2,

∆I
V s =L (2.1)
t1

∆I
t 1=L (2.2)
VS

Mode II: (t1 < t t )

2

At t=t1, the base signal of switch is zero than the switch S comes to OFF
state. During the OFF-time period, diode comes to conduction and current flows
through inductor, diode, C and load. The energy stored in inductor L is transferred to
the load. The inductor current decreases from I2 to I1.

20
 Figure 2.8 DC-DC boost converter circuit during OFF stage

∆IL
V s −V o + L =0 (2.3)
t2

∆ IL
t 2=L (2.4)
V o −V s

where, VC - coupling capacitor voltage, I L - change in inductor current of L,

substituting t1=dT and t2= (1-d) T, where d= duty ratio, Comparing Equations (2.2)
& (2.4), the Equation for output voltage ‘Vo’ is calculated as

Vs
V o= (2.5)
1−d

Assuming lossless circuit, VsIs=VoIo, the average value of input current is given
by

Io
I s= (2.6)
1−d

The switching period T can be found from the Equations (2.2) & (2.4)

21
 1 ∆I ∆I
T =t 1+ t 2= =L +L (2.7)
fs Vs Vo−Vs

The peak-to-peak inductor ripple current of L is given by the following

Equation

Vsd
∆ I L= (2.8)
fL

When the switch is turned OFF, the coupling capacitor C is charged by the input
current for time t=t1.The averaging charging current for C1 is Ic =Io and the peak-to-
peak ripple voltage of output capacitor C is determined by the following Equation
(2.7)

t1
1 I ot 1
∆ V C= ∫
C 0
❑ I C dt=
C1
(2.9)

After substituting the value of t 1 in the Equation (2.7), the peak-to-peak

ripple voltage of C is computed to be

IoD
∆VC = (3.0)
1
Cfs

Similarly, the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of output capacitor C o is

determined to be

Po
∆ V o= (3.1)
4 π f sV oCo

The critical values of inductances and capacitances are determined using

Equations (2.8) & (3.0)

22
 V¿d
L1 = (3.2)
∆ IL f s
1

IL d
C 1= 2
(3.3)
∆VC fs 1

Po
C o= (3.4)
4 π fsVo∆Vo

The DC-DC BOOST converter parameters are designed with the following
specifications: switching frequency fs: 25 kHz, Duty cycle d: 0.67, supply voltage v in:
16.9 V, Output voltage vo: 48 V, Output resistance R: 23.04 Ω, Ripple in source side
inductor current ΔiL: 30 % of the input current and Ripple in the output capacitor is
considered to be Δvc: 1% of output voltage. The values of inductor L , capacitor C are
designed for 100W (Po), by using the specifications mentioned above and the values
of L, C are found to be,

V¿d
L1 = =10mH
∆ IL f s
1

Io d
C 1= = 10µF
∆Vcfs

2.3.5 Inverter

The circuit diagram of Inverter as shown in Fig.2.9, Single-phase inverter is an

electronic device used to convert direct current (DC) power into alternating current
(AC) power for use in single-phase electrical systems. These inverters are commonly
used in residential and small commercial applications to connect renewable energy

23
sources like solar panels or wind turbines to the grid or to power appliances and
devices.

Fig. 2.9 Inverter Circuit

The conversion of DC to alternating voltage is achieved by converting energy stored

in the DC source such as the battery. This is done using switching devices which are
continuously turned on and off, and then stepping up using the transformer.

2.3.6 Ideal Transformer

Fig.2.10 shows the circuit diagram of Ideal transformer. An ideal transformer,

regardless of its switching frequency, is a theoretical electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It
consists of two coils, known as windings, which are typically wound around a
common magnetic core. Transformer designed for high frequency can be physically
smaller and lighter than those designed for lower frequency, making them suitable for

24
applications where space and weight constraints are critical.

Fig. 2.10 Ideal Transformer Circuit

Here in Table 2.2 Parameters of Ideal Transfer, when operating at a switching

frequency of 25 kHz, it implies that the transformer is designed to handle high-
frequency alternating current (AC) of input and output of 48v with a winding ratio of
1:1. Where the ideal transformer block models an ideal power conserving
transformer, described with the following equations,
V1 = N.V2
I2 = N.I1

Table 2.2. Parameters of Ideal Transformer

Primary voltage (V1) 48V

Secondary Voltage (V2) 48V
Switching Frequency (F) 25 kHz
Winding Ratio (N) 1:1

2.3.7 Rectifier

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier is a widely used circuit in electronics as shown in

Fig.2.11 shows that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). This is
essential for powering devices that require a steady and unidirectional flow of current.
Its configuration consists of four diodes arranged in a specific bridge layout, allowing
for the utilization of both halves of the AC waveform. These results in a more
efficient conversion process compared to a half-wave rectifier.

25
 Fig.2.11 Rectifier circuit

During the positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage, diodes D1 and D2 conduct,
enabling current to flow through the load in the forward direction. Conversely, during
the negative half-cycle, diodes D3 and D4 conduct, allowing current to flow through
the load in the opposite direction. This continuous flow of current effectively rectifies
the AC signal.

2.3.8 Buck Converter

Fig.2.12 shows the circuit diagram of DC- DC Buck Converter.

Fig.2.12 DC – DC BUCK CONVERTER

Mode I: (t0 < t t 1)

26
 Fig.2.13 shows the circuit diagram of buck converter during ON stage. In a
buck converter, the switch S1 is closed (ON state) and the diode FD is open (OFF
state). The buck converter is implemented with a transistor (usually an IGBT+diode
or MOSFET) on the high side and a diode on the low side. The buck converter is
able to decrease the voltage from the input to the output by switching between ON-
state and OFF-state constantly.

Figure 2.13 DC-DC buck converter circuit during ON stage

Current through inductor L rises linearly from I1 to I2,

∆I
V s =L (3.1)
t1

∆I
t 1=L (3.2)
VS

Mode II: (t1 < t t )

2

Fig.2.14 shows the circuit diagram of buck converter during ON stage. At

t=t1, the base signal of switch is zero than the switch S comes to OFF state. During
the OFF-time period, diode comes to conduction and current flows through inductor,
diode, c and load. The energy stored in inductor L is transferred to the load.

27
 Figure 2.14 DC-DC buck converter circuit during OFF stage

∆IL
V s −V o + L =0 (3.3)
t2

∆ IL
t 2=L (3.4)
V o −V s

where, VC - coupling capacitor voltage, I L - change in inductor current of L, d=

duty ratio,

Comparing Equations (3.2) & (3.4), the Equation for output voltage ‘V o’ is calculated
as

V o =Vin∗D (3.5)

Assuming lossless circuit, VsIs=VoIo, the average value of input current is

given by

Io
I s= (3.6)
1−d

The switching period T can be found from,

28
 1
T= (3.7)
fs

The critical values of inductances and capacitances are determined,

V ¿ d (d −1)
L1 = (3.8)
∆ IL f s
1

d (1−d )
C 1= (3.
8∗L ¿ ∆ V C ∗fs∗fs
1

29
 CHAPTER 3
SIMULATION RESULT

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the simulation of wireless energy transfer is done using high
frequency inverter and verified by MATLAB/Simulink software.
3.2 SIMULATION CIRCUIT
The Transmitter and Receiver side of the simulation circuit is represented in
the Fig 3.1 and 3.2. The simulation of the proposed system consists of the following
components:
Battery, PV Panel, Incremental MPPT, DC- DC Boost converter, High
Frequency Transformer, Rectifier, Current measurement, Diode, Inductance,
Capacitor, MOSFET, P & I controller, Buck converter, Scope

30
 Fig. 3.1 Transmitter side of the Proposed System

Fig. 3.2 Receiver side of the Proposed System

The output is viewed through SCOPE terminal block. The input is given as DC
by the solar panel and the DC output voltage is utilized to charge the battery.

3.3 SIMULATION OUTPUT

The simulation results are shown as follows: The below figures represent the
input & output voltage, current, inductor and state of buck converter and boost
converter, PV measurement and solar radiance of the proposed Simulink model.
3.3.1 PV Panel Array

Fig.3.3 indicates the amount of solar irradiance falling on a PV array for the
irradiance of 1 Wb/m².
31
 Fig. 3.3 Solar radiance Graph

Fig.3.3 indicates the amount of solar irradiance falling on a PV array for the
irradiance of 1 Wb/m².

Fig. 3.4 PV Voltage Waveform

Fig. 3.4 indicates the amount of PV voltage produced by the PV array. The
voltage of 16V is obtained.

32
 Fig. 3.5 PV Current Graph

Fig. 3.5 indicates the amount of PV current produced by the PV array. The current of
7.2 A is obtained.

3.3.2 Boost Converter

Fig 3.6 Carrier and reference Signal

Fig.3.6 indicates the Boost converter carrier and reference signal.

33
 Fig 3.7 Gate Pulse of Boost Converter
Fig.3.7 shows the gate pulses applied to a MOSFET switch.

Fig 3.8 Inductor Current

Fig. 3.8 is depicting the current flowing through an inductor in a boost converter
circuit, and the current through the inductor is measured at 7 A.

Fig 3.9 Boost converter Output current

34
Fig.3.9 is depicting the output current of a boost converter, and the output current is
measured at 2.3 A.

Fig 3.10 Boost Converter Output Voltage

Fig. 3.10 shows the output voltage of a boost converter, and the output voltage is
measured at 48 V. In a boost converter, the primary function is to step up or boost the
input voltage to a higher output voltage level.

3.3.3. Inverter

Fig 3.11 Inverter Output Voltage

35
Fig.3.11 is depicting the output voltage of Inverter, and the output voltage measured
is 64 V .

Fig.3.12 Inverter Output Current

Fig.3.12 is depicting the output current of inverter, and the output current measured
is 2.3 A.

3.3.4 Rectifier

36
 Fig 3.13 Rectifier Output voltage Graph

Fig. 3.13 shows the receiver side rectifier output voltage, the output voltage is 84 V.

3.3.5 Buck Converter

Fig 3.14Reference and carrier signal of Buck Converter

Fig.3.14 indicates the Buck converter carrier and reference signal.

Fig 3.15 Gate pulse of Buck converter

Fig.3.15 shows the gate pulses applied to a MOSFET switch of Buck Converter

37
 Fig 3.16 Inductor Current in Buck Converter

This figure 3.16 shows the output of the inductor in buck converter the output is 5V

Fig 3.17 Buck Converter Output Current

Fig.3.17 shows the output current of the buck converter the output is 4.7A

Fig 3.18 Buck Converter Output Voltage

Fig.3.18 shows the Buck converter Output Voltage. The output voltage is 25V

38
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE
The PV array has been mathematically modelled; Incremental Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system optimizes this process. The boost converter
increases the voltage for optimal power extraction. The boosted voltage goes through
an inverter to convert it to AC source. The High Frequency transformer adjusts the
AC source frequency for wireless power transfer. The AC power is then rectified
back to DC using the rectifier. A buck converter lowers the voltage for stable
charging of the battery. This setup allows efficient and continuous charging of
electric vehicles using solar energy.

3.5 CONCLUSION

The simulation of wireless energy transfer for Electric vehicles using solar
panel was successfully carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and output
waveform is obtained. From the simulation results, it is concluded that Wireless
power transfer from supply to load has been carried out with high efficiency. The
inclusion of a battery enables energy storage for uninterrupted charging.

39
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RESULT

4.1 CONCLUSION
The Project represents a major advancement in Wireless electric vehicle (EV)
charging. It efficiently harnesses solar energy through PV panels and advanced
converters. The integration of MPPT technology maximizes energy extraction. Boost
and buck converters, along with a single-phase inverter, ensure smooth voltage
management for consistent charging. Wireless power transfer between high frequency
transformers enhances convenience. The inclusion of a battery enables energy storage
for uninterrupted charging. This project offers a sustainable alternative to traditional
grid-powered charging stations, paving the way for a cleaner, more efficient future in
transportation.

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of this project extends to exploring the impact of increased
frequency on wireless charging capabilities. By investigating how higher frequencies
affect the distance between the secondary and primary windings, the project aims to
enhance the overall efficiency of wireless charging systems. If higher frequencies
prove to extend the charging distance effectively, this advancement could
significantly benefit EV charging infrastructure. The potential to increase the
separation between the secondary and primary winding could offer greater flexibility
and convenience in the deployment of wireless charging stations, facilitating a more
seamless and adaptable EV charging experience. This innovation aligns with the
project's goal of continuous improvement and responsiveness to emerging
technologies in the dynamic field of electric mobility.

40
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