SURVEYING

TECHNICAL ENGLISH 2

By :
1. M. IQBAL DZULKARNAIN ( 361822401025 )
2. ANDHIKA ACHMAD SETYAWAN ( 361822401056 )
3. RISTANIA LAILA RAHMAT ( 361822401065 )
4. RIKO MURDANI ( 361822401068 )
5. PRIHARDAN FIRDAUS HUDA P. ( 361822401069 )

ASSOCIATE’S DEGREE
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BANYUWANGI STATE POLYTHECNIC
2020
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FOREWORD

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished
writing the paper entitled “Surveying ” right in the calculated time.
The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mrs.
Awanda Eki Safitri as lecturer in technical english.
in arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but
with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there
are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the
process of writing this paper. hopefully Allah SWT replies all helps and bless you all.the
writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. then the
writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next
paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more
knowledge about technical english.

Banyuwangi, 25 September 2020

Team
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page1
Foreword2
Table of Contents3
Surveying4
Definition4
Detailed Functions4
History of surveying5
Equipment8
Specialized Types of Surveys9
Summary10
Bibliography11
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Surveying

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of

determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances
and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These
points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps
and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as building corners or the surface location
of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as
property sales.
Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis,
physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. They use
equipment, such as total stations, robotic total stations, theodolites, GNSS receivers,
retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, inclinometer, handheld tablets, digital levels,
subsurface locators, drones, GIS, and surveying software.
Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment
since the beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of
construction require it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the
definition of legal boundaries for land ownership, and is an important tool for research in
many other scientific disciplines.s a professional service that uses specialized, project
management techniques to oversee the planning, design, and construction of a project,
from its beginning to its end. The purpose of CM is to control a project's time / delivery,
cost and quality.

Definition
The International Federation of Surveyors defines the function of surveying as
follows (Ghilani & Wolf, 2015):

 A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and

technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities;
 to determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects, point-
fields and trajectories;
 to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,
 to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land,
the sea and any structures thereon; and,
 to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.

Detailed Functions
The surveyor’s professional tasks may involve one or more of the following
activities, which may occur either on, above, or below the surface of the land or the sea
and may be carried out in association with other professionals.

1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurements of
all data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the
earth and monitoring any change therein (Greenfeld, 2006).
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2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and
monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or
below the surface of the earth (Greenfeld, 2006).
3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems
for the above-mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes (Greenfeld,
2006).
4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and
satellite imagery and the automation of these processes (Greenfeld, 2006).
5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land,
including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those
lands with the appropriate authorities (Greenfeld, 2006).
6. The design, establishment, and administration of geographic information
systems (GIS), and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and
dissemination of data (Greenfeld, 2006).
7. The analysis, interpretation, and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in
GIS, including the visualization and communication of such data in maps, models
and mobile digital devices (Greenfeld, 2006).
8. The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and
marine resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in
urban, rural, and regional areas (Greenfeld, 2006).
9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or
rural and whether land or buildings (Greenfeld, 2006).
10.The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or
rural and whether land or buildings (Greenfeld, 2006).
11.The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including
the estimation of costs (Greenfeld, 2006).

In application of the foregoing activities surveyors take into account the relevant
legal, economic, environmental, and social aspects affecting each project. 1.2 Geomatics
3 The breadth and diversity of the practice of surveying (geomatics), as well as its
importance in modern civilization, are readily apparent from this definition (Greenfeld,
2006).

History of Surveying

Ancient history (Ghilani & Wolf, 2015)

 Surveying has occurred since humans built the first large structures. In ancient
Egypt, a rope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries
after the annual floods of the Nile River. The almost perfect squareness and
north–south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the
Egyptians' command of surveying. The Groma instrument originated in
Mesopotamia . The prehistoric monument at Stonehenge was set out by
prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.
 The mathematician Liu Hui described ways of measuring distant objects in his
work Haidao Suanjing or The Sea Island Mathematical Manual, published in 263
AD.
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 The Romans recognized land surveying as a profession. They established the

basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax
register of conquered lands . Roman surveyors were known as Gromatici.
 In medieval Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village
or parish. This was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking
around the parish or village to establish a communal memory of the boundaries.
Young boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible.
 In England, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086. It
recorded the names of all the land owners, the area of land they owned, the
quality of the land, and specific information of the area's content and
inhabitants. It did not include maps showing exact locations.

Modern era (Ghilani & Wolf, 2015)

 Abel Foullon described a plane table in 1551, but it is thought that the
instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a developed instrument.
 Gunter's chain was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician Edmund
Gunter. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal
and commercial purposes.
 Leonard Digges described a theodolite that measured horizontal angles in his
book A geometric practice named Pantometria . Joshua Habermel created a
theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. Johnathon Sission was the first to
incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725.
 In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to
be used. Jesse Ramsden introduced the first precision theodolite in 1787. It was
an instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. He
created his great theodolite using an accurate dividing engine of his own design.
Ramsden's theodolite represented a great step forward in the instrument's
accuracy. William Gascoigne invented an instrument that used a telescope with
an installed crosshair as a target device, in 1640. James Watt developed an
optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771; it measured the parallactic
angle from which the distance to a point could be deduced.
 Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snellius introduced the modern systematic use
of triangulation. In 1615 he surveyed the distance from Alkmaar to Breda,
approximately.
 It was only towards the end of the 18th century that detailed triangulation
network surveys mapped whole countries. In 1784, a team from General William
Roy's Ordnance Survey of Great Britain began the Principal Triangulation of
Britain. The first Ramsden theodolite was built for this survey. The survey was
finally completed in 1853.
 In the US, the Land Ordinance of 1785 created the Public Land Survey System. It
formed the basis for dividing the western territories into sections to allow the
sale of land. The PLSS divided states into township grids which were further
divided into sections and fractions of sections.
 Napoleon Bonaparte founded continental Europe's first cadastre in 1808. This
gathered data on the number of parcels of land, their value, land usage, and
names. This system soon spread around Europe.
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 Robert Torrens introduced the Torrens system in South Australia in 1858. Torrens
intended to simplify land transactions and provide reliable titles via a centralized
register of land. The Torrens system was adopted in several other nations of the
English-speaking world.
 Surveying became increasingly important with the arrival of railroads in the
1800s. Surveying was necessary so that railroads could plan technologically and
financially viable routes.

20th century (Ghilani & Wolf, 2015)

 At the beginning of the century surveyors had improved the older chains and
ropes, but still faced the problem of accurate measurement of long distances. Dr
Trevor Lloyd Wadley developed the Tellurometer during the 1950s.
 During the late 1950s Geodimeter introduced electronic distance measurement
equipment. EDM units use a multi frequency phase shift of light waves to find a
distance. These instruments saved the need for days or weeks of chain
measurement by measuring between points kilometers apart in one go.
 Advances in electronics allowed miniaturization of EDM. In the 1970s the first
instruments combining angle and distance measurement appeared, becoming
known as total stations. Manufacturers added more equipment by degrees,
bringing improvements in accuracy and speed of measurement. Major advances
include tilt compensators, data recorders, and on-board calculation programs.
 The first satellite positioning system was the US Navy TRANSIT system. The first
successful launch took place in 1960. The system's main purpose was to provide
position information to Polaris missile submarines. Surveyors found they could
use field receivers to determine the location of a point. The main use was
establishing benchmarks in remote locations.
 The US Air Force launched the first prototype satellites of the Global Positioning
System in 1978. GPS used a larger constellation of satellites and improved signal
transmission to provide more accuracy. Early GPS observations required several
hours of observations by a static receiver to reach survey accuracy requirements.

21st century (Ghilani & Wolf, 2015)

The theodolite, total station, and RTK GPS survey remain the primary methods in
use. Remote sensing and satellite imagery continue to improve and become cheaper,
allowing more commonplace use. Prominent new technologies include three-
dimensional scanning and use of lidar for topographical surveys. UAV technology along
with photogrammetric image processing is also appearing.

Equipment

I. Hardware

The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite,
measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments
screw onto a tripod when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of
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smaller distances. 3D scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used (Schultz
R. , 2006).

 The theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two

separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal
and the vertical plane. The gyrotheodolite is a form of theodolite that uses a
gyroscope to orient itself in the absence of reference marks. It is used in
underground applications (Schultz R. , 2006).
 The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic
distance measurement device . A total station can be used for leveling when
set to the horizontal plane. Since their introduction, total stations have
shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic devices (Schultz R. ,
2006).
 Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to
return the light pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully
robotic, and can even e-mail point data to a remote computer and connect
to satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning System. Real Time
Kinematic GPS systems have increased the speed of surveying, but they are
still only horizontally accurate to about 20 mm and vertically to 30–40 mm
(Schultz R. , 2006).
 GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods
used. Static GPS uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable
length of time (Schultz R. , 2006).
 Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as tripods and instrument stands;
staves and beacons used for sighting purposes; PPE; vegetation clearing
equipment; digging implements for finding survey markers buried over time;
hammers for placements of markers in various surfaces and structures; and
portable radios for communication over long lines of sight (Schultz R. ,
2006).

II. Software

Land surveyors, construction professionals and civil engineers using total station,
GPS, 3D scanners and other collector data use Land Surveying Software to increase
efficiency, accuracy and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of
contemporary land surveying (Jeffress, 2006).

Typically, much if not all of the drafting and some of the designing for plans and
plats of the surveyed properties is done by the surveyor, and nearly everyone working in
the area of drafting today utilizes CAD software and hardware both on PC, and more and
more in newer generation data collectors in the field as well. Other computer platforms
and tools commonly used today by surveyors are offered online by the U.S. Federal
Government, such as the National Geodetic Survey and the CORS network, to get
automated corrections and conversions for collected GPS data, and the data coordinate
systems themselves (Jeffress, 2006).

Specialized Types of Surveys

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 Control surveys establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that

serve as a reference framework for initiating other surveys (Harris, 2007).
 Topographic surveys determine locations of natural and artificial features and
elevations used in map making (Harris, 2007).
 Land, boundary, and cadastral surveys establish property lines and property
corner markers. The term cadastral is now generally applied to surveys of the
public lands systems (Harris, 2007).
 Hydrographic surveys define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans,
reservoirs, and other bodies of water (Harris, 2007).
 Alignment surveys are made to plan, design, and construct highways, railroads,
pipelines, and other linear projects (Harris, 2007).
 Construction surveys provide line, grade, control elevations, horizontal positions,
dimensions, and configurations for construction operations (Harris, 2007).
 As-built surveys document the precise final locations and layouts of engineering
works, and record any design changes that may have been incorporated into the
construction (Harris, 2007).
 Mine surveys are performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and
other operations associated with mining (Harris, 2007).
 Solar surveys map property boundaries, solar easements, obstructions according
to sun angles and meet other requirements of zoning boards and title insurance
companies (Harris, 2007).
 Optical tooling (also referred to as industrial surveying or optical alignment) is a
method of making extremely accurate measurements for manufacturing
processes where small tolerances are required (Harris, 2007).
 Except for control surveys, most other types described are usually performed
using plane-surveying procedures, but geodetic methods may be employed on
the others if a survey covers an extensive area or requires extreme accuracy
(Harris, 2007).
 Ground, aerial, and satellite surveys are broad classifications sometimes used.
Ground surveys utilize measurements made with ground-based equipment such
as automatic levels and total station instruments (Harris, 2007).

Surveying is currently in the midst of a revolution in the way data are measured,
recorded, processed, stored, retrieved, and shared. This is largely because of
developments in computers and computer-related technologies. Concurrent with
technological advancements, society continues to demand more data, with increasingly
higher standards of accuracy, than ever before. Consequently, in a few years the
demands on surveying engineers (geomatics engineers) will likely be very different from
what they are now.

In the future, the National Spatial Reference System, a network of horizontal and
vertical control points, must be maintained and supplemented to meet requirements of
increasingly higher-order surveys. New topographic maps with larger scales as well as
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digital map products are necessary for better planning. Existing maps of our rapidly
expanding urban areas need revision and updates to reflect changes, and more and
better map products are needed of the older parts of our cities to support urban renewal
programs and infrastructure maintenance and modernization.

In the future, assessment of environmental impacts of proposed construction

projects will call for more and better maps and other related data. GISs and LISs that
contain a variety of land-related data such as ownership, location, acreage, soil types,
land uses, and natural resources must be designed, developed, and maintained.

These and other opportunities offer professionally rewarding indoor or outdoor

(or both) careers for numerous people with suitable training in various branches of
surveying.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ghilani, D. C., & Wolf, R. P. (2015). Elementary Surveying. Pearson Education.

Greenfeld, J. (2006). The Geographic and Land Information Society and GIS/LIS Activities.
Surveying and Land Information Science.

Harris, C. (2007). Whole New Ball Game. Professional Surveyor.

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Jeffress, G. (2006). Two Perspectives of GIS/LIS Education in the United States. Surveying
and Land Information Science.

Lathrop, W., & D, M. (2006). The American Association for Geodetic Surveying: Its.
Surveying and Land Information Science.

Schultz, R. (2006). Education in Surveying: Fundamentals of Surveying Exam. Professional

Surveyor.