HISTORY

Monroe Doctrine (1823)
The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy principle established by President James
Monroe. It warned European nations against further colonization or interference in the
Americas, stating that any such actions would be viewed as acts of aggression. The doctrine
aimed to prevent European powers from re-establishing control in Latin American countries that
had gained independence.
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was a 19th-century belief that the expansion of the United States across the
North American continent was both justified and inevitable. It was rooted in the idea that the
U.S. had a divine right to spread democracy and civilization westward, often at the expense of
Native American lands and Mexican territory.
Spanish-American-Cuban War (1898)

Also known as the Spanish-American War, it was a conflict between Spain and the United
States, triggered by the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor and tensions over
Spanish colonial rule in Cuba. The war ended with Spain's defeat and led to U.S. control over
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and Cuban independence, though under U.S.
influence.
Treaty of Paris (1898)

The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms, Spain ceded control of
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States and recognized Cuban
independence. In exchange, the U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines.
Teller Amendment (1898)

The Teller Amendment was an addition to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain, stipulating
that the United States would not annex Cuba following the Spanish-American War. It assured
that Cuba would be granted independence after Spain's defeat.
Platt Amendment (1902)

The Platt Amendment was a U.S. law that defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations after the
Spanish-American War. It limited Cuba's ability to make treaties with other nations and allowed
the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs. It also led to the establishment of a U.S. naval base at
Guantanamo Bay.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore
Roosevelt. It asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to
prevent European intervention or to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere. It justified
U.S. intervention in regional affairs.
Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1913)
Dollar Diplomacy was a foreign policy strategy under President William Howard Taft, aimed at
furthering U.S. interests in Latin America and East Asia by encouraging U.S. businesses to
invest in those regions. It sought to replace military intervention with economic influence.
Gunboat Diplomacy
Gunboat Diplomacy refers to the use of naval power or military threats by a country to coerce
another nation into complying with diplomatic or economic demands. It was often employed by
imperial powers to protect their interests in foreign territories.
Big Stick Policy

The Big Stick Policy was a foreign policy approach used by President Theodore Roosevelt. The
phrase "speak softly and carry a big stick" summarized Roosevelt’s philosophy of negotiating
peacefully while simultaneously showing the strength of the U.S. military, particularly the navy,
to enforce its demands.
Good Neighbor Policy (1933)

The Good Neighbor Policy was initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It marked a shift in
U.S. relations with Latin America, promoting non-intervention and mutual respect. The policy
was designed to improve diplomatic relations and foster trade and cooperation with Latin
American countries.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain
regarding Central America. Both countries agreed not to establish exclusive control over any
canal route across Central America and not to colonize any part of Central America.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Britain that
nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. It allowed the U.S. to build and control a canal across the
Isthmus of Panama (which became the Panama Canal) without British involvement.
Hay-Herran Treaty (1903)

The Hay-Herran Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Colombia that would
have allowed the U.S. to lease the land for building the Panama Canal. However, the Colombian
Senate rejected the treaty, which led to the U.S. supporting Panama's independence and
eventually signing a canal treaty with Panama.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was an agreement between the United States and the newly
independent Panama, granting the U.S. the right to build and control the Panama Canal. It
established the Panama Canal Zone and gave the U.S. sovereignty over the canal's
construction and operations.
Hull-Alford Treaty (1936)
The Hull-Alford Treaty (also called the Hull-Alfaro Treaty) was a treaty between the U.S. and
Panama, revising the 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. It increased Panama's control over its
internal affairs and the Panama Canal Zone and improved economic benefits for Panama.
Foraker Act (1902)

The Foraker Act established civilian government in Puerto Rico after it became a U.S. territory
following the Spanish-American War. It granted limited self-government but left key decisions,
including economic policy, under U.S. control.
Jones Act (1917)

The Jones Act granted U.S. citizenship to the people of Puerto Rico and restructured its
government, allowing for greater self-rule. It also provided a bill of rights and set up an elected
legislature, although major decisions still rested with the U.S. government.
Treaty of Cession (1916)

The Treaty of Cession refers to the agreement between Denmark and the United States, in
which Denmark sold the Danish West Indies (now the U.S. Virgin Islands) to the U.S. for $25
million. This treaty transferred the islands into U.S. possession.

HISTORY

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HISTORY

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Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Spanish-American-Cuban War (1898)

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Teller Amendment (1898)

Platt Amendment (1902)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)

Big Stick Policy

Good Neighbor Policy (1933)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Hay-Herran Treaty (1903)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

Foraker Act (1902)

Jones Act (1917)

Treaty of Cession (1916)

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