SEE 627 - Electric Vehicles

Dr. Amarendra Edpuganti

Assistant Professor
Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering
IIT Kanpur

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 Module 1 - Basics of EV
Lecture 5

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Outline
➢ Introduction to Plug-In HEVs (PHEV)
➢ PHEV Architectures
➢ Fuel Economy of PHEVs
➢ Power Management of PHEVs
➢ Case study : Mitsubishi
➢ Range extended EVs (REEV)

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS

CLASSIFICATION OF EVS

Functions offered by different HEVs

Function mHEV MHEV HEV PHEV
Start/Stop Yes Yes Yes Yes
Regenerative Yes Yes Yes Yes
breaking
Power Assist No Yes Yes Yes
Electric Driving No No Yes Yes
Charging from Grid No No No Yes

Types of vehicles based on energy source

and propulsion device

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 INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS

• It is transitional technology between HEVs and EVs. It is derived from HEV.

• The IEEE (board of directors, 2007) defines a PHEV as “any HEV that contains at least:
(1) Battery storage system of 4 kWh or more, used to power the motion of vehicle;
(2) Recharging that battery system from an external source of electricity;
(3) Ability to drive at least 10 mi in all-electric mode, and consume no gasoline”.

• Energy source: 60-70% fuel + 30-40% battery

• High fuel economy as batteries can be charged from grid and regenerative breaking

• Examples: Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid, BMW 330e, Porsche Panamera S E-hybrid, Chevy Volt,
Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi, Mercedes C350e, Mercedes S550e, Mercedes GLE550e,
Mini Cooper SE Countryman, Ford Fusion Energi, Audi A3 E-Tron, BMW i8, BMW X5 xdrive40e,
Fiat 500e, Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima, Volvo XC90 T8.

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 INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS
• Charging the energy in the energy storage device from the utility grid to displace part of the petroleum fuel is
the major feature of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

• Main idea is to ensure that typical driving range is met in pure electric mode.

• Figure is histogram showing the daily driving distance distribution and the cumulative frequency derived from
the 1995 National Personal Transportation Survey data. It can be observed that about half of the daily driving
distance is less than 64 km (40 miles).

• If a vehicle is designed to have 64 km (40 miles) of pure EV range, that vehicle will have half of its total
driving distance from the pure EV mode.

14-08-2024 Daily driving distance distribution and cumulative factor 6

INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS
Operating modes:
• Charge depleting (CD) mode: An operating mode in which the SOC of the energy storage may fluctuate, but on
average, it decreases up to minimum SOC level while driving. In CD-blended mode, engine may turn-on to partially
assist the motor.
• Charge sustaining (CS) mode: An operating mode in which the SOC of the energy storage may fluctuate but on
average is maintained at a certain level while driving. SOC is almost kept constant with the regenerative breaking and
power from the engine.
• All-electric range (AER) : After a full recharge, the total miles (kilometers) driven electrically (engine off) before
the engine turns on for the first time. Also known as electric vehicle miles (EVM). Typical value is 15 to 60 miles for
existing models.
• Charge-depleting range (CDR): After a full recharge, the total miles/kms driven before the vehicle reaches CS
mode. It should be noted that EVM indicates pure electric driving. However, CDR may include engine propulsion,
but the on-average SOC of battery decreases till the sustaining level.
• PHEVxx: A PHEV with useable energy storage equivalent to xx miles of driving energy on a reference driving
cycle, where xx stands for the mileage number.
Example : PHEV20 can displace petroleum energy equivalent to 20 miles of driving on the reference drive cycle with on-board storage.

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS
EXAMPLES OF PHEVS

* 2022 data
Videos : 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lscRfRlK5QI
2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEarYZ6ffoU
3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpOH5F6Q6n0

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PHEV Examples : https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_availability.html 8
 INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS
UTILITY FACTOR
• Utility factor (UF) is defined as the ratio of the charge depletion (CD) range of a PHEV to
the total distances driven in daily commuting. It depends mainly on the battery capacity and
also other factors like the travel pattern, and charging pattern. The value of UF is equal to 1
when all the distance travelled is on electric mode.
• UF is calculated for one or fleet of cars for a given duration based on the traveling data.

VMT : Vehicles miles travelled

E VMT : Electric VMT
gVMT : Gasoline VMT
IUF : Individual UF
FUF : Fleet UF

Observed average annualized driving estimates and UF.

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS

COMPONENTS OF PHEVS

Fig. Plug-in Hybrid Car

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS

Video:
Working of
Plug-in
Hybrid Car

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS
ADVANTAGES OF PHEVS
• PHEV with an AER of 30-40 miles will satisfy the daily driving needs.
• Reduced pollution, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• Using renewable energy for PHEVs will significantly reduce the consumption of
petroleum‐based fossil fuel.
• PHEV can be used as a backup power source when a bidirectional charger is provided.
• Ancillary services: Batteries provide voltage regulation, system stability, and frequency
regulation for a power grid.
• The onboard engine generator/motor can further extend the backup duration by using gasoline to
generate electricity.
• Batteries that can no longer provide the desired performance in a PHEV can potentially be used
for grid energy storage.

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INTRODUCTION TO PHEVS

HEVS VS PHEVS
Parameter Hybrid Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
Battery pack A smaller battery than PHEV Larger battery than HEV
Charging Regenerative braking and IC engine Regenerative braking, ICE, and Grid
Propulsion Optimal combination of gasoline and It runs in electric mode for shorter
battery are used. journey and then same as HEVs
Emissions Lower carbon emissions compared Lower carbon emissions than HEVs for
to conventional cars shorter journey and then same as HEVs

Electric Range Lower than PHEV Higher than HEV

Capital cost Price is lower than PHEVs Price is higher than HEVs
Running cost Higher running cost than PHEV Lower running cost than HEV

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INTRODUCTION TO PHEVS
PHEVS VS BEVS
Parameter PHEV BEV
Battery pack A smaller battery than BEV Larger battery than PHEV
Charging Regenerative braking, ICE , and Grid Regenerative braking, and Grid
Propulsion Pure electric mode for shorter journey Pure electric mode
and then same as hybrid mode
Emissions Lower carbon emissions compared Zero tailpipe emissions
to conventional cars
Electric range 15 to 60 miles 100 to 300 miles
Capital cost Price is lower than BEV Price is higher than PHEV
Running cost Higher running cost than BEV Lower running cost than PHEV

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS

EXAMPLES OF PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVS)

Fig. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Fig. Mini Countryman Plug-In HEV

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INTRODUCTION OF PHEVS
EXAMPLES OF PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVS)

Fig. Toyota Yaris Hybrid Fig. VW Golf GTE

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 FUEL ECONOMY OF HEVS

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TERMINOLOGY
• Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE) : Amount of an alternative fuel it
takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline.
• 1 GGE = 33.7 kWh = 115000 BTU = 121.3 MJ
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced MPGe in 2010 to aid
in comparing the mileage of ICE vehicles and Evs.
• Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe) :
MPGe = mile/GGE = mile / (33700 wH) = mile / (115000 BTU)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒
• MPGe = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
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 FUEL ECONOMY OF HEVS
• The fuel economy of conventional vehicles is evaluated as fuel
consumption (liters) per 100 km, or miles per gallon (MPG).
• It is evaluated combinedly for city driving and for highway driving.
• Evaluate the combined fuel economy by combining the 55% city and
45% highway MPG (miles per gallon) figures (Exercise)
1
FEMPG _ Combined =
0.55 0.45
+
FECity FEhighway

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 FUEL ECONOMY OF HEVS
• For pure EVs, the fuel economy is best described by electricity
consumption for a certain range.
• Units are Wh/mile or kWh/100 km.
• In order to compare the fuel efficiency of EVs with conventional vehicles,
the energy content of gasoline is used to convert the figures.
1
𝐹𝐸𝑔𝑎𝑠_𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 33700
𝑊ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒

• These fuel efficiencies are also called tank‐to‐wheel efficiencies.

• It does not reflect the losses during the refining and distribution.

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 FUEL ECONOMY OF HEVS
In charge depletion (CD) mode, a blended PHEV consumes 10 kWh of electric
energy from the onboard battery and 1.5L of gasoline in its first 64 km. Beyond 64
km, the car enters charge sustaining (CS) mode, which consumes 6.25 l of
gasoline per 100 km. The car has a total range of 128 km. Calculate the fuel
economy of the car in kmpl for : 1) CD mode 2) CS Mode, 3) Entire range.
(Exercise). Note: Gallon : 3.785 litres and 1 GGE = 33.7 kWh, 1 mile = 1.61 km.
CD Mode : 24.4 kmpl
CS Mode : 16 kmpl
Overall : 19.32 kmpl

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FUEL ECONOMY OF HEVS
Solution:
1) CD Mode :
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐾𝑚)
Fuel Economy (FE) =
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 (𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒)
64 (𝐾𝑚)
= 10∗3.785 = 24.4 Kmpl
(1.5𝑙+( 33.7 𝑙))
2) CS Mode:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝐾𝑚) 64
Fuel Economy(FE) = = 6.25∗64 = 16Kmpl
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙(𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒) ( 100 )

3) Entire Range :
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐾𝑚)
Fuel Economy (FE) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 (𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒)
128 (𝐾𝑚)
= 10∗3.785 6.25∗64
= 19.32 kmpl
1.5𝑙+ 33.7
𝑙 +( 100 𝑙)

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 FUEL ECONOMY OF HEVS
WELL-TO-WHEEL EFFICIENCY
• Typical efficiency values are shown in the figure.

BEV : 𝜂𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦 = 25%, well-to-wheel efficiency = 18%

ICEV : 𝜂𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 83%, well-to-wheel efficiency = 13%

Calculation of FE (well-to-wheel):
1
FEEV _ well _ wheel =  33700 electricity
Wh / mile
FEICEV _ well _ wheel = FEMPG  gasoline

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Fig. Comparison of well-to-wheels efficiencies of BEV and
 PHEV ARCHITECTURES

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PHEV ARCHITECTURES
CONFIGURATION OF PHEVS :-
• The main configurations are
➢ Series Configuration
➢ Parallel Configuration (or) Blended Mode Configuration

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 PHEV ARCHITECTURES
CONFIGURATION OF PHEVS :-

Conv Conv

Fig. Basic PHEV drivetrain architecture:

series vs. parallel design
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PHEV ARCHITECTURES
CONFIGURATION OF PHEVS :-
• In the series configuration, the gasoline engine output is connected to a
generator.

• The electricity generated by the generator can be used to charge the battery
and/or supply power to the powertrain motor.

• In parallel configuration, the engine and the motor can both drive the wheels.

• The motor size can be smaller than those in series configurations.

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PHEV ARCHITECTURES
CONFIGURATION OF PHEVS :-
• Blended plug-in hybrid electric vehicles become more popular because of
the reduced system cost
➢ smaller electric motor
➢ smaller battery pack
➢ lower battery power ratings
• Moreover, it has the flexibility of optimizing fuel economy for different
driving conditions.

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 POWER MANAGEMENT OF PHEVS

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POWER MANAGEMENT OF PHEVS

Fig. Idealized blended PHEV model for power management study.

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POWER MANAGEMENT OF PHEVS
• When the battery is fully charged, the vehicle is operated in charge depletion
(CD) mode, and when the battery state of charge (SOC) reaches a low
threshold, it switches to charge sustaining (CS) mode.
• In charge depletion (CD) mode, the vehicle will maximize the use of battery
energy and minimize the fuel consumption for a given drive scenario.
• In charge sustaining (CS) mode, the vehicle will use gasoline to power the
vehicle while maintaining the battery SOC at the same level.

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POWER MANAGEMENT OF PHEVS
• If the drive distance is less than the nominal electric drive range, then it is possible to
operate the vehicle in all‐electric mode.
• If the drive distance is longer than the electric range, then there are three possible
approaches for operating the vehicle:
➢ Operate the vehicle in electric mode until the battery is depleted to a preset
threshold, then run in CS mode. Note that engine may turn-on at high power
demands during CD mode.
➢ Operate the vehicle in a blended mode with an optimal battery discharge policy,
so the battery will be depleted to the preset threshold before the end of the total
driving cycle.

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 CASE STUDY:
MITSUBISHI PHEV

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MITSUBISHI PHEV
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Complex Hybrid :
Front Hybrid rear-electric

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
Drive Train : Twin Motor (4WD)
Motor (Front/Rear) : PMSM (60kW) each
Battery type : Li-ion – 20 kWh
Engine : 2.0L 4-cylinder
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MITSUBISHI PHEV
MODE MAP
• Most efficient driving mode
will be selected automatically
in this PHEV.

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MITSUBISHI PHEV
OPERATION OF MOTOR AND ENGINE IN EACH MODE

Motor Engine Situation

EV mode Drive Not used City Driving
Series mode Drive Power Generation Uphill/Acceleration
Parallel Mode Drive Drive + Power Generation Highway driving

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MITSUBISHI PHEV
PERFORMANCE TARGET
EV driving distance : Over 50 km
Cruising Range : Over 800 km
CO2 : Below 50g/km

• The PHEV can drive as a 100% electric vehicle for over 50km by using
electricity from the drive battery.
• That means PHEV can drive as a 100% electric vehicle in most everyday
driving situations.

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 Range Extended EV
(REEV)

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REEV

Types of vehicles based on energy source

and propulsion device REEV drive train configuration

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REEV
• Extended range EVs (EREV/E-REV), BEV with range extender (BEVx)
• Avoids range anxiety compared to BEV. It uses auxiliary power unit (APU) such as
small IC engine or micro gas turbine for charging the battery. E.g : Jaguar uses two
small gas turbines.
• 100% electric motor propulsion. Energy source : 80% electrical + 20% fuel
• When the battery gets depleted below threshold, APU charges the batteries while
driving.
• Examples: BMW i3 Rex, Chevrolet Volt,
Audi A1 E-Tron, Audi RS Q E-Tron

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REEV
• Moderate distances : REEV runs in full electric mode (same as BEV)
• Longer distances: E-REVs utilize the ICE to keep the battery charged, but consume
noticeably less fuel than conventional ICEVs due to following reasons:
• The engine of an E-REV is significantly smaller than that of a conventional ICEV
– it only needs to meet average power demands because peak power is delivered
by the battery pack. The engine of an ICEV, on the other hand, must also cover
peak-power surges, e.g. accelerations.
• The engine of an E-REV operates at a constant, highly efficient, rotation speed;
whereas that of an ICEV often runs at low or high rotation speeds during which,
in both situations, its efficiency is low.

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REEV
• During electric vehicle mode, battery is also charged due to regenerative breaking.
• Extended range mode starts when SOC falls below the predefined range. ICE gets
operated to maintain the battery SOC within limits marked by green and red lines.
ICE may be turned-off sometimes during this period.

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REFERENCES
1. M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. Gay and A. Emadi, “Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles”, CRC Press
LLC, Boca Raton, U.S., 2018. Third Edition – Some parts of Chapter 11.
2. Iqbal Husain, “Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals”, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 202. Third
Edition – Chapter 3.3

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