Biology 2015 Paper Two

Section A [44 marks]

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided on the question paper.
1. Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 show the structure of specialised cells in plants.

(a) (i) Identify the cells labelled A and B. [2]

(ii) Identify the parts labelled C and D. [2]
(b) (i) Which figure shows a closed stoma? [1]

(ii) Explain how the opening of a

stoma is brought about. [3]
[Total: 8]
2. Figure 2.1 shows a section through a human tooth.

Figure 2.1
(a) (i) State the names of the parts labelled F and G. [2]
(ii) Explain the functions of the parts labelled H and r in Figure 2.1. [2]
(b) (i) Explain how tooth decay is brought about. [3]
(ii) Suggest two ways of preventing tooth decay. [2]
[Total: 9]
3. Figure 3,1 shows a cassava plant with root tubers.

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 Figure 3.1
(a) (i) Which common food nutrient is stored in the root tuber? [1]
(ii) State where this food in the root tubers was manufactured? [1]
(iii) Explain how this food manufactured in (a) (ii) above found itself in storage form in
the root tubers. [3]
(b) (i) State the nutrient in the soil which is necessary for photosynthesis.
(ii) Suggest how this nutrient is taken up from the soil to the leaves in the plant in Figure
3.1. [3]
[Total: 9]
4. Figure 4.1 shows a food web in a given ecosystem.

Figure 4.1
(a) (i) Identify any primary consumer. [1]
(ii) Construct a food chain using three organisms from Figure 4.1. [1]
(iii) Using the food chain in (a) (ii) construct a pyramid of energy. [3]
(b) Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. [2]
(c) Explain why organisms at the end of a food chain have the least amount of
(d) Energy. [2]
[Total: 9]
5. Pure breeding dwarf garden pea plants were crossed with pure-breading tall garden pea
plants. The resulting offsprings were all tall.

(i) What is meant by pure breeding? [1]

(ii) Using your own symbols, state the genotypes of the parents.

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 Pure breeding dwarf garden pea plant = ………………………………………….
Pure breeding tall garden pea plant = ……………………………………………. [2]
(a) Using a genetic diagram, show the cross between a dwarf parent and one of the offspring.
(b) Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous. [1]
[Total: 9]
Section B [36 marks]
Answer any three questions from this section. All answers must be in complete sentences and
paragraphs.
6. (a) Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast. [4]
(b) Explain the use of yeast in brewing and baking. [5]
(c) Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration in man and yeast. [3]
[Total: 12]
7. (a) Describe the following methods of artificial vegetative propagation.
(i) Grafting
(ii) Budding [6]
(b) Describe the artificial methods of birth control in humans. [6]
[Total: 12]
8. (a) Explain the functions of the following parts in the human ear.
(i) Eustachian tube
(ii) Cochlea [5]
(b) Distinguish between the sensory neurone and the motor neurone. [3]
(c) Describe the pupil reflex action in humans. [4]
[Total: 12]
9. (a) Explain the following terms:
(i) Pollination
(ii) Feftilisation [3]
(b) Discuss fruit and seed dispersal. [9]
[Total: 12]
10. (a) What is meant by excretion? [2]
(b) Explain how the following substances are excreted from the body.
(i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Urea [10]
[Total 12]
Answers
1. (a) (i) A: Epidermal cell B: guard cell
(ii) C: chloroplasts D: cytoplasm
(b) (i) Figure 1.1
(ii) Stoma opens when the guard cells are turgid. They become turgid when the water
potential of the cells adjacent to the guard cells are higher than that in the cell sap of the
guard cells. This result in water molecules from the adjacent cells to move into the guard
cells osmosis. When water molecules enter, the vacuoles increase in size causing osmotic
pressure to build up and this in turn causes the guard cells to become turgid. When the
guard cells become turgid, they bend inwards causing the stoma to open.

2. (a) (i) F: Enamel G: Dentine

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 (ii) H: contains the tooth producing cells and blood vessels. These supply nutrients
and remove waste products. The cavity also contains nerve endings that send pain signals
to the brain when there is a hole in the tooth.
I: helps to anchor the tooth to the jaw and keep the root of the tooth embedded in the
jawbone.
(b) (i) sugary food particles when left between the teeth after a meal are converted into
organic acids by bacteria. The acids dissolve the enamel during which phosphorous and
calcium are removed leading to tooth decay.
(ii) 1. Eat food with low sugar content, like fruit and vegetables.
2. Eat food rich in calcium, phosphate and vitamin D such as milk and milk
products.

3. (a) (i) carbohydrate

(ii) In the leaves
(iii) The food is transported as glucose through the phloem vessel from the leaves,
stem and finally roots.
(b) (i) magnesium
(ii) Magnesium is dissolved in the water and absorbed by the roots of the plant
through passive absorption and active transport. The dissolved mineral will then be
transported through the xylem vessel in the stem and finally to the leaves.

4. (a) (i) Grasshopper/ rabbit

(ii) Cabbage grasshopper bird
(iii)

(b) A food chain is a representation of a feeding relation between organisms in a

community and indicates how energy flows from one trophic level to another while a
food wed represents several food chains that are interlinked.
(c) Because energy is used up and wasted at each link.

5. (a) (i) This is the creating of offsprings by matting two parents that are genetically similar.
(ii) Pure breeding dwarf garden pea plant = tt
Pure breeding tall garden pea plant = TT
(b)

(c) Homozygous refers to an organism with two similar alleles for a particular trait while
heterozygous refers to an organism with two different alleles for a particular trait.

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 Section B
6. (a) Anaerobic respiration is the process by which living organisms obtain energy from
glucose in the absence of oxygen. In yeast, anaerobic respiration results into
fermentation. Fermentation is the production of ethanol. It occurs when yeast break down
sugars in the absence of oxygen.
(b) (i) Brewing. At some stage in beer making yeast is added to a warm liquid containing
maltose. The maltose is produced by germinating cereal seeds such as barley. The
maltose is later converted to glucose by enzyme action. When the yeast respires
anaerobically the glucose is converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
(ii) Baking. In baking, flour is mixed with water to make dough. The enzymes present in
starch help convert starch to maltose and finally glucose. The yeast added to the dough
breaks down the sugar when it respires. The carbon dioxide produced as the yeast
respires, bubbles off making the dough rise. This makes the bread soft.
(c) Anaerobic respiration in man produces lactic acid while lactic acid is not produced in
yeast. Alcohol is produced in yeast while animals do not produce alcohol during
anaerobic respiration.
During anaerobic respiration in both man and yeast oxygen is not used as well as water is
not produced.

7. (a) (i) Grafting

This involves attaching g part of one plant onto part of another plant of the same species. In
grafting a twig is used instead of a bud. The shoot is the scion and the plant to which it is joined
is the stock. However in both budding and grafting the cambia from the two plants should be
brought into direct contact. Grafting is used in the growing of citrus fruits such as oranges and
lemons.
(ii) Budding
This method involves cutting a bud from one plant and joining it to another plant of the same or
related species with a well established root system. The plant from which the bud is taken is
called the scion and the plant to which it is joined is the stock. Examples of plants that can be
propagated by budding are lemons, oranges and mangoes.
(b) Contraception
The sheath or condom
A thin rubber sheath is placed on the erect penis before sexual intercourse. The sheath traps the
sperm and prevents them from reaching the uterus.
The diaphragm
A thin rubber disc, placed in the vagina before intercourse, covers the cervix and stops spenrms
entering the uterus.
Spermicides
Spermicides are chemicals which, though harmless to the tissues, do kil1 or immobilize sperms.
The spermicide, in the form of a cream, gel or foam, is placed in the vagina.

8. (a) (i) Eustachian tube: connects to the nasal cavity and keeps air pressure on inside of the
ear drum the same as outside.
(ii) Cochlea- a spiral tube which looks like the shell of a snail, its function is to transform
the vibrations of the cochlear liquids and associated structures into a neural signal.

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 (b) Sensory neurone carries impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system
while motor neurone conducts impulses outwards from the central nervous system to the
effector organ.
(c) The iris in our eyes adjusts the size of the pupil in response to bright or dim light. In
bright light for example the a signal is sent to the sensory neurone and through the relay
neurone to the motor neurone that contract the circular muscles of the iris.

9. (a) (i) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of one flower to the
stigma of the same or different flower of the same plant species or variety.
(ii) Fertlisation is the fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete in the ovule.
(b) Animal dispersed
(i) Animal dispersed seeds have the following characteristics
- Presence of hooks to cling to the fur of animals e.g black jack. The hooks irritate the
animal causing it to shake the seeds off some distance away from the parent plant.
- Succulent (juicy) mesocarps to attract and reward animals e.g mangoes
- Bright coloured epicarps to attract animals to fruits, especially when ripe e.g oranges.
- Seeds have hard testas that are resistant to digestive enzymes found in the guts of
animals e.g guavas.
- Scented fruits to attract animals e.g oranges.
(ii) Wind dispersed fruits
Wind dispersed fruits have the following characteristics
- Parachute of hairs (pappus) formed from sepals after fertilization causes the fruit to
float thereby delaying landing and encouraging dispersal. E.g dandelion.
- Wing-like structures – that cause the fruit to float thereby delaying landing and
encouraging dispersal. E.g sycamore.
(iii) Water dispersed fruits: these have fibrous pericaps that enable them to float in water
e.g coconut fruits.
(iv) Self dispersed fruits: such fruits have fruit walls that develop tension and split to
scatter seeds when dry. E.g beans.

10. (a) Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
(c) (i) Carbon Dioxide: plasma takes carbon dioxide in dissolved form to the subclavian
veins. In subclavian veins carbon dioxide combine with haemoglobin present in red blood
cells and then carbon dioxide is taken to the heart and the heart pumps it to the lungs.
From there carbon dioxide is expelled out.
(ii) urea:urea is dissolved into the blood and further transported and excreted by the
kidney as a component of urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along
with sodium chloride and water) in sweat.