Calculas
Calculas
Calculas
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1. AREA OF A CURVE BETWEEN TWO ORDINATES : let y = f(x) be a continuous and finite function
in [a,b]
Case 1. When the curve y = f(x) lies above the x-axis
The area bounded by the curve y=f(x) the x-axis 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
And the ordinates x=a and x=b is given by
𝑎
Area =∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
The area between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒 x-axis ,the O (a,0) (b,0)
𝑏
Ordinates x=a and x=b is given 𝑦 = ∫𝑎 −𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
The area bounded by the curve x=f(y), the y-axis, and the
𝑑
Abscissa y=c and y=d is given by ∫𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (0,c)
Case 2: when the curve x=f(y) ,the y-axis ,and the abscissa
𝑑
Y=c and y=d is given by ∫𝑐 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 y=f(x)
CIRCLE: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 Y
Circle with centre at origin and radius a
X’ X
Y’
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
ELLIPSE : 2
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑎>𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
2
+ =1
𝑏 𝑎2
𝑎>𝑏
PARABOLA:
Equation of line passing through two points A(x 1,y1) and B(x2,y2)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
By tarinder gadhok
TaRINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: An equation involving derivative(derivatives) of the dependent variable with
respect to independent variable (variables) is called a differential equation
A differential equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to only one independent
variable is called an ordinary differential equation
SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑐 which satisfies a given
differential equation is called its solution
METHOD: suppose an equation of a family of curves contains n arbitrary constantas . then , we obtain its
differential equation as given below
Step1: differentiate the equation of a family of curves n times to get n more equations
Solving equations with variable separable; if the given differential equation can be expressed in the form
𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 is the solution of such a differential equation
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
Homogeneous function: A function f (x,y) in x and y is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if the
degree of each term is n
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
Homogeneous differential equation : An equation of the form = where both 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦 )𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦) be a homogeneous differential equation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) in the given equation, we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= F(v)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =
[ 𝐹 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣 ] 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ =∫
[ 𝐹 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣 ] 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
⇒∫ = log|𝑥 | + 𝑐
𝐹 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣
𝑦
Now replace v by 𝑥 to obtain the required solution
𝑑𝑦
the most general form of linear differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 , where P is a constant and Q is a constant
𝑑𝑥
or function of x . the other common form of linear differential equations is 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 where P is constant
and Q is a constant or a function of y.
𝑑𝑦
Solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑦
Now ,𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄,
𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹
𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹. 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃, . 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹. 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Working rules for solving 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸
(i) Find IF
(ii) The solution is given by 𝑦 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫[𝑄 × 𝐼𝐹 ]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒙
Working rules for solving 𝒅𝒚 + 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑸
BY TARINDER GADHOK
TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
VECTOR ALGEBRA
SCALARS: A quantity that has magnitude only known as a scalar
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
A directed line segment with initial point A and terminal point B , is the vector denoted by 𝐴𝐵
We usually denoted a vector by a single letter with an arrow on it and its magnitude is denoted by this letter
only. Thus, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑎| = 𝑎
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐴𝐵
Equal vectors: two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and same direction
regardless of their initial points
Negative of a vector: A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given vector 𝑎 and the direction opposite
to that of 𝑎 is called the negative of 𝑎 , to be denoted by −𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝐴
Thus, if 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑎
Zero or null vector: A vector whose initial and terminal point coincide is called a zero vector , denoted by 𝑜
Co initial vectors: two or more vectors having the same initial points O A
Collinear vectors: Vectors having same or parallel support are known as collinear vectors B
Vector addition
Let 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏⃗ be two vectors. Take any point O and draw segments 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 such that 𝑂𝐴
𝑎
TRIANGLE LAW OF ADDITION
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
Let O be the origin and let P(x,y,z) be any point in the space . let 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ be unit vectors along the x-axis,
Then 𝑟 = (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) . This form of the vector is called vector components
Here x,y,z are called the scalar components of 𝑟 and 𝑥𝑖̂, 𝑦𝑗̂, 𝑧𝑘̂ are called its vector components
Let l,m,n are the direction cosines of a vector then we always have 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 =1
If A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) be any two points in the space, then direction ratios of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
Are (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ), (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ), (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) and direction cosines are , ,
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
SECTION FORMULAE
INTERNAL DIVISION : let A and B be two points with position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ respectively and let P be a
point dividing AB internally in the ratio m:n let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟
⃗ +𝑛𝑎⃗
𝑚𝑏
Then 𝑟 =
𝑚+𝑛
EXTERNAL DIVISION: let A and B be two points with two position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ respectively and let
P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m:n let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 =𝑟
⃗ −𝑛𝑎⃗
𝑚𝑏
Then 𝑟 =
𝑚−𝑛
𝑎. 𝑏⃗
|𝑏⃗|
|𝑎. 𝑏⃗ | ≤ |𝑎||𝑏⃗|
Triangle inequality
|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ | ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗|
Distributive law
𝑎(𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑎. 𝑐
Then the vector product of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ is defined as 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = (|𝑎||𝑏⃗| sin 𝜃)𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector
perpendicular to both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗
Vector product of two vectors is a vector 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐 where 𝑐 is always perpendicular to both 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗
| 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|
𝜃 = sin { }
|𝑎||𝑏⃗|
AFREA OF QUQDRILATERAL
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐷
If two diagonals of a quad are represented by 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐷
Then area of quad = 2 |𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
BY TARINDER GADHOK
TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
3D GEOMETRY
COORDINATES OF A POINT IN SPACE
Let O be the Origin, and let OX,OY and OZ be three mutually perpendicular lines ,taken as the X-axis Y-axis
and Z-axis respectively in such a way that they form a right hand system Z
The planes YOZ, ZOX and XOY are respectively known as the YZ-PLANE C M
The ZX-PLANE and the XY-PLANE, these planes known as the L O P Y
Coordinate planes, divide the space into eight parts called octants A B
X N
Let P be a point in space through P, draw three planes PLAN,PNMB and PLCM parallel to the yz-plane ,the
zx-plane and the xy-plane respectively and meeting the x-axis ,y-axis and z-axis at the point A,B and C
respectively .complete the parallelepiped whose edges are OA ,OB and OC
OA=x , OB= y and OC= z . we say that the coordinates of P(x,y,z)
Position vector of a point in space , we say that the position vector or P.V of P is 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘⃗
𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜇𝑏⃗
CARTESIAN FORM : the equations of a straight line with the direction ratio a,b and c and passing through a
point A(x1 , y1, z1) are
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH TWO GIVEN POINTS
Vector form: the vector equation of a straight line passing through two points with position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗
Is given by 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎)
Cartesian form : the equation of a line passing through two given points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 . 𝑧2 ) are
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
given by = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
Vector form: let the vector equations of two lines be 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 where 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 are scalars
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 .𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2
let 𝜃 be the angle between these lines be cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 ||𝑏2 |
The shortest distance between the skew lines 𝑟 = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 is given by
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2−𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )(𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗1×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 )
SD= | |
|𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2|
CONDITION OF LINES INTERSECTING: if two lines intersect each other then shortest distance between
them is zero
(⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 )(⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 ) = 0
In Cartesian form: the shortest distance between two skew lines
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
= = and = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐1
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
| 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Is given by
√(𝑏1 𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1 ) +(𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2𝑎1 ) +(𝑎1𝑏2 −𝑏1 𝑎2)2
2 2
DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES :the distances between two parallel lines
𝑏⃗. 𝑛⃗
sin 𝜃 =
|𝑏⃗||𝑛⃗|
BY TARINDER GADHOK
TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
Probability
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
The binomial distribution formula helps to check the probability of getting “x” successes in “n” independent
trials of a binomial experiment. To recall, the binomial distribution is a type of probability distribution in
statistics that has two possible outcomes. In probability theory, the binomial distribution comes with two
parameters n and p.
The probability distribution becomes a binomial probability distribution when it meets the following
requirements.
1. Each trail can have only two outcomes or the outcomes that can be reduced to two outcomes. These
outcomes can be either a success or a failure.
2. The trails must be a fixed number.
3. The outcome of each trial must be independent of each other.
4. And the success of probability must remain the same for each trail.
Binomial Distribution Formula in Probability
The formula for the binomial probability distribution is as stated below:
1 – p = Probability of failure.
BY TARINDER GADHOK