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TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES

APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1. AREA OF A CURVE BETWEEN TWO ORDINATES : let y = f(x) be a continuous and finite function
in [a,b]
Case 1. When the curve y = f(x) lies above the x-axis
The area bounded by the curve y=f(x) the x-axis 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
And the ordinates x=a and x=b is given by
𝑎
Area =∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Case2. When the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) lies below the x-axis

The area between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒 x-axis ,the O (a,0) (b,0)
𝑏
Ordinates x=a and x=b is given 𝑦 = ∫𝑎 −𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2. AREA OF A CURVE BETWEEN TWO ABSCISSAE: (0,d)

Case1: when the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) lies to the right of

The area bounded by the curve x=f(y), the y-axis, and the
𝑑
Abscissa y=c and y=d is given by ∫𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (0,c)

Case 2: when the curve x=f(y) ,the y-axis ,and the abscissa
𝑑
Y=c and y=d is given by ∫𝑐 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 y=f(x)

3. AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES :the area bounded by


Two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), which are intersected by y=g(x)
𝑏
The ordinates x=a and x=b , is given by area =∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

SOME BASIC SHAPES WITH EQUATIONS

CIRCLE: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 Y
Circle with centre at origin and radius a

X’ X

Y’
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑎2

Circle with centre at (h,k) and radius a

𝑥2 𝑦2
ELLIPSE : 2
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑎>𝑏

𝑥2 𝑦2
2
+ =1
𝑏 𝑎2

𝑎>𝑏
PARABOLA:

Equation of line passing through two points A(x 1,y1) and B(x2,y2)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

By tarinder gadhok
TaRINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: An equation involving derivative(derivatives) of the dependent variable with
respect to independent variable (variables) is called a differential equation

A differential equation involving derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to only one independent
variable is called an ordinary differential equation

ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: The order of the highest-order derivative occurring in a


differential equation is called the order of the differential equation

DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: The power of the highest-order derivative occurring in a


differential equation , after made free from radicals and fractions , is called the degree of differential equation

SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑐 which satisfies a given
differential equation is called its solution

GENERAL SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: Suppose a differential equation of order n is


being given. If its solution contains n arbitrary constants then it is called a general solution

PARTICULAR SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :Giving particular values to arbitrary


constants in the general solution , we get its particular solution

FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WHOSE GENERAL SOLUTION IS GIVEN

METHOD: suppose an equation of a family of curves contains n arbitrary constantas . then , we obtain its
differential equation as given below

Step1: differentiate the equation of a family of curves n times to get n more equations

Step2: Eliminate n constants, using n+1 equation

This gives us the required differential equation of order n

SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solving equations with variable separable; if the given differential equation can be expressed in the form

𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 is the solution of such a differential equation

HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

Homogeneous function: A function f (x,y) in x and y is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if the
degree of each term is n
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
Homogeneous differential equation : An equation of the form = where both 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦 )𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)

Homogeneous functions of degree n, is called a homogeneous differential equation

METHODS OF SOLVING A HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦) be a homogeneous differential equation
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = (𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) in the given equation, we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= F(v)

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =
[ 𝐹 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣 ] 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒∫ =∫
[ 𝐹 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣 ] 𝑥

𝑑𝑣
⇒∫ = log|𝑥 | + 𝑐
𝐹 (𝑣 ) − 𝑣
𝑦
Now replace v by 𝑥 to obtain the required solution

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

𝑑𝑦
the most general form of linear differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 , where P is a constant and Q is a constant
𝑑𝑥
or function of x . the other common form of linear differential equations is 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄 where P is constant
and Q is a constant or a function of y.

𝑑𝑦
Solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄

First we find 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 , which is known as integrating factor,i.e, IF

𝑑𝑦
Now ,𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄,

𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝐹 + 𝑃. 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹
𝑑𝑥

𝐼𝐹. 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃, . 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹. 𝑑𝑥

Y(IF) = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 +c which is the required solution

𝒅𝒚
Working rules for solving 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸
(i) Find IF
(ii) The solution is given by 𝑦 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫[𝑄 × 𝐼𝐹 ]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝒅𝒙
Working rules for solving 𝒅𝒚 + 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑸

(i) Find IF = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦


(ii) The solution is given by
𝑥 × 𝐼𝐹 = ∫[𝑄 × 𝐼𝐹 ]𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 which is the required solution

BY TARINDER GADHOK
TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
VECTOR ALGEBRA
SCALARS: A quantity that has magnitude only known as a scalar

VECTOR: A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector

A DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT IS CALLED A VECTOR

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
A directed line segment with initial point A and terminal point B , is the vector denoted by 𝐴𝐵

The magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |


𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 |𝐴𝐵 A B

We usually denoted a vector by a single letter with an arrow on it and its magnitude is denoted by this letter
only. Thus, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑎| = 𝑎
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐴𝐵

Unit vector A vector is called unit vector if |𝑎| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎̂

Equal vectors: two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and same direction
regardless of their initial points

Negative of a vector: A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given vector 𝑎 and the direction opposite
to that of 𝑎 is called the negative of 𝑎 , to be denoted by −𝑎

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝐴
Thus, if 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑎

Zero or null vector: A vector whose initial and terminal point coincide is called a zero vector , denoted by 𝑜

Co initial vectors: two or more vectors having the same initial points O A

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


In the figure , 𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 two co initial vectors having

the same initial point O O

Collinear vectors: Vectors having same or parallel support are known as collinear vectors B

Vector addition

Let 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏⃗ be two vectors. Take any point O and draw segments 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 such that 𝑂𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is called the sum or resultant of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗


⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ then 𝑂𝐵
Join 𝑂𝐵 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ 𝑏⃗

𝑎
TRIANGLE LAW OF ADDITION

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represent 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏⃗ respectively ,then 𝑂𝐵


⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐴𝐵
In a ▲OAB, if 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represent (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ )

This is known as TRIANGLE LAW OF ADDITION

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR

The scalar multiple of 𝑎 by a scalar k is the vector k𝑎 such that

(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑘||𝑎|


|𝑘𝑎
(ii) Direction of 𝑘𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the same as that of 𝑎 ,when k> 0and opposite when k< 0

COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
Let O be the origin and let P(x,y,z) be any point in the space . let 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ be unit vectors along the x-axis,

y-axis and z-axis respectively .let the position vector of P be 𝑟

Then 𝑟 = (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) . This form of the vector is called vector components

Here x,y,z are called the scalar components of 𝑟 and 𝑥𝑖̂, 𝑦𝑗̂, 𝑧𝑘̂ are called its vector components

Also, |𝑟| = |𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

DIRECTION RATIOS AND DIRECTION COSINES OF A VECTOR


Consider a vector 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂
Then the numbers a,b,c are called the direction ratios of 𝑟
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Direction cosines of 𝑟 are given by , ,
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2

Let l,m,n are the direction cosines of a vector then we always have 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 =1

If A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) be any two points in the space, then direction ratios of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
Are (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ), (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ), (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) and direction cosines are , ,
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵

Where AB=√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2

SECTION FORMULAE
INTERNAL DIVISION : let A and B be two points with position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ respectively and let P be a
point dividing AB internally in the ratio m:n let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟
⃗ +𝑛𝑎⃗
𝑚𝑏
Then 𝑟 =
𝑚+𝑛

EXTERNAL DIVISION: let A and B be two points with two position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ respectively and let
P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m:n let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 =𝑟
⃗ −𝑛𝑎⃗
𝑚𝑏
Then 𝑟 =
𝑚−𝑛

SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS (DOT PRODUCT)


Let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ be two vectors ,and let 𝜃 be the angle between them . then ,the scalar ,or dot product of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗
,denoted by 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ is defined as 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Clearly the scalar product of two vectors is a scalar
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS IN TERMS OF SCALAR PRODUCT

𝑎⃗.𝑏
Let 𝜃 be the angle between two nonzero vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ then cos 𝜃 = ⃗ |𝑎⃗||𝑏|

LENGTH OF A VECTOR: let 𝑎 be any vector then 𝑎. 𝑎 = |𝑎||𝑎|𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = |𝑎|2


∴ |𝑎| = √𝑎. 𝑎
𝜋
Let 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ ≠ 0 but 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0 then 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are orthogonal vectors, we have 𝜃 = means they are
2
perpendicular to each other

⃗ 𝑶𝑵 𝒃
PROJECTION OF 𝒂

𝑎. 𝑏⃗
|𝑏⃗|

PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT

Commutative law : 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗. 𝑎


Cauch Schwartz inequality

|𝑎. 𝑏⃗ | ≤ |𝑎||𝑏⃗|
Triangle inequality

|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ | ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗|
Distributive law

𝑎(𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑎. 𝑐

VECTORS (CROSS) PRODUCT OF VECTORS


Vector product of two vectors : let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ be two nonzero ,non parallel vectors, and let 𝜃 be the angle between
them such that 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋

Then the vector product of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ is defined as 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = (|𝑎||𝑏⃗| sin 𝜃)𝑛̂ where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector
perpendicular to both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗

Vector product of two vectors is a vector 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐 where 𝑐 is always perpendicular to both 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗

If 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 0 then 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are parallel to each other


ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS

Let 𝜃 be the angle between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ then

| 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|
𝜃 = sin { }
|𝑎||𝑏⃗|

PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT

Vector product is not commutative. In fact ,we have (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) = −(𝑏⃗ × 𝑎)


AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM

Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ respectively

Then the area of parallelogram =|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|


AREA OF TRIANGLE

Two adjacent sides of a triangle are represented by 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ respectively


1
Then the area of triangle = 2 |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|

AFREA OF QUQDRILATERAL
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐷
If two diagonals of a quad are represented by 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵𝐷
Then area of quad = 2 |𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

VECTOR PRODUCT IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS

Let 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ then

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

BY TARINDER GADHOK
TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
3D GEOMETRY
COORDINATES OF A POINT IN SPACE
Let O be the Origin, and let OX,OY and OZ be three mutually perpendicular lines ,taken as the X-axis Y-axis
and Z-axis respectively in such a way that they form a right hand system Z
The planes YOZ, ZOX and XOY are respectively known as the YZ-PLANE C M
The ZX-PLANE and the XY-PLANE, these planes known as the L O P Y
Coordinate planes, divide the space into eight parts called octants A B
X N
Let P be a point in space through P, draw three planes PLAN,PNMB and PLCM parallel to the yz-plane ,the
zx-plane and the xy-plane respectively and meeting the x-axis ,y-axis and z-axis at the point A,B and C
respectively .complete the parallelepiped whose edges are OA ,OB and OC
OA=x , OB= y and OC= z . we say that the coordinates of P(x,y,z)

Position vector of a point in space , we say that the position vector or P.V of P is 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘⃗

STRAIGHT LINE IN SPACE


EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND PARALLEL TO AGIVEN VECTOR
Vector form : the vector equation of a straight line passing through a given point with position vector 𝑎 . let L
be the line which passes through the point A and is parallel to a given vector 𝑏⃗ . let 𝑟 be the position vector of
an arbitrary point P on the line .hence the vector equation of the line is given by

𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜇𝑏⃗
CARTESIAN FORM : the equations of a straight line with the direction ratio a,b and c and passing through a
point A(x1 , y1, z1) are
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH TWO GIVEN POINTS

Vector form: the vector equation of a straight line passing through two points with position vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗

Is given by 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎)
Cartesian form : the equation of a line passing through two given points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 . 𝑧2 ) are
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
given by = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

Collinearity of three given points


The condition of three given points. A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) , B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) and C (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) to be collinear is that
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Vector form: let the vector equations of two lines be 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 where 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 are scalars
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 .𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2
let 𝜃 be the angle between these lines be cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 ||𝑏2 |

Cartesian form: let the Cartesian equations of two given lines be


𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑦2 𝑧 − 𝑧2
= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Then ,the D.R’S of these lines are 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 respectively
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
Let 𝜃 be the angle between these lines .then angles between lines be cos 𝜃 =
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22

SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES


COPLANAR LINES: two lines lying in the same plane are called coplanar lines
Coplanar lines either parallel or intersecting
SKEW LINES: two lines in the space which are not coplanar are called skew lines, lines are neither parallel nor
intersecting
TO FIND THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SKEW LINES

The shortest distance between the skew lines 𝑟 = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 is given by
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏

(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2−𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )(𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗1×𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 )
SD= | |
|𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ×𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2|

CONDITION OF LINES INTERSECTING: if two lines intersect each other then shortest distance between
them is zero

(⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 )(⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 ) = 0
In Cartesian form: the shortest distance between two skew lines
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
= = and = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐1
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
| 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Is given by
√(𝑏1 𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1 ) +(𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2𝑎1 ) +(𝑎1𝑏2 −𝑏1 𝑎2)2
2 2

DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES :the distances between two parallel lines

𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗
⃗ ×(𝑎
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎
Is given by D =
|𝑏 ⃗|
THE PLANE
A plane is a surface such that a line segment joining any two points on it
Normal to a plane : A straight line which is perpendicular to every line lying on a plane is called normal to a
plane . All the lines normal to the plane is parallel to each other
GENERAL EQUATION OF A PLANE IN THE CARTESIAN FORM
Every equation ax+by+cz+d=0 of the first degree in x,y,z always represents a plane . also a,b,c are the direction
ratios of the normal to this plane
EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT
The equation of a plane passing through a point P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) is
𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0
TO SHOW FOUR POINTS ARE COPLANAR
Suppose , we have to show that four points A,B,C and D are coplanar . we proceed in the following steps :
1. Find the equation of the plane passing through any three points
2. Show that the fourth point satisfies the equation obtain in step 1
EQUATION OF A PLANE IN INTERCEPT FORM
If a plane makes intercept of length a,b,c with the x-axis ,y-axis and z-axis respectively . The equation of the
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
plane is + + = 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
EQUATION OF PLANE IN NORMAL FORM
If 𝑛̂ is a unit vector normal to a given plane, directed from the origin to the plane, and p is the length of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane then the vector equation of the plane 𝑟. 𝑛̂ = 𝑝
Cartesian form: if l,m,n are direction cosines of the normal to the given plane, and p be the length of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the given plane then the equation of the plane is 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑝
REDUCTION OF THE GENERAL FORM TO THE NORMAL FORM
−𝑎𝑥 −𝑏𝑦 −𝑐𝑧 𝑑
+ + =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
EQUATION OF A PLANE PARALLEL TO A GIVEN PLANE
Vector form: any plane parallel to a given plane 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ = 𝑑1 is given by 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ = 𝑑2 ,where the constant d2 is
determined by a given condition
Cartesian form: let 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 be a given plane
Then, any plane parallel to this plane is of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0 where k is determined by a given
condition
EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH THE INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN PLANES
Vector form: any plane parallel to a given plane through the the intersection of of two planes 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 = 𝑑1 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 𝑑2 is given by 𝑟. (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟. 𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ) = 𝑑1 + 𝜆𝑑2
𝑛1 + 𝜆𝑛
TWO PLANES ALWAYS INTERSECT IN A LINE
Cartesian form: the equation of a plane passing through the intersection of two planes 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 =
0 and 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0 is given by (𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 ) + 𝜆( 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 ) = 0
EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN
VECTOR
Vector form: the vector equation of a plane passing through a point A with position vector 𝑎 and perpendicular
to a given vector 𝑛⃗ is (𝑟 − 𝑎). 𝑛⃗ = 0
EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND PARALLEL TO TWO GIVEN
VECTORS
Vector form: The vector equation of a plane passing through a given point with position vector 𝑎 and parallel
to 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐 is (𝑟 − 𝑎). (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = 0
Cartesian form: The equation of the plane passing through a given point A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and parallel to two given
lines having direction ratios 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 is
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH THREE GIVEN POINTS
Vector form : The vector equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points with position vectors
𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 is (𝑟 − 𝑎 ), [(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) × (𝑐 − 𝑎)] = 0
Cartesian form : The equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )
and C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) is
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥3 − 𝑥1
|𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 | = 0
𝑧 − 𝑧1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES
The angle between two planes is the angle between their normals
If 𝜃 be the angle between two planes 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 = 𝑑1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 = 𝑑2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 .𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2
Then cos 𝜃 =
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 ||⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 |

ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE


The angle between a line and a plane is the complement of the angle between the line and the normal to the
plane. If 𝜃 be the angle between the line 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ and plane 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ = 𝑑

𝑏⃗. 𝑛⃗
sin 𝜃 =
|𝑏⃗||𝑛⃗|

BY TARINDER GADHOK
TARINDER GADHOK MATHS CLASSES
Probability
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
The binomial distribution formula helps to check the probability of getting “x” successes in “n” independent
trials of a binomial experiment. To recall, the binomial distribution is a type of probability distribution in
statistics that has two possible outcomes. In probability theory, the binomial distribution comes with two
parameters n and p.
The probability distribution becomes a binomial probability distribution when it meets the following
requirements.
1. Each trail can have only two outcomes or the outcomes that can be reduced to two outcomes. These
outcomes can be either a success or a failure.
2. The trails must be a fixed number.
3. The outcome of each trial must be independent of each other.
4. And the success of probability must remain the same for each trail.
Binomial Distribution Formula in Probability
The formula for the binomial probability distribution is as stated below:

Binomial Distribution Formula

Binomial Distribution P(x) = nCr · pr (1 − p)n−r


Where,
 n = Total number of events
 r = Total number of successful events.
 p = Probability of success on a single trial.
 Cr = [n!/r!(n−r)]!
n

 1 – p = Probability of failure.

BY TARINDER GADHOK

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