CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides an overview of the literature that informs the research and that has

implications for the findings. It presents vital points supporting the objective of this study where

the literature surrounding critical discourse analysis, opinion editorials, ideology, language used

in editorials, as well as power and social relations are considered.

Related Literature

The K-12 curriculum has given opportunity to the senior high school students to decide

what kind of career would they pursue through their offered strands that would enhance the

innate ability and skills of the students. In that respect, selecting a strand is a crucial act to every

student in such a way that they have to consider their financial status, parents and peer

suggestion, and also their self-choice in acting on it. Numerous authors have revealed many

factors that can affect students’ decision making in selecting strand. Some of this factors

are environment, personality and opportunity factors (Kaneez & Medha, 2018); psychological

(interest, prestige, personality and self-esteem), sociological (peer group, mentors,

governmental policies and socio-economic status of parents), economic (poverty, needs,

demands and wants), hereditary (physical appearance and aptitude) and educational factors

(position of students in school and acquired skills) (Obiunu & Ebunu, 2013. Moreover, parents

play significant role for their child in selecting a strand because of two reasons: one is because

they are the one who provide the financial for tuition fee and other expenses for their child,

second is because they can dictate or influence their child on what strand should they take on.
Same goes for the peers, which they can influence the students’ strand decision making,

aside that they can’t dictate or provide the financial expense of students.

In addition , career choice of students is significant on the profile of students’ in

selecting a strand (sex, family income, occupation of the head of the family, school preference

and average scholastic rating) in selecting a strand (Abarro, 2016). There are three factors that

can affect students’ strand selection and these are the environment factors, personality factors,

and family factors (Kaneez & Medha, 2018). There are also other factors that can affect students’

career decision such as school, personal and family factors (Su et al., 2016).Therefore , this new

curriculum alleviates the standard of education specifically in preparing the students to be

equipped and skilled on their respective course or specialization. However, policies alleviating

income, which increases permanent income well, have altered schooling decision of students’

(Chevalier et al., 2013).

On the other hand , academic performance also altered the standard on the preference of

choosing Humanities and Social Sciences , where it cultivate one’s mind in literary and creativity

in terms of writing and other analysis field of knowledge. In addition , according to Anderson

et.,al (2014) , many chooses the field of social sciences ,knowing that its future career or

occupation has so much to offer . Likewise , career success of students’ can be best attained if

the strand selected is suited to the innate ability and intellect, and personality of students with

the proper guidance of school in choosing the right career in senior high and college (Pascual,

2014). In addition, students seek to work at such prestigious occupation while still in secondary

school because of the opportunity and it does affect the strand selection of the students’ but
because of lack of financial support it became impossible for them, due to lack of training

required for the occupation (Olamide & Olawaiye, 2013).

Additionally, parents’ income does affect academic achievement of students’ in

selecting a strand (Dahie et al., 2016). Because they look up to their parents in choosing their

future career (Braza & Guillo, 2015). In comparison, socio-economic and educational

background of parents shows that these are not significant factors to affect the academic

achievement of the students in their selected strand (Ogunshola & Adewale, 2012).Thus, these

two underlying factors played a vital role in choosing the field of Humanities and Social

Sciences .

Related Studies

In choosing the strand in the enter of K-12 or Senior High School , a lot of factors were in

line of consideration . Significantly, the journey of this new curriculum is in need of utmost

eagerness and determination. Specifically, in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences , where

include a range of skills that can be represented broadly as questioning and researching,

analyzing, evaluating and communicating and reflecting. Students apply these skills to their

everyday learning activities and to investigate historical and contemporary events, developments,

issues, and/or phenomena. It is better to go for a course in which the student is interested and
which his abilities go well rather than going for a course in which the abilities of the student are

not compatible which can results to failure (Hellen, M., & Kitainge, K. 2016).

According to Polinar (2019), HUMSS a strand for Humanities and Social Sciences take

consideration to students who aim to take up journalism , communication, liberal

arts,education,and sciences. It revolves around improving student’s reading and writing skills.

Indeed, this is for those who are considering taking up journalism, communication and other

social science related courses in college(Palamog,2017). In contrast , being a HUMSS student is

presumed to be easy since they did not focus on science or math (Palaez,2017). However, it

sparked growth knowing that in this field , it is in need of much comprehension and pure logical

and creative thinking that inevitably significant to future college courses.

Moreover, the choice of career of the students is being influenced by some factors from

the social environment, mainly the parents as immediate family who plays an active role in

choosing the right education for their children (Pafili & Mylonakis, 2013). As a sign of respect

for the parents and culture of the Filipinos, parents or the elderly are being consulted first by

their children because primarily they will be the one to provide the financial support to enter in

college (Laguador, 2013).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the design; environment, respondents, instruments,

data gathering procedure and statistical treatment that made to complete the study.

Research Design

The researcher uses a descriptive correlation research design. The researcher aims to

know the correlation between academic performance and parents influence on choosing

Humanities and Social Science of Grade 11 students .

Research Environment

The study will be conducted in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School

(SHS). The HUMSS SHS is compose of 6 sections from 11th grade.

Respondent
 The study focuses on senior high school students in ESCNHS - SHS. A total of 120

students is chosen , 20 students will be taken from each section as respondents because they are

more suitable to answer the questions about financial status and factors in affecting students

strand selection in senior high school and in a random sampling.

Instrument

The researcher will be using a multiple-choice questionnaire in knowing the

preference status of presented factors in choosing HUMSS of Eastern Samar National

Comprehensive High School and Likert scale questionnaire in knowing which factors is

greatly affect students strand selection in senior high, which were based on a statement of

problem and researcher perception.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the researcher undergo in data gathering, the researcher will be administering

letter of consent to the school principal for permission to conduct a study in Eastern Samar

National Comprehensive High School , through submitting a transmittal letter. Afterwards , the

researcher immediately proceed in gathering the data by distributing the formulated

questionnaire which are multiple-choice and Likert scale to the senior high student

personally, in order to accommodate an appropriate response, after they done answering

the researcher collect the given questionnaire and input the data been gathered on excel.
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