lEC + sec.

4
Generated on: 2024-10-28 03:49:20

Lecture Content
‫ أكتوبر‬6 ‫جامعة‬
‫كلية الهندسة‬
2025 / 2024 ‫العام الجامعي‬
)‫قسم الهندسة الكيميائية (البتروكيماويات والبوليمرات‬
)‫الفصل الدراسي األول (الربيع‬
‫المستوى الرابع‬

Electromagnetic waves
LECTURE 4
Characteristics of EM Waves
Prepared By / Dr. Ahmed Ali Rosas

CONTENTS
Introduction to Electromagnetic waves
Maxwell's equations in physical perspective
Wave equation (propagation of EM field )
EM Plane waves
Electromagnetic Wave: properties and propagation
Characteristics of EM Waves
Plane waves in physical media: Conductors And Insulator
propagation of EM waves: Ground Wave -Sky Waves -Space Waves
propagation of EM waves: Mesosphere, Troposphere, Ionosphere layers.

Maxwell's Equations for Source Free Medium

and Complex Permittivity
In a source-free medium, ρ v = 0. Hence, Maxwell's equations are:

→ = ϵ∇ ⋅ E
∇⋅D → = ρ,
$ $
∇×E→ = −jωμH.→
 → = μ∇ ⋅ H
∇⋅B → = 0,
$ $
∇×H → = J→ + jωϵE.
→

˜ = 0,
∇⋅E
∇×E˜ = −jωμH,
˜
$ $
˜ = 0,
∇⋅H
∇×H˜ = jωϵ c E.
˜

Wave equations :- Propagation of

Electromagnetic waves in simple source free,
lossless dielectric medium
→
∂ 2E
→ = μϵ
∇2 E .
∂t 2
→.
wave equation of electric field E

∇2 E
˜ + ω 2 μϵ c E
˜ = 0,

phasor form

∇2 E
˜ − γ 2E
˜ = 0.

(wave equation for E)

˜
the propagation of EM waves

γ 2 = −ω 2 μϵ

propagation constant γ

∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ˜
∇2 E
˜=( + + )E.
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

Wave equation
∇ 2 H = μϵ ∂∂tH2 . wave equation of magnetic field H .
~ 2 ~ ~
~ ~
∇ 2 H + ω 2 μϵ c H = 0 phasor form
~ ~ ~
∇ 2 H − γ 2 H = 0. (wave equation for H)
the propagation of EM waves

EM Plan Wave
The figure shows a representation of an electromagnetic plan wave. The electric field E 0 and
magnetic field H 0 oscillate perpendicularly to each other and to the direction of wave
propagation Z. The wavelength λ is the distance between two successive crests or troughs.
E 0 is represented by the red wavy line, while H 0 is represented by the blue wavy line.
<start_of_image> Schematic representation of an EM plan wave. In this case, the wave is
moving in the positive z-direction, the electric field is oscillating along the y-axis, and the
magnetic field is oscillating along the x-axis. The direction of propagation of the wave is
perpendicular to both the electric and magnetic fields, which are oscillating perpendicular to
each other. The length of the wave is defined by the distance between two maxima of the
wave, also known as the wavelength.

EM Plane Wave Equations

˜o e j(ωt−kz+θ) }
E(z, t) = Re {E
→ t) = E o cos(ωt − kz + θ) ⋅ x
E(z, ^.
The instantaneous electric and magnetic fields therefore are

jωt +
˜
E(z, t) = Re [E(z)e ] = |E x0 |cos(ωt − kz + ϕ + )^
x
+
jωt
|E x0 |
˜
H(z, t) = Re [H(z)e ]= cos(ωt − kz + ϕ + )^
y
η

Characteristics of TEM Plane Waves

Lossless Dielectric Medium
Free space
Non magnetic Dielectric media
z = z1
z = z2
E→1
E→2
H→1
H→2
x
y
z

Wave Impedance
Lossless - dielectric medium
1 ∂E x
Hy = .
−jωμ ∂z

Forward Wave

E x (z) = E a e −jkz ,
∂E x (z)
= −jk ⋅ E a e −jkz = −jkE x (z).
∂z
 −jkE x (z) k
H y (z) = = E (z).
−jωμ ωμ x

Backward Wave

E x (z) = E b e jkz .

∂E x (z)
= jkE b e jkz = jkE x (z).
∂z
jkE x (z) −k
H y (z) = = E (z).
−jωμ ωμ x

E x (z) ωμ
η= = .
H y (z) k

wave impedance

−E x (z)
η=
H y (z)

wave number k = ω√μϵ,

ωμ μ
η= =√ .
ω√μϵ ϵ

Wave Impedance - Lossless - dielectric

medium
Backward Wave
E x (z, t) = B ⋅ cos(ωt + kz + ϕ),
H y (z, t) = − Bη ⋅ cos(ωt + kz + ϕ).

Forward Wave
E x (z, t) = A ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ),
H y (z, t) = Aη ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ).

Forward Wave and Backward Wave Coexist

E x (z) = E a e −jkz + E b e jkz ,
Ea Eb
H y (z) = η e −jkz − η e jkz

magnetic permeability (μ = μ o μ r )
“the measure of the ability of the material to allow the formation of magnetic lines of force or
magnetic field within” or “the extent to which magnetic field lines can enter a substance.” or
“The power of conducting magnetic field lines by a substance
Absolute Permeability μ o is related to the
permeability of free space and is a constant
value μ o = 4Π × 10 −7 H.m−1 . Where μ r is the
relative permeability which is a dimensionless
quantity.
Permittivity (ϵ = ϵ r ϵ o )
measures the ability of a material to store energy within the material. Permittivity is the
property of every material, which measures the opposition offered against the formation of
an electric field.
referred to the Absolute Permittivity of Free Space ϵ o = 8.85 × 10 −12 Farad / meter and ϵ r
is the relative permittivity

Wave Impedance - Lossless - dielectric medium

In free space, because μ = μ 0 and ϵ = ϵ 0 ,
the wave impedance is called the intrinsic impedance and given by

μ0 4π × 10 −7 (H/m)
η = η0 = √ =√ 1 −9
= 120π.
ϵ0 36π
× 10 (F /m)

free space has the largest wave impedance.

The maximal value of wave impedance is η 0 = 120π = 377(Ω). Hence, any wave impedance
will not exceed 377 Ω. On the other hand, an electrical impedance Z may approach infinity!
In a non-magnetic dielectric medium μ = μ 0 and ϵ = ϵ r ϵ 0

μ0 η
η=√ = 0,
ϵr ϵ0 n

where n = √ϵ r is the refractive index of the medium.

phase velocity
we can derive the velocity of single-frequency EM wave by We call it the phase velocity
. . . the velocity v = Δz
Δt . the rate of change of its position.

Ex ⋅ x
^ = Acos(ωt − kz) ⋅ x
^, E x = AcosΩ, Ω = ωt − kz .

when t = t 1 and z = z 1 ,

E x = cos(ωt 1 − kz 1 ) = cosΩ P , Ω P = ωt 1 − kz 1 .

when t 1 + Δt, z 1 + Δz.

–
–
E x = cos(ω(t 1 + Δt) − k(z 1 + Δz)) = cosΩ P

phase velocity for (Lossless - dielectric

medium)
we can derive the velocity of single-frequency EM wave by We call it the phase velocity

ω(t 1 + Δt) − k(z 1 + Δz) = ωt 1 − kz 1 .

ωΔt − kΔz = 0
Δz ω ω 1
vp = = = =
Δt k ω√μϵ √μϵ
2π up
λ= =
k f

In free space, because μ = μ 0 and ϵ = ϵ 0

1
vp = =C
√μ 0 ϵ 0

a non-magnetic dielectric medium μ = μ 0 and ϵ = ϵ r ϵ 0

nω
k = ω√μ 0 ϵ r ϵ 0 =
c
1 c
vp = = .
√μ 0 ϵ r ϵ 0 n

Group velocity for (Lossless - dielectric

medium)
the velocity of the EM wave having two frequency components
v p1 + v p2
v= .
2

1. For an EM wave consisting of a single sinusoid, the speed is called phase velocity and
given by
ω
vp = .
k

2. For an EM wave consisting of multiple sinusoids, the associated speed is called group
velocity and given by

dω
group velocity, v g = | ω=ωc , ω c is the center frequency
dk
Group velocity for (Lossless - dielectric
medium)
In free space, because µ = µ 0 and ε = ε 0
Vp = Vg = C

a non-magnetic dielectric medium µ = µ 0 and ε = ε r ε 0

When the refractive index of a transmission medium depends on the frequency, we call the
medium a dispersive medium. When a group of sinusoids propagate in this medium,
because each sinusoid has its distinct phase velocity, the waveform of the whole group will
"disperse".

Dispersive Medium
nω
k=
c

the wave number k is a function of frequency ω. Hence, the group velocity

dk 1 dn
= ⋅ (n + ω ⋅ ).
dω c dω
c
vg = dn
.
n + ω ⋅ dω

Group velocity for (Lossless - dielectric

medium)
a non-magnetic dielectric medium $ \mu = \mu_0 $ and $ \epsilon = \epsilon_r \epsilon_0 $

[Content extraction failed for this section]

Instantaneous Power Density

E x (z, t) = Re{E x (z) ⋅ e jωt } = A cos(ωt − kz + θ),
A
H y (z, t) = Re{H y (z) ⋅ e jωt } = cos(ωt − kz + θ),
η

z = z 0 , the magnitude of the Poynting vector is given by

A2
|P→(z 0 , t)| = |E x (z 0 , t) ⋅ H y (z 0 , t)| = ⋅ cos 2 (ωt − kz 0 + θ).
η

instantaneous power density

average power density at z = z 0 is defined as

 T
|P→(z 0 )| avg = ∫ |P→(z 0 , t)|dt,
1
T 0

where

E x (z, t) = Re{E x (z) ⋅ e jωt } = A cos(ωt − kz + θ),

A
H y (z, t) = Re{H y (z) ⋅ e jωt } = cos(ωt − kz + θ),
η

A2
|P→(z 0 , t)| = |E x (z 0 , t) ⋅ H y (z 0 , t)| = ⋅ cos 2 (ωt − kz 0 + θ).
η

Hence,
T
1 1
∫ cos 2 (ωt − kz 0 + θ)dt = .
T 0 2

Therefore,

1 A2
|P→(z 0 )| avg = ⋅ .
2 η

the average power density

|P→| avg = .
|E| 2
2η

‫ أكتوبر‬6 ‫جامعة‬
‫كلية الهندسة‬
2025 / 2024 ‫العام الجامعي‬
)‫قسم الهندسة الكهربية (االلكترونيات واالتصاالت‬
)‫الفصل الدراسي األول (الربيع‬
‫المشروع في الراديو‬
Electromagnetic
waves
EXERCISES
EM Plane waves
Prepared By / Dr. Ahmed Ali Rosas

→ = Ex ⋅ x
Suppose a forward wave has the electric field E ^ = 5 ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + 45 ∘ ) ⋅ x
^
propagating in a dielectric medium having the permittivity ϵ = 4ϵ 0 , please derive the M-field
→ = H y ⋅ y^.
H
Solution
First, the phasor of E-field is given by
∘
E x (z) = 5 ⋅ e j(−kz+45 ) .

Next, the refractive index is given by

n = √ϵ r = √4 = 2.
Hence, the wave impedance is derived by

η0 377
η= = (Ω).
n 2

⋅ e j(−kz+45 ) .
E x (z) ∘
10
H y (z) = η = 377
Hence, the corresponding M-field H y (z, t) can be derived by
10
H y (z, t) = Re{H y (z) ⋅ e jωt } = 377 ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + 45 ∘ ).
And it can be represented by a vector field
→ = H y (z, t) ⋅ y^ = 10 ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + 45 ∘ ) ⋅ y^.
H 377

Suppose the E-field of a backward wave is given by E → = Ex ⋅ x

^ = 5 ⋅ cos(ωt + kz + 45 ∘ ). If
→ = H y ⋅ y^.
the permittivity ϵ = 4ϵ 0 , please derive the associated M-field H
Solution
First, the refractive index is given by n = √4 = 2.

η0 377
η= = (Ω).
n 2
E x (z, t) 10
H y (z, t) = − =− cos(ωt + kz + 45 ∘ ).
η 377

→ = H y (z, t) ⋅ y^ = − 10 cos(ωt + kz + 45 ∘ ) ⋅ y^.

H
377

Given a plane wave consisting of a forward wave and a backward wave, the E-field is
→ = Ex ⋅ x
E ^, where E x = E a e −jkz + E b e jkz . Suppose E a = 10e j 3 and E b = 7e j 5 . If the
π 2π

medium has the refractive index n = 3 and the wave number k = π

4
(m −1 ). Please derive the
→ = H y ⋅ y^ at z = 5 m.
associated M-field H
Solution
First, the phasor of E-field of the forward wave at z = 5 m is given by
E + = E a e −jkz = (10e j 3 ) ⋅ e −j( 4 ×5) = 10e −j 12 .
π π 11π

Besides, the phasor of E-field of the backward wave at z = 5 m is given by

E − = E b e jkz = (7e j 5 ) ⋅ e j( 4 ×5) = 7e j 20 π .
2π π 33

n0 377
n= = .
n 3

Therefore, the associated M-fields of the forward wave and the backward wave at z = 5 m
are given by

E+ 30 11
H+ = = ⋅ e −j 12 π ,
η 377
E− 21 33
H− = − =− ⋅ e j 20 π ,
η 377

respectively. Hence, the M-field phasor at z = 5 m is given by

30 11 21 33
Hy = H + + H − = ⋅ e −j 12 π − ⋅ e j 20 π .
377 377
Finally, the time-dependent M-field is given by

→ t) = Re{H y ⋅ e jωt } ⋅ y^ = [ 30 ⋅ cos(ωt − 11 π) − 21 ⋅ cos(ωt + 33 π)] ⋅ y^.

H(z,
377 12 377 20

Suppose the refractive index n is a function of frequency f and given by

n(f) = 2 + (0.01) ⋅ (1 + ff0 ), where f 0 = 300 MHz. Please derive the corresponding phase
velocity and group velocity when f = 500 MHz.
Solution
First, when f = 500 MHz, we have

500
n = 2 + (0.01) ⋅ (1 + ) = 2.027.
300

From Eq. (3.46), the phase velocity is given by

c 3 × 10 8
vp = = = 1.48 × 10 8 (m/s).
n 2.027
c
vg = dn
.
n + ω dω

Because ω = 2πf, we obtain

dn dn dn 0.01
ω⋅ = 2πf ⋅ =f⋅ =f⋅ .
dω 2πdf df f0

Thus, when f = 500 MHz, we have

dn 0.01
n+f = 2.027 + (500) ⋅ = 2.044.
df 300

c 3 × 10 8
vg = = = 1.47 × 10 8 (m/s).
n + f dn
df
2.044

Suppose we have an EM wave propagating in a dielectric medium with the refractive index
n = 4. For a specific point, we have the E-field phasor E = 10e j 3 . Please derive the average
π

power density at the point.

n0 377
η= = .
n 4
|E| 2 10 2 200
|P^avg | = = 377
= (W/m 2 ).
2η 2⋅ 4 377