CVEN 405 Fall 2011 Exam Review II Test date November 17, 2011 I.

Lectures:
Course objectives 1. Understand the project development process 2. Know the roles and expectations of construction field engineers and project operations 3. Understand industry accepted project management procedures and techniques 4. Understand industry accepted construction engineering procedures and techniques 5. Understand safety and the risk management aspects of field operations 6. Know the methods used to plan, construct, and manage heavy civil projects (and to lesser extent buildings) 7. Become familiar with construction equipment, productivity and innovations 8. Develop a basic understanding of earth moving fundamentals, formwork design, and other construction engineering issues related to heavy civil projects 9. Obtain first-hand experience by visits to active construction sites and interaction with construction industry professionals 10. Become familiar with current and new construct and management techniques as well as the Texas/USA construction markets

Week 6: Trucks, Excavation and Hauling Truck types & selection Purchase decisions Balancing haul units and excavators Calculate truck production Advantages of hydraulic controls Excavator production factors Finishing equipment-general issues Drilling and Cutting Rock Major types of rock drills Production estimates/factors Drilling methods Drilling Soil Specialized equipment

Weeks 7: Piles & Pile-Driving Shallow vs. deep foundations When to use deep foundations Classification of piles Pile materials Pile types and characteristics of each Drilled shaft advantages/disadvantages Installation methods & equipment

CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Basics of driving piles Load testing Types of pile driving equipment Positioning piles during driving

Draglines and Clamshells Identify dragline basic functions and components Bucket components and types Dragline production Effect of depth of cut and swing angle Calculate dragline production Clamshell use and purpose Clamshell production Cranes Tower crane types Features/Terms Hoisting Selection factors Loading/hoisting Mobile cranes types Loading mobile cranes Safety OSHA Crane Safety Update What is new General timeline Transi-Lift Cranes Evolution of nuclear facility construction Transilift concept
Design b. Ground effects c. Heavy lift crane geometry d. Mobility e. Adaptability
a.

Transilift in nuclear & other construction

Week 8: Project Planning Site layout and planning considerations by the contractor Subcontractor requirements for site layout planning OSHA responsibility guidance for site layout Types of lifting and support equipment Lift planning/delivery Lift classifications and requirements for each Steel/Concrete construction and assembly basics Tilt-up construction basics and reasons for use Types and mitigation of construction nuisances Detailed Project Planning Why plan and schedule
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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

1. 2. 3. 4.

Basic scheduling types Moving from planning to scheduling: Project review Project planning and analysis Schedule phase Monitor and revise

Week 9: Aggregate Production Importance of aggregate in the construction industry Identify different methods and equipment types to produce aggregate General methods of predicting processing output Determine needed equipment to meet output requirements Concrete Week 10: Asphalt Safety Specifications for producing portland cement concrete How PCC is produced Different methods to handle and transport concrete How to prepare for placing concrete The basic requirements for placing concrete Why and how to finish concrete Proportion concrete for different requirements

Materials used for asphalt concrete (AC) How AC is produced Different classifications of asphalt (bitumen) Types of equipment needed to place AC and how How the paving and rolling process occurs Understand critical activities for the paving and compaction process

(also see assigned readings) Perspectives on construction safety Why safety is important to field operations Accident costs direct and indirect Accident trends, reasons, response Minimum contractor OSHA requirements Relationship between safety knowledge and hazard exposure Case study: Cherry Point Refinery accident violation structure, OSHA process, ability to appeal

II. Text - Peurifoy, R., Schexnayder, C., and Shapira, A. (2011). Construction Planning, Equipment
and Methods. McGraw Hill Higher Education (Eighth Edition): Chapter 9 Excavators: Advantages of hydraulic controls (p. 252-254) 1. Faster cycle times 2. Positive control of attachments

CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

3. Precise control of attachments 4. High overall efficiency 5. Smoothness and ease of operation

Shovel vs. hoe ( p.256-264) Front shovels hard digging above track level and loading (shot rock) into haul units -slow speed (3 mph) -Struck Capacity volume actually enclosed by the bucket with no allowance for bucket teeth -Heaped Capacity Ancle of repose for evaluating heaped bucket capacity (1:1,2:1) -Parts: mounting(substructure), cab, boom, stick, and bucket -Selecting front shovel: -Two Factors: 1. Cost/cy of material excavated 2. Job conditions -Estimating cost Factors: 1. Job Size 2. Mobilization cost 3. Drilling and blasting cost Shovel Production Cycle: 1. Load bucket (digging) 2. Swing with load 3. Dump Load 4. Return Swing Factors affecting Production 1. Class of material 2. Height of cut 3. Angle of swing 4. Operator skill 5. Condition of the shovel 6. Haul unit exchange 7. Size of hauling units 8. Handling of oversize material 9. Cleanup of loading area

Hoe operation and selection (p. 264-271) Hoes- excavate below the natural surface of the ground Selecting a Hoe 1. Max excavation depth required 2. Max working radius required for digging and dumping 3. Max dumping height required 4. Hoisting capability required(handling pipe/trench boxes) Rated Hoist load guidelines: 1. Shall not exceed 75% of the tipping load 2. Shall not exceed 87% of the excavators hydraulic capacity 3. Shall not exceed the machines structural capabilities

Hoe production (p.271-273) Hoe Production

CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

*cycle times approx. 20% longer than shovel due to hoist distance -optimum depth of cut = 30 -60% of machines max digging -opt. depth depends on type of material and bucket size and type -same elements that affect shovel -12.6% total cycle-time saving btw loading at the same level and working from a bench above

Draglines (284-291) & clamshells (297-303) -attachments hung from lattice-boom crane Dragline by dragging a dragline-type bucket toward the machine -soft to medium hard material -long reach -no positive digging force like a shovel Components: 1. Drag bucket 2. Fairlead assembly Production Factors: 1. Type of material 2. Depth of cut 3. Angle of swing 4. Size and type of bucket 5. Length of boom 6. Method of disposal, casting or loading haul units 7. Size of hauling units 8. Skill of the operator 9. Physical condition of the machine 10. Job conditions Clamshells excavate material in a vertical direction, works like an inverted jaw with a biting motion -soft to medium stiff soils, sand, gravel, crused stone, coal, and shells, cofferdams, pier foundations, sewer manholes, and sheetlined trenches Production Factors: 1 difficulty of loading the bucket 2. Size load obtainable 3. Height of lift 4. Angle of swing 5. Method of disposing 6. Experience of operator

Specialty excavators trenchers & backhoe (303-306) Backhoe-loader -success from versatility -3 construction machines in one (loader, tractor, hoe) -4-wheel drive -loosely packed moist clay or sandy clay - not suitable for hard clay or caliche Trench Safety -loss of life from cave-ins and entrapments - Accidents Double that of other construction areas -Trenches deeper than 5 ft must be sloped, shored, or shielded (Fig 9.32)
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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Chapter 10 Trucks & Hauling: General info (p. 312-319) Classification Factors 1. Method of dumping the load 2. Type of frame 3. Size and type of engine 4. Configuration of drive 5. Transmission of power 6. Wheels and Axels 7. Class of material hauled 8. Capacity Rear-Dumps (rigid or articulated) considered when: 1. Material hauled is free-flowing of has bulky components 2. Dump into restricted location or over the edge of a bank or fill 3. Ample Maneuver space available Bottom Dumps 1. The material free-flowing 2. Restricted dumping and loading 3. Haul-route grades are less than 5% 4. Material spread uniformly across a distance Components of cycle time 1. Load 2. Haul 3. Dump 4. Return Truck Size Comparison Advantages: Small Truck speed, production, balance of fleet, versatility, economic, maneuverability Large Truck number of trucks, drivers req., positions time, off-road, less bunching Disadvantages Small Truck number, labor cost, loading impediment, positioning time, haul surface. Large Truck loading time, loads heavier, balance of fleet, size, economics, transportation Production Issues 1. Positioning of truck for loading 2. Reach of the excavator 3. Dumping height of the bucket

CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

4. Width of the bucket

Chapter 11 Finishing Equipment: Graders: Multipurpose machines used for finishing, shaping, bank sloping and ditching. -also used for: mixing, spreading, side casting, leveling, and crowning, light striping, general construction, and dirt road maintenance Primary Purpose : cutting and moving material with a blade know as a moldboard -shallow cuts in medium-hard material -light excavation Components: Moldboard(blade) and the Scarifier -Speed is the most difficult factor to estimate -60% efficiency Chapter 12 Drilling Rock & Earth: Introduction & rock drills (p. 359-368) Terminology Bit portion of drilling tool that cuts material Burden horizontal distance from rock face to the first row of drill holes Cuttings disintegrated rock particles caused by action of drill Shank(striker bar) receives blow and transfers energy to drill steel Spacing distance btw two holes in same row Subdrilling - depth drilled below the final grade Types of Drills 1. Abrasion 2. Blasthole 3. Churn 4. Core 5. Diamond 6. Downhole 7. Percussion 8. Shot 3 Methods of Drilling 1. Percussion 2. Rotary Grinding 3. Abrasion Equipment Selection Factors: 1. Purpose of hole (blasting, exploration, grout injection) 2. Terrain 3. Req. Depth 4. Hardness 5. How the rock is broken or fractured 6. Size of project (total linear amount of drilling) 7. Water availability 8. Size cores req. for exploration (small cores diamond drills large cores shot drills) Drilling Production given the type of rock, select type of equipment, select bit size and type, estimate of production

CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Penetrating Rate the rate at which the drill penetrates the rock (based on bit size and type) Factors affection Penetration Rate: 1. Hardness 2. Texture 3. Tenacity 4. Formation Reasons for Drilling 1. Testing purposes 2. Locating and evaluating deposits 3. Installing piles or shafts 4. Enable the drive of load bearing pile into bedrock 5. Water wells 6. Ventilation of tunnels, mines, etc 7. Horizontal holes (conduit) Trenchless Drilling Methods 1. Directional drilling 2. Horizontal boring 3. Micro-tunneling 4. Pipe bursting/splitting 5. Pipe jacking 6. Pipe ramming 7. Vacuum excavation Safety 1. New employees complete job orientation 2. Regular safety meetings 3. Job-specific safety plans 4. Find cause of accident not the blame in order to prevent Chapter 14: Aggregate Production Functions 1. Crushing 2. Sizing/screening 3. Washing 4. Storage and transport Cone Crusher Differs from True gyratory by: 1. Shorter cone 2. Smaller receiving opening 3. Higher speed (2X faster) 4. More uniformly sized product Types of Feeders 1. Apron 2. Vibrating 3. Plate 4. Belt

CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Advantages of Surge Pile 1. Enhance uniform feed 2. Ensure high efficiency 3. If primary crusher breaks, plant continues 4. Repairs made without halting production Disadvantages 1. Additional storage area 2. More construction(storage bins and reclaiming tunnels) 3. Increase stone handling Equipment Selection 1. Type of stone 2. Req. production 3. Max size of feed stones 4. Method of feeding 5. Specified size ranges Jaw Crusher large energy storing flywheels and provide high mechanical advantage Gyratory and Cone Crushers gyrating mantle mounted within a bowl Roll Crusher - heavy cast iron frame with hard steel rolls each on different shaft Impact Crusher stones broken by high speed impact Chapter 15: Asphalt Production and Placement Structure (p. 469-473) Layers: 1. Prepared subgrade 2. Aggregate subbase 3. Aggregate base 4. Asphalt-bound surface layer Design Objectives 1. Support axle load 2. Protect base and subbase from moisture 3. Provide a stable, smooth, and skid-resistant riding surface 4. Resist weathering 5. Provide Economy

Asphalts (p. 473-478) -bituminous material produced by distillation of crude oil. -quality is a function of the crude oil source and the refining process Design Parameters 1. Target aggregate gradation 2. Target asphalt content 3. Volume of air voids 4. Volume of voids in the mineral aggregate 5. Volume of voids filled with asphalt 6. Dust to asphalt binder ratio 7. Density of the mix on the roadway Plants (p.478-488) -high-tech group of machines capable of uniformly blending, heating and mixing the
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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

aggregates and asphalt cement to produce asphalt concrete. Types of Plants 1. Batch 2. Drum Batch Plant Components 1.Cold feed system 2. Drum dryer 3. Hot elevator 4. Hot screens 5. Hot bins 6. Aggregate weight hopper 7. Asphalt cement handling system 8. Pugmill mixer 9. Dust Collectors 10. Surge Silo Drum Plant Components 1. Cold feed system 2. Drying and mixing drum 3. Asphalt handling system 4. Dust Collector 5. Elevator 6. Storage Silo

Recycle (p. 491) RAP reclaimed asphalt paving materials Recycling in a Batch Plant *RAP added to virgin aggregate 1. Weigh hopper 2. Separate Weight hopper 3. Bucket-elevator 4. Heat transfer chamber In Addition for Drum Plant *modified with feed collar 1. Introduced btw the drum that heats and the area where asphalt cement is introduced -RAP on road ways, mill-and-relay or pulverize-and-relay

Equipment (492-500) Required Equipment 1. Sweeper/broom 2. Asphalt distributor truck 3. Trucks for Transportation 4. Material transfer vehicle (changes with job) 5. Windrow Elevator (contractor preference) 6. Paver 7. Roller Compactors

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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Uniform Application Factors 1. Asphalt spraying temperature 2. Liquid pressure across the spray bar length 3. Angle of the spray nozzles 4. Nozzle height above the surface 5. Distributor travel speed Screed Height Factors 1. Screed angle of attack 2. Head of asphalt in front of the screed 3. Paver Speed

Paver production, compaction, safety(501-509) Continuous Paving Depends on: 1. Balancing Plant 2. Paver Production Drum Plant Production Function of: 1. Plant capacity 2. Aggregrate moisture content 3. Operational Efficiency ***Critcal Point is: loading of haul units at plant and haul unit-paver link*** **GOAL: keep paver moving and ensure constant head of material at screed to achieve smooth pavement** Compaction Steps 1. Breakdown rolling 2. Intermediate rolling 3. Finish Rolling Roller Speed Factors 1. Gross roller speed 2. Number of passes 3. Number of labs 4. Overlap btw adjacent passes required to cover the mat width 5. Extension over the edge of pavement 6. Nonproductive travel (overrun for pass change) 7. Reduction in water weight on steel drum models Safety **No OSHA standards for Asphalt fume NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -published in Engineering Control Guidelines for Hot Mix Asphalt Pavers NAPA National Asphalt Pavement Association MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Personnel Safety -Potential for Serious fire from a burner fuel for the dryer, liquid asphalt, and the hot oil of the the heat transfer process -No open flames or smoking should be permitted in the plant area -All fuel, asphalt, and ail lines should have control valves -burns -all mechanical parts should be covered or protected

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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Chapter 16 Concrete and Concrete Equipment Major types mobile Concrete operations (p. 513-520) Concrete Operations 1. Batching the materials 2. Mixing 3. Transporting 4. Placing 5. Consolidating 6. Finishing 7. Curing Concrete Factors 1. Easily mixed and transported 2. Minimal variability amongst batches 3. Workability Cement Types 1. Type I general use 2. Type II resist moderate sulfate attack 3. Type III high-strength early- strength (7days) 4. Type IV low heat of hydration low strength 5. Type V sulfate resistant (60days) Concrete mix (p. 520-533) Mix Requirements 1. Max size Aggregate 2. Minimum Cement content 3. Maximum water-cement ratio Types of concrete-mixing operations 1. Transit mixed 2. Central mixed Mixer Cycle Time 1. Loading time 2. Mixing time 3. Discharging time Placing concrete (p. 533-549) Types of pumps 1. Stationary pump 2. Trailer Pump 3. Truck Pump Types of Masts 1. Robust tubular(hollow) section steel column 2. Lattice Mast Vibrators characteristic properties 1. Frequency 2. Amplitude 3. Orientation

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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Types of Vibrators 1. Internal 2. Surface 3. Form Finishing and curing (p. 549-519) Floating Purposes 1. Embed aggregate 2. Remove imperfections 3. Compaction Troweling 1. Polishing 2. Smoothing 3. Hardening the face of the concrete Curing Factors 1. Time 3-28 days 2. Temperature 40-50F 3. Water to continue Hydration

Concrete pavements (552-560) Slipform Paver Functions 1. Spreading 2. Vibrating 3. Striking off 4. Consolidation 5. Finishing **Curing achieved spraying a waterproof membrane-curing compound

Placing concrete in hot weather (p. 560) -Temperature exceeds 95F -Strength and durability can reduce -ingredients should be cooled before mixing. Methods of Cooling 1. Ice for mix 2. Liquid Nitrogen for aggregate

Chapter 17 Cranes: Major types - mobile (p. 567-583) and tower (p. 584-596) Types of Mobile Cranes(see Page 568 for pictures) *Primary Choice over Tower 1. Crawler 2. Telescoping-boom truck-mounted 3. Lattice-boom truck-mounted 4. Rough-terrain 5. All-terrain 6. Modified cranes for heavy lifting(trailing counter weight, extendable counterweight, ring system). Crane Capacity Factors 1. Wind forces on boom or load 2. Swinging the load 3. Hoisting speed 4. Stopping the hoist

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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

Types of Tower Cranes 1. Top slewing 2. Bottom slewing Tower Uses 1. Restricted site conditions 2. Lift height and reach are great 3. No need for mobility 4. Noise limits

Crane selection (p. 597-601) Tower Crane Selection 1. Weight at lift radii 2. Dimension of load 3. Max free-standing height 4. Max braced Height 5. Location and spacing of braces 6. Crane-climbing arrangement 7. Weight of crane supported by structure 8. Available headroom 9. Area that must be reached by hook 10. Hoist Speed 11. Dismantling arrangements Crane safety (p. 606-612) Safety level Categories 1. Human factor 2. Project Factor 3.Environmental Factors 4. Safety management factors Crane Safety Program 1. Equipment inspection 2. Hazard analysis 3. Crane location 4. Crane Movements 5. Definition of lifts 6. Determination of responsibility zones and lines of control and reporting 7. Post-accident reporting and investigation procedures Zones of Responsibility Categories 1. Rigging Personnel 2. Crane operator 3. Lift director

Chapter 18 Piles and Pile Driving: Pile types (p. 618-634) Types of Piles 1. Timber -treated -untreated 2. Concrete -precast-prestressed -cast-in-place with shells - augered cast-in-place
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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

3. Steel -H Section -Steel pipe 4.Composite - Concrete and steel -Plastic with steel pipe core

Driving piles(p. 634-647) Pile Driving Requirements 1. Adequate cushioning btw driver and pile 2. Driving stresses are proportional to ram impact velocity 3. Use caution with low resistant soils 4. Soil plug must remain below surface 5. Driving cap fits loosely around pile 6. Top of pile be perpendicular to longitudinal axis of pile 7. Ends of prestressing strand be cut flush and driving energy be deliver to top of concrete Hammer Types 1. Drop 2. Single acting steam/air 3. Double acting steam/air 4. Differential-acting 5. Diesel 6. Hydraulic (impact and drivers) 7. Vibratory drivers Method Factors 1. Size and weight of the pile 2. Driving resistance that has to be over come to achieve the required penetration 3. Available space and headroom for equipment 4. Noise restrictions

Hammer selection (p. 651-654) Hammer Selection Factors 1. Size and type of piles 2. Number of piles 3. Character of the soil 4. Location of the project 5. Topography of site 6. Type of rig(crane) available 7. Driving done on land or water

Chapter 20 Planning for Building Construction: Site Layout (p. 696-697) Site Layout Factors 1. Site size compared with building footprint and configuration 2. Location of adjacent roads, building and utilites 3. Soil conditions and excavation requirements 4. Construction sequence and schedule 5. Location of utilities 6. Equipment requirements 7. Material quantity, delivery, and storage
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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

8. Worker Parking 9. Tool and equipment storage 10. Temporary facilities(port-a-pots) and trailers to assist the jobsite work. Steel erection (p. 704-705) Primary Safety Concerns 1. Fall protection for personnel erecting 2. Fall protection for Personnel stabilizing the frame Fall protection remains in the area completed to be used by other trades unless: - Controlling contractor or representative: 1. Has directed steel erector to leave the fall protection in place 2. And has inspected and accepted control and responsibility of the fall protection prior to authorizing person other than steel erector to work in the area

Tilt-up construction (p. 706 710) -method of building concrete interior and exterior walls without the use of vertical frame work -reduce cost of materials and labor Lifting and support equipment (p. 710-714) Erection Equipment 1. Cranes 2. Aerial work platforms 3. Integrated tool carriers 4. Telescopic handlers 5. Generators 6. Welding equipment General lift plans 1. Lift director 2. Signal person 3. Weight be known 4. Document lifting restrictions 5. Conduct rehearsal for critical lifts Production Lifts 1. Physical description of items 2. Describe operational factors 3. Address lift hazards 4. Identify lift restrictions Critical Lifts 1. Indentify person in charge 2. Identify physical properties of items 3. Identify Hoisting Equipment 4. Identify required rigging 5. Identify the travel path 6. Include weather factor impacts 7. Assign a signaler Reason for increase use of Aerial Work Platforms 1. Ladders must be attached to the structure 2. Scaffolding requires elaborate erection and costly labor-hrs 3. Crane baskets present a risk to the workers Nuisances p. (725-732) Sound becomes Noise when: 1. Its loud 2. Its unexpected
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CVEN 405 Exam II Review Fall 2011

3. Its uncontrollable 4. Its unexpected 5. Pure tone components are present Path Mitigation Techniques 1. Distance 2. Reflection 3. Absorption Light Plan 1. Assess area to be lit 2. Select light source 3. Determine lighting levels 4. Select lighting locations 5. Determine wattage 6. Select luminaries and aiming points 7. Check for adequacy Dust Plan 1. Earth work 2. Disturbed surface areas 3. Open storage stockpiles 4. Unpaved roads 5. Paved road track out 6. Hauling 7. Demolition 8. Work limits during high winds Question to ask about vibrations 1. Will vibrations be caused? 2. Are sensitive people or structures in the vicinity? 3. Is damage/intrusion possible? 4. Can site-specific trials be conducted to assess possible damage/intrusion?

III.

Readings/Other (rank order priority):

A. Shapira, A., Lucko, G., and Schexnayder C. 2007. Cranes for Building Construction
Projects, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 133, No. 9.

B. Neitzel, R., Seixas, N., and Ren, K. 2001. A Review of Crane Safety in the Construction C.
Industry, Journal of Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 16, No.12. Schexnayder C., and David, S. 2002. Past and Future of Construction Equipment Part IV, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 128, No. 4. Past (skim) Three significant developments The next 10 years and the future

D. Majority Staff Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, U.S. Senate.
2008. Discounting Death: OSHAs Failure to Punish Safety Violations That Kill Workers, April 28. (Skim) E. Fowler, T., and Clanton, B, OSHA Issues British Petroleum Record $87M Fine for Texas Blast, 10/30/2009 Houston Chronicle. F. OSHA Review Commission. 2009. Decision and Order, Associated Underwater Services, OSHRC DOCKET NO. 07-1851. G. OSHA. 2007. Citation and Notification of Penalty, General Construction, Inc. H. OSHA. 2007. Citation and Notification of Penalty, American Underwater Services. I. OSHA Standard 1926 for safety - http://www.osha.gov

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