Rectifier
Rectifier
Rectifier
Rectifier
Effect of
e
RL load RL
valu l oad
c e wi
c tan th
ndu l arg
o wi ei
nd
i thl uct
w a nc e
load .
RL
Discontinuous load current operation Continuous load current operation
The load current is discontinuous for Generally the load current is continuous for
low values of load inductance and for large load inductance and for low trigger
large values of trigger angles. Dr. Oday A.angles.
Ahmed
Discontinuous load current operation
Comparison between Vdc for half and full wave controlled rectifier
load current
If L value is not very large, the energy stored in its able to maintain the
load current only up to ωt=β, where π <β< 2π
From above function the average and RMS load current can be found:
For α> 900 the power flows from the load circuit to the input ac source.
With a RL load it was observed that the average output voltage reduces. This disadvantage
can be overcome by connecting a diode across the load
Half-wave controlled Rec. Full-Wave with DCM operation Full-Wave with CCM
operation
D1 T 1 D2 D3 D4 D1
Vs rises
α ≤ ωt ≤ β β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α
vo(ωt) vo(ωt)
Vm sinωt
See
Next
Page
Taking LTI:
D = c+ R at ωt= β, o=0
β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α
=+ for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α)
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with a C-filter
=-
Vm
vo(ωt)=vo(π+α)=Vm sin(π+α)
Vm sin(π+α)
The two equation sides gives maximum value when α and =0.5π
Δvo=Vm- Δvo=
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with a C-filter
The average capacitor current is zero
Since the diode is on for a short time in each cycle, the peak diode current is generally
much larger than the average diode current
Dc + R,
D R
Example
A single-phase, full-wave, diode rectifier is supplied from a 230V ac, 50Hz voltage source
and uses a capacitor output filter, 1000µF, with a resistor 100Ω load. Ignoring diode voltage
drops and assume the diode start conducting at 66.5 degree, determine:
Expressions for the output voltage
output voltage ripple ∆vo and the % error
Expressions for the capacitor current
Diode peak current
The average load voltage and current
SOLUTION
(-31.416)=91.8 deg
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with a C-filter
output voltage ripple ∆vo and the % error
for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α)
as shown in page 34
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with a C-filter
vo Vopeak
0.5∆vo
Average voltage
ripple voltage ∆vo
Δvo=
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with input stray inductance
Tl and T2 are fired outgoing SCRs T3 and T4 get turned off due to the
application of reverse voltage and the current shifts to SCRs T l and T2
instantaneously.
the source impedance could be consist of internal resistance R s and stray inductance Ls
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with input stray inductance
Due to Ls
Overlap Period
the full-bridge equivalent circuit during this period is look like the following circuit:
μ can be obtained
Substitute
for μ<π, Vo is reduces due to Ls, for μ=π, Vo=0V since all SCRs are conducting.
Example
Solution
overlap angle
Vo=
Three-Phase
Rectifier
The single phase full wave controlled rectifiers provide two output pulses during
every input supply cycle and hence still the output voltage has low DC value and
high voltage ripple.
voltage ripple
Higher DC voltage.
Three-phase rectifiers
Three-phase mid-
Three-phase half- Three-phase bridge Three-phase 12-
point 6-pulse
wave rectifier rectifier pulse rectifier
rectifier
Va Vb Vc
Vm
0.5Vm
-0.5Vm
-Vm
Va= Vmpsin t
Vb= Vmpsint(ωt-1200)
Vc= Vmpsint(ωt+1200)
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
-0.5Vm
-Vm
D3
T
The voltage applied to D3 > that applied on D1 and D2, thus D3 will conduct and connect
source to the load
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
R-Load
α<30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
R-Load
α≥30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER Summary
R-Load
Vor
α≥30°
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
RL-Load
α<30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
RL-Load
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
RL-Load
for 30°<α<90°, Vo(dc) and Vo(rms) are different based on new ωt range
α=60° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
RL-Load
α=90° α α
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
Beyond α>90° or between 90°<α<180° Vo(dc) is negative, three- phase 3-pulse converter
operates as a line-commutated inverter
Firing α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6
angle
ωt 0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 360°
SCR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Vab Vac
Vba
Vbc
1.7
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb
0.866 Va Vb Vc
-0.866
-1.7
1.7 Line
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vcb voltage
Vca
ahead
phase
0.866 Va Vb Vc voltage
by 30 deg
-0.866
-1.7
α=0° Va Vb Vc
ωt
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Notes
• line voltage is appears across the load (Vab, Vac, Vbc , Vba ,
Vca ,Vcb ) changes between two different phases every 600.
• But still each SCR is conduct for 1200 like in 3-phase HWR.
α≤60°
α=60°
Va Vb Vc
T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
R-Load
α≤60°
Average voltage
RMS voltage
PIV of three-phase Full-Bridge with R Load
α=60°
PIV
α=20°
α=50°
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
R-Load
α>60°
Va Vb Vc
T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
R-Load
α>60°
Average voltage
RMS voltage
Notes
At α=120° only one SCR is conducting then
Vodc=0V
T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4
After 150 line voltage will be -ve apply reverse polarity to the SCRs
Notes for any firing angle >60° the output current is
discontinuous and the output voltage waveform
has zero value
T1
T1 T2
T5 T6 T3 T4
T6
3-PHASE Full-Bridge
CONVERTER FED with RL
load
α=30°
α=30°
RL-Load R-Load
For heavy inductive load, the RMS and DC output voltage equation are
same one shown in R-Load for α≤60° .
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
RL-Load
α≤60°
α=50° α=60°
For heavy inductive load, the RMS and DC output voltage equation are
same one shown in R-Load for α≤60° .
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
RL-Load
α>60°
α=70°
Due to the magnetic field a high voltage is induced across the inductor
in the direction required to keep the current flowing. This results in
negative voltage appearing across a RL load.
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
RL-Load
α>60°
T5 T1 T2
T6 T3 T4
α>60°
T5 T T1 T2 T3 T4
6
RMS voltage
300 to (300+ μ), three SCR are conducts: T1, T5, and T6.
After the commutation of positive group is
completed ; only two S CRs conduct , one from the
positive group and the other from the negative group
.
Impact of Source Inductance on three-Phase Bridge Rectifier Operation
circulating current, i,
flows between the two
thyristors.
α=0°
Conduction of various thyristors are
5-6,5-6-1,6-1,6-1-2,1- 2,1-2-3,2-3,2-3-4,3-4, 3-4-5, 4-5, ,4-5- 6, 5-6
And so on
Impact of Source Inductance on three-Phase Bridge Rectifier Operation
For Rectification mode overlap effect applicable for any α provided μ<60 0.
300 (300+ μ)
average value of fall in output voltage due to overlap:
Output voltage with no overlap = internal voltage of the 3-phase full converter
Output voltage with overlap average value of fall in output voltage due to
overlap:
NOTES
The effect of source inductance Ls is to reduce the average dc output voltage,
Due to the short circuit that occurred between two phases of source, notching in the
phase voltage is occurred
Notching is repetitive (6 times for one cycle) in the source
voltage
Notching led to produce high harmonics
components in the input source. This results Notching
in harmonics in the voltages of any devices
that are connected in parallel with the
bridge rectifier.
Output capacitor used to improve the DC voltage, but causes high peak input current,
reduce PF, distort the current shape.
While small input inductance, distort the input voltage
Rectifier is the source
of harmonics
Power Factor correction Rectifier