Osteology Introduction

GNK 188
Introduction to Osteology
Prof Jolandie Myburgh

BMS 4-13
[email protected]
Introduction
• “ Osteology”
• Osteon - bone
• Logos - study
• Functions of the skeleton
• Internal support system
• Acts as lever system
• Protects vital organs
• Contains red bone marrow
• Acts as storage place
Classification
• Axial skeleton
• Cranium and occicles
(mid ear) and hyoid bone
• Mandible
• 12 pairs of ribs & costal
cartilages
• Sternum
• Vertebral column (33)
• 7 cervical, 12 thoracic &
5 lumbar
• 5 sacral & 4 rudimentary
(coccyx)
Classification
• Appendicular skeleton
• Shoulder girdle
• Clavicle & scapula
• Pelvic girdle
• Os coxa (pubis, ischium, ilium)
• Upper limbs
• Humerus, radius, ulna
• 8 carpal bones (wrist), 5 metacarpals, 14
phalanges
• Lower limbs
• Femur, tibia, fibula
• 7 tarsal bones (ankle), 5 metatarsals, 14
phalanges
Classification: 1. Form/Shape
• Long bone: e.g. humerus, femur, tibia
• Short bone: e.g. carpals and tarsals
• Flat bone: e.g. scapula, sternum, frontal bone
Classification: 1. Form/Shape/Function
• Irregular bone: e.g. os coxa, vertebrae
• Sesamoid bone: e.g. patella
• Pneumatic bone: e.g. maxilla, ethmoid
• Accessory bone: e.g. extra bones in hand or
skull (sutures)
• Epiphysis
• Wide part at each end
• Articulation: other
bones
• Mostly spongy bone
• Covered: compact
bone
• Diaphysis
• Shaft
• Heavy wall: compact
bone
• Medullary cavity
• Metaphysis
• Where diaphysis
meets epiphysis
• Growth plate
• Epiphyseal line
Classification: Ossification
1. Endochondral
• Whole skeleton except dome of skull,
mandible and clavicle
• Miniature cartilage model (small version of
big bone)
• Ossification - ossification centres
• Primary ossification
• Middle of cartilaginous shaft towards periphery
• Osteoblasts - Ca2+ + K+ deposited as crystals
• Replacing the cartilage
• Forms the diaphysis
1. Endochondral
• Secondary ossification
• Cartilage at the ends of bone (after birth)
• Ossifies at different ages
• Forms the epiphysis
• Cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis
• Epiphyseal/growth plate
• Gradual ossification allowing longitudinal growth
• Ossify completely (20 – 25 years)
• X-ray - line - epiphyseal line
1. Endochondral
2. Intramembraneous
• Bones of dome of skull + clavicle
• Ossification centre
• Connective tissue membrane
• Process is shorter
• Ossification extends outward
• Towards other adjacent bones
• Between newly formed bony centres - membrane
• e.g. fontanelles of skull
2. Intramembraneous
Growth of Bone
• Growth in length
• Ossification of still
growing cartilage
• Epiphyseal plate
• New cartilage is
produced
• Deposition of new bone
occurs at the metaphysis
• Plate ossifies - growth in
length is stopped
Growth of Bone
• Growth in thickness
• Bone formation - osteocytes/blast in the
periosteum
• Deposited on the periphery of existing bone
• e.g. Flat bones
Remodelling of Bone
• Final shape can always change

• Balance
• Resorption of bone - osteoclasts
• Deposition of bone - osteoblasts
• Important
• Ensures bone maintains normal shape
• Bone adapts to accommodate forces
• Restoring bone after fracture
Terminology: Bone markings
• Depressions or grooves
• Along the bone surface
• Elevations or projections
• Where tendons and ligaments attach
• At articulation sites with other bones
• Tunnels
• Where blood and nerves enter the bone
Muscle attachments
• Raised markings or elevations
• Line
• Ridge
• Crest
• Rounded elevation
• Tubercle
• Protuberance
• Tuberosity
• Malleolus
• Trochanter
• Sharp elevation
• Spine or spinous process
• Styloid process
Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol 1

Articulations
• Expanded ends for
articulation
• Head
• Condyle
• Epicondyle
• Small flat area for
articulation
• Facet

Depressions for structures
• Depressions
• Notch
• Groove/sulcus
• Fossa

Passage of neurovascular structures
• Openings
• Fissure
• Foramen
• Canal
• Meatus

General description Anatomical term Definition Example
Elevations and Process Any projection or bump Zygomatic process, mastoid process
projections
Ramus An extension of a bone marking a angle with the rest of the Ramus of mandible
structure
Processes formed Trochanter A large, rough projection Greater trochanter (femur)
where tendons or
ligaments attach Tuberosity A smaller, rough projection Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
Tubercle A small, rounded projection Greater tubercle (humerus)

Crest A prominent ridge Iliac crest (os coxae)
Line A low ridge Intertrochanteric line (femur)
Spine A pointed and narrow process Ischial spine (os coxae)
Processes formed Head Expanded articular end of epiphysis, separated from shaft by Femur head
for articulation with neck
adjacent bone
Neck Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis Neck of femur
Condyle Smooth, rounded articular process Medial condyle (femur)

Trochlea Smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley Trochlea of humerus
Facet Small, flat articular surface Superior facet (rib)

Depressions Fossa A shallow depression Subscapular fossa (scapula)
Sulcus A narrow groove Intertubercular sulcus (humerus)
Openings Foramen Rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves Foramen ovale (skull)
Canal A duct or channel Optic canal (skull)

Meatus A passageway through the bone Acoustic meatus (skull)
Fissure An elongated cleft or slit Superior orbital fissure (skull)
Sinus A chamber within a bone, usually filled with air Frontal sinus (skull)
Joints
• Links between bony or cartilaginous elements
of the skeleton
• Classified according to structure and function
• 3 Main types:
• Fibrous: Suture, syndesmosis, gumphosis,
• Cartilaginous: Synchondrosis, symphysis
• Synovial: pivot, hinge, condylar, modified
condylar/hinge, ball and socket, saddle,
gliding/plane,
Joints: Fibrous joints
• United by connective/fibrous tissue, little or no
movement (immobile joint)
• 3 types:
• Suture - between bones of skull
• Syndesmosis - unites bones with sheet of fibrous tissue e.g.
interosseous tissue
• Gumphosis - between teeth and dental sockets
Joints: Cartilaginous joints
• Bones united by cartilage, restricted movement (semi-
mobile joint)
• 2 types:
• Synchondrosis - direct attachment by hyaline cartilage,
immovable e.g. epiphyseal plate
• Symphysis - bones covered hyaline cartilage, connective
tissue disc in between, restricted movement e.g. pubic
symphysis or intervertebral disc
Gray’s Basic Anatomy, 2018
Joints: Synovial joints
• Movement occurs
freely(mobile)
• Joint capsule: synovial
membrane with synovial
cavity – filled with synovial
fluid
• Ligaments: support
• Cartilaginous discs on
bones (articular cartilage)
• Classified - axis of
movement
• Pivot joint - atlas and axis

• Hinge joint - elbow joint
• Condylar joint / Ellipsoid

joint - radiocarpal joint
(wrist)
• Modified condylar/hinge
joint: Temporomandibular
joint and knee joints
• Ball and socket
joint - hip joint
• Saddle joint -
trapezium and 1st
metacarpal
• Gliding or plane
joint -
acromioclavicular
joint, tarsal joints

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GNK 188

Prof Jolandie Myburgh

• Final shape can always change

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol 1

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol 1

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol 1

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol 3

Tubercle A small, rounded projection Greater tubercle (humerus)

Condyle Smooth, rounded articular process Medial condyle (femur)

Facet Small, flat articular surface Superior facet (rib)

Canal A duct or channel Optic canal (skull)

• Pivot joint - atlas and axis

• Condylar joint / Ellipsoid

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