Osteo Intro Final

INTRODUCTION TO
HUMAN OSTEOLOGY
Dr. Jayakrishnan Harishkumar

Junior Resident Doctor
Department of Anatomy
GMC Konni
Definition
Function
Properties
Structure
Classification
 Ossification
Parts of a long bone
Nutrition/Blood supply
Nerve supply
Features of Bone
DEFINITION
Greek origin
Osteon = bones
logos = study
It’s the science concerned with the study of bones.
Human Osteology is the branch of Anatomy that focuses on the study
of human skeleton.
FUNCTIONS
Provides framework - give shape to the body.

Act as levers for muscles – movements.
Protection to viscera – lungs, heart, brain etc.
Site of blood formation – marrow.
Role in immune response – cells of reticuloendothelia
system.
Stores calcium and phosphorus
Is bone living or non-living ?
PROPERTIES
Bone is a living tissue.

Supplied by arteries and nerves.
Drained by veins
Grows with age
Subject to diseases/damage.
Regenerates from damage (Healing).
Undergo remodelling.
Can atrophy/hypertrophy.
Remodelling - ?
Atrophy/Hypertrophy ?
STRUCTURE
• Chemical composition
1/3 – organic (collagen)
2/3 – inorganic ( Ca phosphate, Ca carbonate, hydroxyapatite crystals )
• Macroscopically
 Compact / Dense bone – forms outer covering
 Spongy / cancellous bone – fills up interior of bone except in
• Shaft of long bones (medullary cavity)

• Maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones (sinus)
• Marrow – Red and Yellow
Microscopically
Lamellar – Mature human bones

Fibrous – early fetal stage
Dentine – teeth
Enamel - teeth
Haversian System/Osteon
• Basic structural unit of compact bone.

• Formed by a central canal and concentric lamellae connected to
each other by canaliculi.
• Central canal – blood vessels.
• Volkmann’s canals connect the adjacent haversian canals.
• Circumferential lamellae – adjoin surface or medullary cavity.
• Interstitial lamellae – fills spaces b/w haversian systems.
Periosteum – Outer covering.
• External collagen layer

Internal osteogenic cellular layer.
Sharpey’s fibers – collagen fibres from
periosteum piercing the bone.
Sensitive part of bone – rich nerve supply.
• Endosteum – Inner vascular covering that
forms the lining of medullary cavity
CLASSIFICATION
•Phylogenetic
• Exoskeleton – Nails, hairs, enamel
• Endoskeleton – most of the bones.
• Developmental
• Cartilaginous
• Membranous – skull, jaws
• Regional
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular
Regional
• Axial skeleton – includes 80 bones.
Skull bones – 22
Vertebrae – 26
Ribs – 24
Total Bones - 206
Sternum – 1
Ear ossicles – 6
Hyoid - 1
• Appendicular – includes 126 bones.
UL – 64
LL - 62
Morphological classification
• Long bones – femur, humerus

• Short bones – carpals, tarsals
• Miniature long bones – metacarpals, metatarsals
• Flat bones – parietal bone
• Irregular bones – Hip bone
• Pneumatic bones – Maxilla, Ethmoid, Frontal
Miscellaneous Classification
Sesamoid bones:
• Bony nodules embedded in tendons of muscle.
• No periosteum
• ossify after birth
• Eg: Patella(Quadriceps Femoris), Pisiform (Flexor Carpi Ulnaris), Fabella
(lateral head of gastrocnemius), Riders bone (adductor longus)
• Functions:
•a) to resist pressure
•b) to minimize friction
•c) to alter direction of pull of muscle
OSSIFICATION
Process of formation of bone which begins as an embryo and

continues until early adulthood.
2 Types:
A) Endochondrial ossification: majority of bones
B) Intramembranous ossification: Skull except base, facial
bones, clavicle.
PARTS OF A LONG BONE
1. EPIPHYSIS (epi – upon, physis – growth) – at birth, both ends are

cartilaginous. After birth, undergo ossification.
2. DIAPHYSIS (dia – in between) – region between two epiphysis. = shaft of
bone.
3. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (Growth Plate / Physis) – cartilaginous plate
between epi and diaphysis. Responsible for longitudinal growth of long
bone.
4. METAPHYSIS – epiphyseal end of diaphysis.
NUTRITION
• Long bones
• Nutrient artery – Enters via nutrient foramen, runs through shaft to reach
medullary cavity – ascending & descending branch. Supplies MC, 2/3 rd of compact
bone & metaphysis. Forms hairpin loops at the metaphysis & anastomose with
M&E arteries.
• Periosteal arteries – numerous, supply periosteum, outer 1/3rd of compact bone.
• Epiphyseal arteries – Derived from periarticular anastomosis.
• Metaphyseal arteries – numerous, arises from anastomosis around the joint.
Short bones – by periosteal vessels
Ribs, flat bones – by nutrient & periosteal
vessels
Vertebrae
Body – anterior & posterior vessels
Arch – Vessels through transverse
process.
NERVE SUPPLY
Accompany the vessels of bone.

Periosteal nerves are sensory (carry pain)
FEATURES OF BONE
•Articular Surface •Foramen

•Condyle •Hiatus
•Epicondyle •Spine
•Facet •Hamulus/Cornu
•Fossa •Line
•Sulcus/groove •Crest
•Tuberosity/trochanter •Lamina
•Trochlea
Thank you
Spongy bone
Compact/dense
LONG BONES
metatarsals
metacarpals
Tarsals
carpals
STERNUM
Sesamoid bones
Osteon
Circumferential
Lamellae
Haversian
Canal System Haversian Canal System
Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal
Central (Haversian) Canal

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INTRODUCTION TO

Dr. Jayakrishnan Harishkumar

Provides framework - give shape to the body.

Bone is a living tissue.

• Shaft of long bones (medullary cavity)

Lamellar – Mature human bones

• Basic structural unit of compact bone.

• External collagen layer

• Long bones – femur, humerus

Process of formation of bone which begins as an embryo and

1. EPIPHYSIS (epi – upon, physis – growth) – at birth, both ends are

Accompany the vessels of bone.

•Articular Surface •Foramen

Central (Haversian) Canal

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