United States Patent (19) (11) 4,219,303

Mouton, Jr. et al. 45 Aug. 26, 1980

54 SUBMARINETURBINE POWER PLANT FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
76 Inventors: William J. Mouton, Jr., Box 10515, 21 1360 2/1956 Australia ........................... 416/189 A
New Orleans, La. 70181; David F. 117345 4/1930 Austria ......................................... 415/7
Thompson, 2540 Green St., Chester, 601 140 7/1960 Canada ..... ... 415/68
Pa. 1903 632319 9/1938 Fed. Rep. of Germany ... 416/DIG. 4
Ad,56102 9/1952 France ................................. 46/189 A
21 Appl. No.: 846,069 316900 12/1956 Switzerland ............................... 415/68
22 Filed: Oct. 27, 1977
Primary Examiner-Everette A. Powell, Jr.
51 int. C.’........................... F01D 1/26; FO3D 1/02 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Rollin D. Morse
52 U.S.C. .......................................... 415/7; 415/68;
415/122 A; 415/201; 416/85; 416/121; 57 ABSTRACT
416/DIG. 4 A power plant for the generation of electricity from the
58 Field of Search ................... 415/7, 8, 77, 68, 201, flow of water currents uses turbine wheels within noz
415/91, 122A, 118, 2A; 416/85, 86, 84, 121 A, zles submerged in the water current, anchored to the
189 A, DIG. 6
bottom of the water course, as for example, the ocean,
(56) References Cited and self-buoyed to a level well below the water surface.
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Pairs of counter-rotating turbines are supported by their
337,864 3/1886 Pidgeon ..................... 416/DIG. 6 X rims, which bear against friction drive wheels, which in
654,654 7/1900 Lawrence .............................. 415/68 turn drive electrical generators contained in water-tight
739,413 9/1903 Handel ..... 416/DIG. 6X machine rooms within the wall of the nozzle. A struc
1,018,278 2/1912 Tappan .... ... 415A201 X tural design is disclosed, providing for the building of
2,501,696 3/1950 Souczek ................................. 416/85 modules of the nozzle ashore, which modules may then
2,782,321 2/1957 Fischer ......... ... 415/22 A X be barged to the deep-water site for assembly into the
2,801,069 7/1957 Campbell ............................... 415/68 whole power plant.
3,521,214 9/1970 Abramson .............................. 45/68
3,986,787 10/1976 Mouton et al. .......................... 415/7
4,166,596 9/1979 Mouton et al. ...................... 415/2 X 2 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures
U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 1 of 7 4,219,303

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U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 2 of 7 4,219,303
U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 3 of 7 4,219,303

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U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 4 of 7 4,219,303
U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 5 of 7 4,219,303
U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 6 of 7 4,219,303
U.S. Patent Aug. 26, 1980 Sheet 7 of 7 4,219,303
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1.
in which the plant is immersed, the power plant itself
SUBMARINE TURBINE POWER PLANT comprising a thick-wall nozzle structure with a
through-passageway converging from an entrance to a
REFERENCE TO EARLIER APPLICATIONS vena contracta, and then diverging to an exit for the
AND PATENTS fluid current, there being at the vena contracta an annu
This application concerns improvements over inven lar recess extending radially outward, the recess carry
tions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,787, and in Appli ing an annular array of bearings upon which is borne at
cation Ser. No. 746,971, allowed Sept. 12, 1977, both least one axle-less turbine wheel, the wheel having a
being to the same inventors as the present application. 10
shroud-ring rim which bears against the bearings, the
Reference is made also to applicants' application Ser. nozzle having an outer bypass surface past which the
No. 764,251, filed Jan. 31, 1977, which discloses the use fluid current that does not enter the nozzle passes;
of counter-rotating turbine wheels rim-driving an elec within the thick wall of the nozzle, in the space between
trical generator through right-angle bevel-gear shaft the outside of the recess and the inside of the bypass
1ng. surface, there is located at least one pressure-tight ma
Another disclosure of rim-driving of a right-angle 15
bevel gear is contained in U.S. Pat. No. 2,085,282 to chine-room chamber, with a pressure-tight entrance
Waterval, for a water wheel and propeller. lock interconnecting the chamber with the bypass sur
face, and with a packing-gland passage extending radi
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTS ally inward from the chamber into the annular recess.
It has long been recognized that the forces of Nature, 20 The machine room contains an electrical generator and
particularly the winds, the river currents, and the ocean any needed speed changers and clutch devices, coupled
currents, are sources of energy that could be put to the to the shaft extending through the packing gland and its
use of man. For centuries, the winds have been used in passage, and the shaft on its end within the recess
relatively primitive ways, for the pumping of water, the carries afriction roller drivingly engaging the rim of the
grinding of grain, and the powering of small mechanical 25 turbine wheel, whereby rotation of the wheel by the
operations. The river currents have long been used for fluid current drives the friction roller, which through its
energizing electrical generators by means of turbines. shaft drives the electrical generator.
And some small efforts have been made in the more In preferred form, two counter-rotating turbine
recent past to utilize the currents of the oceans, but little wheels, with rims separated by the diameter of the fric
has been achieved in this area of energy conservation. 30 tion rollers, both engage the rollers, and a plurality of
In the earlier patent and applications of the present machine-room modules are located in the nozzle space
inventors, combinations of turbines and nozzles have around the periphery of the recess, each module includ
been claimed by the use of which considerably higher ing the entire sequence of friction roller, shaft, genera
efficiency of removal of energy from flowing currents tor and auxiliaries, pressure-tight chamber, and en
of fluids, particularly water currents, but also the wind, 35 trance lock, interconnecting the recess and the bypass
can be achieved. At these higher achievements, it be surface like spokes of a wheel.
comes economically attractive to invest in the equip
ment needed for the energy recovery. One of the very BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
largest of ocean currents is the Gulf Current, which is
that current of ocean that flows out of the Gulf of Mex FIG. 1 shows a power plant of the invention, an
ico in a northerly and northeasterly direction past the chored in a current of water, and buoyed by its own
east coast of Florida. The size of the Gulf current to the internal buoyancy to a position below the surface of the
east of Miami, Fla., is more than 50 kilometers wide, as water, where it would not interfere with shipping, nor
deep as 750 meters, and in central regions 20 kilometers be influenced by surface waves and storms.
wide and 160 meters deep, velocities of 5 to 7.5 ft. per 45 FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the power plant,
second have been measured. For such velocities, a tur with anchor cables, the flaps forming the secondary
bine intercepting a portion of the current over the area nozzle, and a portion of the passageway and part of the
of a 590-foot diameter circle, would have an energy flux upstream turbine wheel.
exceeding 150 megawatts, from which to withdraw FIG. 3 shows a lengthwise cross section of the nozzle
better than one half for mans' use, and yet the fraction 50 and secondary nozzle, partially in detail.
would be a completely negligible portion of the whole FIG. 4 shows a front, head-on, view of the nozzle, the
Gulf Current flux. upstream turbine wheel blades, and behind them the
Objects of the present invention are to provide a blades of the downstream turbine.
nozzle and turbine system of economical design,
adapted to be used in a large water current such as the 55 upper part of the anozzle,
FIG. 5 shows longitudinal section of part of the
Gulf Current, to be submerged sufficiently below the the recess with bearings, the turbine wheels' rims, and
the friction roller, shaft and
surface as to minimize the liklihood of interference with
shipping, to be completely self-contained, to be of high and packing gland, the machine room and its machinery,
hydrodynamic efficiency, and to be adapted to ex the entrance lock,
tended operation without heavy labor demands. An 60 vena contracta, FIG. 6 shows diagrammatically in cross section at the
other object is to avoid the deleterious effects of storms the arrangement of the several machine
and wave action, which is achieved by submergence of room modules around the periphery of the recess, and
the power plant to such depths that the uppermost parts some parts of the structural framework.
are about 100 feet below the water surface. FIG. 7 shows a partial cross section of the structural
65 framework in some what larger scale than the preced
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ing view.
Broadly, the invention comprises a power plant for FIG. 8 shows a longitudinal section of one of the
the generation of electrical energy from a fluid current lengthwise structural frameworks.
 4,219,303
3 4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE surface, referred to elsewhere. This outer bypass sur
INVENTION face begins at the nozzle entrance 23, with smooth fair
ing for minimum energy loss, and continues the length
The present invention is applicable to use in fluid of the nozzle, meeting the discharge with a smooth
currents generally, such as river currents, air currents, connection at 25. The interior of the nozzle begins with
but most especially is useful for very large ocean cur its entrance 23, after which the diameter reduces some
rents. Such a use in ocean currents is depicted in FIG. 1, what to the diameter at the vena contracta 24, and then
in which the nozzle of the power plant is designated by expands again to a considerably larger diameter at its
the numeral 1, shown in an ocean current moving from discharge 25.
left to right. The nozzle 1, as will be explained later, is 10 At the vena contracta, or near it, the smooth passage
a buoyant structure, and is organized and tethered with way through the nozzle is interrupted by the annular
anchor cable to stay at a predetermined depth and loca recess 13, extending radially outward, and providing a
tion. A cone of cables 2 is attached around the periph receptacle within which the rims of the turbine wheels,
ery of the entrance 23 to the nozzle (as better seen in the bearings for the wheels, and the power take-off
FIG. 2). The tip of the cone of cables is attached to a 15 rollers may be mounted, while yet providing a smooth
single elongated anchor cable 3, extending downward transition through the turbine wheels from the nozzle
at an angle to the bottom 6 of the ocean to a large an both before and after the wheels. These details will be
chor 5. The long cable 3, since it would normally have discussed in connection with FIG. 5.
considerable weight in order to have the strength to In FIG. 3 there are also shown two turbine wheels in
withstand the drag of the ocean current on the nozzle, 20 section. The upstream wheel has a hub designated 21,
will be made buoyant; one means of providing this relaxed catenary blades 16, and shroud-ring rim 17. The
buoyancy is by making the cable of synthetic fiber with relaxed catenary blade structure is the subject of Appli
specific gravity less than 1.0, such as "Kevlar'TM ara cation Ser. No. 764,251 filed Jan. 31, 1977, and now
mid polymer. Intermittent floats could also be used. allowed. It is to be noted that the several blades of the
Directly below the power plant at its desired location 25 turbine extend from the inside of the rim 17 to the point
is a second anchor 8, attached by a cable 7 and a bridle of attachment within the hub 21, and that the main
of cables 9 to the nozzle 1 amidships. The principal purpose of the hub is not to form part of an axle. The
purpose of this cable and anchor is to hold the power main purpose of the hub is to join the ends of the blades
plant at a prescribed depth below the surface 4 of the to one another, to transfer the tensions across the
water, where the plant will be insensitive to waves and 30 wheel's center from blade to blade. The hub also pro
storms, and will not interfere with the passage of ships vides smooth fairing at this junction point, whereby
above it. fluid pressure losses are minimized.
FIG. 2 shows an exterior perspective view of the Behind the above described turbine wheel there is in
power plant as seen from its front left side, again, with the preferred mode a second turbine wheel with blades
the flow of water from the left to the right. The nozzle 35 tilted in the opposite direction to those of the upstream
1 has an interior bypass surface 26 to which the bridle wheel, whereby the two wheels counter-rotate with
cables 9 are attached amidships. The nozzle also has on respect to one another. The hub of the second wheel is
its exterior, near its rear end, a set of flaps 10, which are designated 20, its blades are 14, and its shroud-ring rim
hingedly attached via the hinge pintles 11, that are is 15. In FIG.4, looking into the front of the nozzle, one
themselves attached to the nozzle exterior. The pintles can see the front hub 21, the upstream blades 16, and
are so arranged that the flaps, when swung together to behind them the downstream blades 14. It can be seen
form a smooth surface as depicted in FIG. 2, form a from these two views that the blades are of relaxed
secondary nozzle 22 slightly overlapping the primary catenary form not only in the fluid flow direction, but
nozzle 1. also in the direction around the axis toward which they
The flaps are a means of construction of the second 45 are thrust by the fluid forces.
ary nozzle, and once swung on their hinge pintles into The upper part of the section of the nozzle shown in
the nozzle position shown, are pinned together perma FIG.3 also shows the metal framing structure in longi
nently with pinning means 12. During construction in a tudinal view, the machine room 19, and some buoyancy
drydock, with the nozzle tipped up to make its axis tanks 55. Not detailed are pipes, pumps, valves, and air
vertical, the flaps are installed near the last, making the 50 supply and storage facilities that will be used in obtain
center of gravity of the whole nozzle somewhat lower ing proper balance of buoyancy.
because the flaps are then in the folded position. The The metal framing of the nozzle will be discussed
lower center of gravity makes the nozzle less unwieldy later, in connection with FIGS. 7 and 8.
as preparations are made to lower it into the water and FIG. 5 shows in somewhat more detail than the pre
to turn it onto its horizontal axis. 55 vious figures a cross section of the nozzle wall, to show
In FIG. 2, the primary nozzle entrance 23 can be the interior arrangements and the system for extracting
seen, and inside the entrance, at the vena contracta 24, power from the turbine wheel. The inner wall of the
part of the upstream turbine wheel blades 16 is visible. nozzle is designated 24 at the vena contracta, that being
FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal cross section of the noz the part of the passageway through the nozzle where
zle and turbine wheels. In the upper part of the view, the diameter is at a minimum. Close to the vena con
the cross section is detailed, but in the lower part, the tracta, and cut into the wall of the passageway is the
detail has not been shown; it will be understood that the annular recess 13, extending radially outward from the
lower part, undetailed, actually is similar to the upper vena contracta, and forming a space into which can be
part. fitted the rim or rims of the turbine wheel or wheels, the
Proceeding from the left, one of the cables in the cone 65 bearings for the support of the wheels, and the power
of cables 2 may be seen attached to the front, or en take-off rollers leading to the electrical generators.
trance end, 23, of the nozzle. The exterior of the pri The downstream wheel and its mounting will be
mary nozzle is shown at 26, and is the outer bypass described first. The wheel (or wheels in the preferred
 4,219,303
5 6
embodiment) is not supported on an axle or central would be located, and preferably to the maximum depth
shaft, but rather rolls on its own rim against the surface of the ocean in the region where the power plant would
of suitable bearings. There are forces in two directions be used, so that catastrophic destruction would not
to be resisted, namely the downward force of gravity ensue if the plant were inadvertently sunk.
because of the weight of the wheel, and the force of the Whether the machine room is a single sphere, or a
current of water passing through the wheel, forcing in double one, or some other shape, is not a feature of the
an axial direction. For the gravitational force, the inside present invention. In any event, it is desirable to provide
of the cylindrical wall of the recess is provided with a access to the machine room, for routine inspection, and
set of bearings 81 entirely around the perimeter, al for such maintenance as could be carried out without
though most of the load is, of course, downward. There 10 drydocking the whole plant, or without raising it to the
may be vibrational forces or other causes tending to ocean surface by detaching or lengthening cable 7. Such
move the wheel radially in directions other than down. access is indicated diagrammatically by the entrance
The force from the water current is resisted by pro lock 71, provided with an outside cover or hatch 72 set
viding the downstream inner face of the recess with a flush with the surface 26 of the nozzle, and an inside
set of bearings 80 distributed at intervals around the 15 cover 73, connecting the inside of the entrance lock
entire perimeter of the recess wall. with the inside of the machine room. With this lock
The exact nature of the bearings is not part of the there would be provided conventional means for blow
present invention, but preferably water bearings as dis ing the water out of the lock, after the outer cover had
closed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,787 will be used. been secured.
In the preferred form of the invention, a second tur 20 The discussion of the power generation facility so far
bine wheel, with blades tilted counter to the down has related to a single facility within the nozzle. It is
stream wheel, will be positioned a short distance up much to be preferred, however, that several generators
stream. The upstream wheel, with rim 17, blades 16, and and their auxiliaries should be connected to a single pair
hub 21, will be supported on bearings 83 against all of turbine wheels. Thereby, in the event of failure of
radial forces, including weight. In the small space be 25 one unit, automatic disconnect and declutching facilities
tween the rims of the two wheels there will be a set of can remove the failed unit from service. The other units
trunnion, or roller bearings 84, (See FIG. 6) holding the can remain on line, providing their fraction of the total
two wheels apart, allowing the wheels individually to output, until such time as it is convenient to repair the
rotate. The space between the turbine rims will be cov faulty unit. Likewise, the faulty unit, except in the event
ered with a smooth fairing 79, being an extension of the 30 of major breakdown, can be repaired without removing
passageway surface. Between the trunnions 84, at at the other units from service, and without drydocking
least one location there will be provided a power take the whole plant. Further, by the use of a plurality of
off means. Preferably there will be several such means; units, they can be arranged symmetrically around the
for example, in FIG. 6, there are six power-take-off periphery of the wheels, within the nozzle, and the
means. Returning to FIG. 5, the power take-off begins 35 balanced arrangement will be dynamically and structur
with a friction drive roller 18, which is sandwiched ally better.
between the upstream face of the rim 15, and the down This symmetrical arrangement is shown in FIG. 6,
stream face of rim 17. Pressure of the passing fluid where six generator units 78 are arranged around the
stream against blades 16 forces rim 17 against roller 18, nozzle at intervals of 60 degrees from one another. In
which is in turn forced against rim 15. By proper design, this view, in partial section, and partially taken apart,
the force is sufficient that the required friction is gener the forward or upstream turbine wheel has been re
ated to rotate the roller 18 and transfer the power to the moved, and it can be seen that the rollers 18 bear on the
next stage. This next stage is the shaft 76, to which the upstream face of the rim 15 of the downstream turbine.
roller is attached. The shaft 76 passes through a packing In the very large generator systems envisioned for
gland and set of bearings 75, into generator machine 45 this invention, the 60 degree separation of the friction
room 19, where the shaft is drivingly attached to speed rollers would leave the rim of the upstream wheel un
changer 77, which in turn drives generator 78. Not supported over long distances under the stream-direc
shown in the drawings are several important details, tion forces, tending to bend the rim between the rollers,
including the following: in a direction toward the rim of the downstream tur
a. Clutch means; this may comprise a facility for 50 bine. Such bending is prevented to any necessary de
sliding the friction roller lengthwise up its shaft, gree in the present power plant, by providing roller
whereby to disengage it from being driven by the trunnions intermediate the friction rollers, in the space
wheels. between the downstream rim of the upstream turbine,
b. Generator wiring, controls, excitation and related and the upstream rim of the downstream turbine. These
electrical features. 55 trunnion rollers are designated 84 in FIG. 6.
c. Life-support facilities for operators in the machine Another important feature of the present invention is
room. The machine room and its facilities, other than the structure of the nozzle, which is envisioned as a
those just mentioned, will now be described. FIG. 3 very large structure that can be made in small sections
shows a single spherical enclosure as the generator and modules, loaded on barges, towed to a selected site,
room, whereas FIGS. 5 and 6 show two spherical en 60 and there assembled either in floating drydock, or from
closures 19 and 70, joined to one another with a large a circle of barges that in effect almost form a drydock.
opening between the two enclosures. These two forms FIG. 3 shows in the upper part a longitudinal section of
are simply variations of the basic idea that there must be the nozzle framing structure, which is more clearly
a space for each generator and its auxiliaries, including shown in FIG.8. Also in FIG. 5, some of the framing is
maintenance facilities and spare parts storage, and that 65 shown in the vicinity of the machine room and the
this space must be enclosed within walls strong enough annular recess. FIG. 6 shows in the upper left one of the
to resist the pressure of the surrounding ocean, at least spokes, or towers, connecting between the inner seg
to the depth at which the bottom-most machine room mental truss ribs, and the outer segmental truss ribs, and
 4,219,303
7 8
this structure is shown in more detail and at larger scale without departing from the essence of the invention,
in FIG. 7. Referring to FIG. 8, in longitudinal section, and applicants are to be limited only by the following
the nozzle is formed of an array of elongated trusses 30 claims.
along its outside periphery, and a second array of inner What we claim is:
longitudinal trusses 40, framing the wall of the nozzle 1. An electrical power plant for the recovery of hy
passageway. These longitudinal trusses are arranged at drodynamic energy from a free-flowing current of wa
close intervals around the circumference of the nozzle. ter, comprising
In the specific instance depicted, they are spread at 10 (1) an annular nozzle for intercepting a portion of the
degree spacing from one another, although other spac current and permitting the remainder of the current
ings would be possible. The outer trusses meet the inner 10 to by-pass the nozzle,
trusses at the nose and at the tail of the nozzle. Along (2) the nozzle having an inner wall forming a through
their length, they are spaced apart, and held at their passageway for the intercepted portion, the pas
spacings by tower trusses 50, which extend radially sageway converging from an entrance end to a
from each inner to its mating outer truss, as from truss vena contracta, then diverging to a discharge end,
40 to truss 30 in FIGS. 7 and 8. Each of the complete 15 (3) the nozzle having an outside by-pass surface ex
longitudinal trusses is held in spaced relationship tending from the entrance end to the discharge end,
around the circumference of the nozzle by the previ the inner wall and the outside surface together
ously mentioned segmental trusses, designated 60 for forming an annular chamber around the vena con
the outer trusses and 61 for the inner trusses. It will be tracta, the inner wall having
readily apparent that each of these trusses can be made (4) an annular recess at the vena contracta extending
up in relatively short lengths and small pieces by stan radially outward from the inner wall into the said
dard structural manufacturers, the pieces can be readily annular chamber, the recess having an outer wall,
shipped by barge to the site of intended use, and can an upstream wall, and a downstream wall, and
there be assembled with the aid of a drydock or a circle (5) at least one pressure-tight generator chamber
of barges, aided by conventional structural cranes and 25 constructed within the said annular chamber, and
technology. As each section is added on, its skin of having an entrance lock in the said by-pass surface,
sheet material (metal or plastic) can be applied. While and a generator shaft passage extending radially
the structure is being built, the buoyancy tanks, machine inward and piercing the outer wall of the said an
rooms, even the turbine wheels, and the various un nular recess.
named auxiliary components can be placed within the 30 (6) a pair of axle-less, counter-rotating, co-axial tur
Structure. bine wheels, (an upstream wheel and a downstream
Desirably, the nozzle assembly will be made with the wheel) having shroud-ring rims supported within
axis vertical, and begun at the nose, and built up layer the said annular recess upon
by layer, finally installing the preassembled flaps in the (7) bearing means carried by at least one of the down
folded back position. Having pumped and sealed the 35 stream, outer, and upstream walls of the said recess,
flotation tanks, the whole nozzle will then be lowered the bearing means supporting the turbine wheels
vertically into the water; when the flaps are near water for free rotation against radial forces, gravity, and
level, they will be swung into position forming the axial fluid forces, and
secondary nozzle, and then locked to one another with (8) bearing means between the wheels separating
anchoring pins 12. 40 them from one another,
As suggested by the drawings, each of the structural (9) the said shroud-ring rims having inner diametric
modules of the trusses is made up of conventional shapes for smooth flow of the water currents
"bridge truss' elements, with most components of pipe through the vena contracta and the wheels, and
or tube, and with tension cable bracing across the diago (10) the rim of the upstream wheel having a bevelled
nals of the larger quadrilateral assemblies, as suggested 45 downstream face, the rim of the downstream wheel
by the dotted lines in the cross section of FIG. 3. having a bevelled upstream face,
For use in ocean environment, certain aluminum (11) a bevelled friction drive roller carried on a gen
alloys are available, that are resistant to corrosion, and erator shaft in the generator shaft passageway,
can be readily welded. It is envisioned that the framing (12) the bevels of the said rims and of the friction
will be covered with a sheet aluminum skin, primarily 50 drive roller being designed to cooperate for driving
to minimize frictional drag of the passing ocean current engagement of the roller by the two bevelled rims.
upon the structure, but that the structure, except in the 2. The power plant of claim 1, in which clutch means
buoyancy tanks and machine room, and similar unde is provided for sliding the friction drive roller radially
scribed elements, will be flooded with water. outward on its shaft, whereby to disengage the pinion
Applicants have disclosed their invention in consider 55 from the turbine wheel rims.
able detail. Variations of the invention may be made k

50