CO2 Emissions

CO2 Emissions:
Globally:
Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide in 2023, by sector
Annual carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions worldwide from 1940 to 2023(in billion metric tons)
Average carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the atmosphere worldwide from 1959 to 2023(in
parts per million)
Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide in 2022, by select country
Reference:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/276629/global-co2-emissions/
Pakistan CO2 Emissions
https://www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions/pakistan-co2-emissions/
https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/pakistan?country=~PAK
https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/pakistan?country=~PAK
Emissions Intensities of Individual Industries
https://www.cbo.gov/publication/60030#:~:text=Combustion%20emissions%20accounted
%20for%20573,proportion%20of%20other%20greenhouse%20gases.
The construction and building sectors are the major contributors to the carbon emissions. Among
these, the most energy-intensive sector and major emitter of greenhouse gasses is the cement
industry (Zeb et al. 2018). It accounts for around 7% of the global carbon emissions, where each
ton of Portland cement releases 1 ton of carbon dioxide (Bakhtyar 2017). The cement production
releases CO2 emissions directly and indirectly. Direct CO2 emissions are emitted during clinker
production, and indirect CO2 emissions are released from the burning of fossil fuels and higher
electricity consumption (Attari et al. 2016; Shahzad et al. 2017).
Mostly, Portland cement is manufactured and utilized all around the world (Dunuweera and
Rajapakse 2018). The cement manufacturing process employs three basic steps: raw mix, clinker
production, and pure cement. The raw materials consisting of a combination of limestone,
cement rock, shale, clay, sand, and iron ore are converted to small pieces of 0.39 inches in
diameter by crushing, blasting, and drilling machines. These small pieces are grounded and
blended with cement proportions (homogenized) (Habert 2013). In this step, electricity
consumption is the source of carbon emissions. In the next step, the raw mix is heated at 1500 ℃
in a kiln, producing a clinker which is rapidly cooled (Gao et al. 2016). It is the basic material
required for making cement composed of rounded nodules in size range of 1–25 mm. The
breakdown of calcium carbonate and consumption of fossil fuel and electricity generates
greenhouse gas emissions (Ali et al. 2011). Finally, gypsum is added to the clinker, and both are
grounded to form a pure blended cement. The fuel products are dispatched in bulk or bags to the
consumer. The fuel emissions and electricity consumption are the main sources of carbon
emissions in the fnal step (Mikulčić et al. 2016; Abdul-Wahab et al. 2016).
As a consequence, the complex energy fows make it complicated to investigate the carbon
inventory of the cement industry. Therefore, during the last two decades, eforts have been made
to establish guidelines. In view of this, IPCC developed carbon accounting guidelines for
countries (IPCC 2006). Similarly, “The Cement and Energy Protocol,” released in 2011,
provided a carbon accounting method for cement production (CSI 2011). Cement has a direct
relation to economic growth. The world production of cement was 4.1 billion metric tons in
2020. Pakistan has a well-developed cement industry, ranking among the top 5 exporters and the
14th largest cement producer (Memon et al. 2012). According to statistics, 5.21 million tons of
cement has been produced in 2020. The average economic growth has increased by 22% since
2019. During the Paris Climate Summit, Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
has committed to reduce 20% emissions by 2030 and the share of renewable energy has
increased with a total electricity output of 31.4% in 2015 (Raza et al. 2019). Several studies and
literature are available for the assessment of carbon accounting in the cement industry in
different countries (Cai et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2017;..
Green Hydrogen Production Plants:
China produced about 33 million tonnes of hydrogen in 2021, making it the world's largest
hydrogen producer.
The country aims to establish an ecosystem of diverse green hydrogen applications including
transportation and energy storage.
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-06-30/China-generates-99-9-pure-green-hydrogen-world-s-
largest-producer-1l3jTKlJuO4/index.html#:~:text=China%20produced%20about
%2033%20million,including%20transportation%20and%20energy%20storage.
Number of green hydrogen production facilities worldwide as of 2022, by country

CO2 Emissions

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CO2 Emissions

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CO2 Emissions:

Distribution of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide in 2022, by select country

Pakistan CO2 Emissions

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