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    A R P D-F C: E P F C: Eview Aper On A Acts Ontroller Nhanced Ower LOW Ontroller

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    A R P D-F C: E P F C: Eview Aper On A Acts Ontroller Nhanced Ower LOW Ontroller

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    A R P D-F C: E P F C: Eview Aper On A Acts Ontroller Nhanced Ower LOW Ontroller

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    International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Feb., 2017.

    ©IJAET ISSN: 22311963

    A REVIEW PAPER ON A D-FACTS CONTROLLER: ENHANCED


    POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
    Dheeraj Kumar Dhaked and Mahendra Lalwani
    Department of Electrical Engineering,
    Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

    ABSTRACT
    Modern FACTS controllers are being used to control the power through the modern power transmission system.
    The power transfer can be controlled by using these FACTS controllers in an efficient and effective manner
    through transmission lines. FACTS controllers are having some drawbacks i.e. their bulky size, higher cost,
    reliability and break-in the transmission line, which makes it obsolete to use in modern power system network
    where the system is forthcoming towards the smart grid system. These drawbacks can be fulfilled by using new
    compound, scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-FACTS (D-FACTS). D-
    FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers and their cost is low due
    to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of devices. The Enhanced Power
    Flow Controller (EPFC) is a D-FACTS controller which is distributed version of thyristor controlled series
    controller. EPFC controllers are used in series at small distance gap at every 5-10 km distance with
    transmission line to control the power flow. This paper discusses extensive review of the EPFC controller and
    its application in modern power system era.

    KEYWORDS: D-FACTS, TCSC, EPFC, FACTS Controller, Power flow control

    I. INTRODUCTION
    The demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day. In the developing countries like India,
    increasing demand rate is much higher and the generation of electrical energy is insufficient to
    achieve the increasing demand, so it is important to fulfil the gap of demand and generation by
    increasing the loading capability of transmission system or by developing the new transmission
    systems. Though, it’s very challenging to develop the new transmission system due to the high capital
    cost, limited energy resources, and time and land restrictions [1, 2]. The increasing loads demand can
    be supplied by increasing the loading capability of existing transmission lines up to their thermal
    limits and decreasing the transmission lines losses [3-5]. About 2-3 decades ago, FACTS controllers
    were developed to increase the loading capability of transmission lines as these can function as
    reactive power source and generator to the power system [6, 7]. The advantage of FACTS technology
    is their reliability, quick response, easy controlling and enhanced flexibility. There are various
    FACTS devices based on voltage source converters and current source converters, i.e. Static
    Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Thyristor controlled
    series controller (TCSC) and Unified/Interline Power Flow Controller (UPFC/IPFC) that are operating
    physically in the current power system [8]. These FACTS devices are connected in different type of
    connections with transmission lines e.g. shunt controllers, series controllers and their combinations of
    series-shunt controllers and series-series controllers [9].
    Recently an alternative approach based on cost-effective and scalable series impedance device that
    named as D-FACTS has been presented [5, 10, 11]. These D-FACTS devices are better in reliability,
    easy controlling, cost effective, and less weighted than conventional FACTS devices [11]. These D-
    FACTS devices have been emerged as an alternative approach instead of conventional FACTS
    devices for power flow control and enhancement of power transfer from generating station to

    84 Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 84-92

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