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    Control - Lec 1 - Organized

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    Control - Lec 1 - Organized

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    yasa1990
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    control . lec 1_organized

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    1 views8 pages

    Control - Lec 1 - Organized

    Uploaded by

    yasa1990

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Introduction to control system

    1.1 Basic terminologies in control system

    System: A combination or arrangement of a number of different components that


    acts together and perform a certain function.

    Control: The action to command, direct or regulate a system.

    Plant or process: The part or component of a system that is required to be


    controlled.

    Input: It is the signal or excitation supplied to a control system.

    Output: It is the actual response obtained from the control system.

    Automation: The control of a process by automatic means.

    Simulation: A model of a system that is used to investigate the behavior of a system


    by utilizing actual input signals.

    Input Process or plant Output

    1.2 The need for using control system


    Control system consists of sub-systems and processes for the purpose of obtaining a
    desired output with desired performance with a smaller amount of energy from a
    given specific input.
    1.3 Classification of Control Systems
    1.3.1. Natural control system and Man-made control system:

    - Natural control system: It is a control system that is created by nature, i.e. solar
    system, digestive system of any animal, etc.

    - Man-made control system: It is a control system that is created by humans, i.e.


    automobile, power plants etc.

    1.3.2. Automatic control system and Combinational control system:

    - Automatic control system: It is a control system that is made by using basic


    theories from mathematics and engineering. This system mainly has sensors,
    actuators and responders.

    - Combinational control system: It is a control system that is a combination of


    natural and man-made control systems, i.e. driving a car etc.

    1.3.3. Time-variant control system and Time-invariant control system:

    -Time-variant control system: It is a control system where any one or more


    parameters of the control system vary with time i.e. driving a vehicle.

    - Time-invariant control system: It is a control system where none of its parameters


    vary with time i.e. control system made up of inductors, capacitors and resistors only.

    Inpu Parameters of Output Input Parameters of Output


    t system are constant system are function
    and not function of of time
    time

    (a) Time-invariant control system (b) Time-variant control system


    1.3.4. Linear control system and Non-linear control system:

    - Linear control system: It is a control system that follows the principles of


    homogeneity and additivity

     Homogeneous property: f (a x) = a f( x)

     Additive property: f (x+ y) = f (x) + f (y)

    - Non-linear control system: It is a control system that does not satisfy properties of
    homogeneity and additive, i.e.

    fxx3

    (a) Linear control system (b) non- linear control system

    1.3.5 Continuous-Time control system and Discrete-Time control system:

    - Continuous-Time control system: It is a control system where performances of all


    of its parameters are function of time, i.e. armature type speed control of motor.

    - Discrete -Time control system: It is a control system where performances of all of


    its parameters are function of discrete time i.e. microprocessor type speed control of
    motor.
    Continuous and Discrete Time control system

    1.3.6 Single-input-single-output (SISO) control system and Multi-input-multi-


    output (MIMO) control system:

    - SISO control system: It is a control system that has only one input and one output.

    - MIMO control system: It is a control system that has more than one input and
    more than one output.
    1.3.7 Deterministic control system and Stochastic control system:

    Deterministic control system: It is a control system where its output is predictable


    or repetitive for certain input signal or disturbance signal.

    Stochastic control system: It is a control system where its output is unpredictable or


    non-repetitive for certain input signal or disturbance signal.

    (a) Deterministic control system

    (b) Stochastic control system


    1.3.8 Open-loop control system and Closed-loop control system:

    - Open-loop control system: It is a control system where its control action only
    depends on input signal and does not depend on its output response. Thus the output
    has no effect upon the signal to the process.

    - Closed-loop control system: It is a control system where its control action depends
    on both of its input signal and output response

    1.4 Open-loop control system and Closed-loop control system


    Any system which does not automatically correct the variation in its output is called
    an open-loop system.

    An open-loop system

    Examples:

    Traffic signal, washing machine, bread toaster, etc.

    A traffic control system is a good example of an open loop system. The signals
    change according to a preset time and are not affected by the density of traffic on any
    road.

    A washing machine is another example of an open loop control system. The quality
    of wash is not measured; every cycle like wash, rinse and dry' cycle goes according to
    a preset timing.
    Advantages:
     Simple design and easy to construct
     Economical
     Easy for maintenance
     Highly stable operation.

    Disadvantages:
     Not accurate and reliable when input or system parameters are variable in nature.
     Recalibration of the parameters is required time to time.

    1.5 Closed-loop control system:


    A system in which the controlling action (input) is somehow dependent on the output.
    (The output has an effect upon the input quantity in order to maintain the desired
    output value).

    The closed-loop system is also called the feedback system. The provision of feedback
    automatically corrects the change in output due to disturbance; hence the closed-loop
    control system is also called an automatic control system.

    The general block diagram of closed-loop system is shown in figure below:

    Basic closed-loop system


    Examples:

    Air condition system, automatic electric iron, speed control of DC motor, etc.

    Air Condition System is a good example of a closed loop system. The system
    changes from ON to OFF according to the desired temperature.

    Advantages:
     More accurate operation than that of open-loop control system.
     Can operate efficiently when input is variable in nature
     Less nonlinearity effect on output response
     There is facility of automation
     Time to time recalibration of the parameters are not required

    Disadvantages:
     Complex design and difficult to construct
     Expensive than that of open-loop control system
     Complicate for maintenance
     Less stable operation than that of open-loop control system.

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